JamesJoyce_MollyBloom


James Augustine Aloysius 
Joyce (1882-1941) 

Famous Dublin Actress Eilin O'Dea as Molly Bloom


James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (1882-1941)
 
Irish novelist, noted for his experimental use of language in such works as ULYSSES (1922) and FINNEGANS WAKE (1939). During his career Joyce suffered from rejections from publishers, suppression by censors, attacks by critics, and misunderstanding by readers. From 1902 Joyce led a nomadic life, which perhaps reflected in his interest in the character of Odysseus. Although he spent long times in Paris, Trieste, Rome, and Zürich, with only occasional brief visit to Ireland, his native country remained basic to all his writings.
"But when the restraining influence of the school was at a distance I began to hunger again for wild sensations, for the escape which those chronicles of disorder alone seemed to offer me. The mimic warfare of the evening became at last as wearisome to me as the routine of school in the morning because I wanted real adventures to happen to myself. But real adventures, I reflected, do not happen to people who remain at home: they must be sought abroad." (from Dubliners)
James Joyce was born in Dublin as the son of John Stanislaus Joyce, impoverished gentleman, who had failed in a distillery business and tried all kinds of professions, including politics and tax collecting. Joyce's mother, Mary Jane Murray, was ten years younger than her husband. She was an accomplished pianist, whose life was dominated by the Roman Catholic Church and her husband. In spite of the poverty, the family struggled to maintain solid middle-class facade.
From the age of six Joyce, was educated by Jesuits at Clongowes Wood College, at Clane, and then at Belvedere College in Dublin (1893-97). Later the author thanked Jesuits for teaching him to think straight, although he rejected their religious instructions. At school he once broke his glasses and was unable to do his lessons. This episode was recounted in A PORTRAIT OF THE ARTIST AS A YOUNG MAN (1916). In 1898 he entered the University College, Dublin, where he found his early inspirations from the works of Henrik Ibsen, St.Thomas Aquinas and W.B. Yeats. Joyce's first publication was an essay on Ibsen's play When We Dead Awaken. It appeared in Fortnightly Review in 1900. At this time he began writing lyric poems.
After graduation in 1902 the twenty-year-old Joyce went to Paris, where he worked as a journalist, teacher and in other occupations in difficult financial conditions. He spent in France a year, returning when a telegram arrived saying his mother was dying. Not long after her death, Joyce was traveling again. He left Dublin in 1904 with Nora Barnacle, a chambermaid (they married in 1931), staying in Pola, Austria-Hungary, and in Trieste, which was the world’s seventh busiest port. Joyce gave English lessons and talked about setting up an agency to sell Irish tweed. Refused a post teaching Italian literature in Dublin, he continued to live abroad.
The Trieste years were nomadic, poverty-stricken, and productive. Joyce and Nora loved this cosmopolitan port city at the head of the Adriatic Sea, where they lived in a number of different addresses. During this period Joyce wrote most of DUBLINERS (1914), all of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, the play, EXILES (1918), and large sections of Ulysses. Several of Joyce's siblings joined them, and two children, Giorgio and Lucia, were born. The children grew up speakin the Trieste dialect of Italian. Joyce and Nora stayed together althoug Joyce fell in love with Anny Schleimer, the daughter of an Austrian banker, and Roberto Prezioso, the editor of the newspaper Il Piccolo della Sera, tried to seduce Nora. After a short stint in Rome in 1906-07 as a bank clerk ended in illness, Joyce returned to Trieste.
In 1907 Joyce published a collection of poems, CHAMBER MUSIC. The title was suggested, as the author later stated, by the sound of urine tinkling into a prostitute's chamber pot. The poems have with their open vowels and repetitions such musical quality that many of them have been made into songs. "I have left my book, / I have left my room, / For I heard you singing / Through the gloom." Joyce himself had a fine tenor voice; he liked opera and bel canto.
In 1909 Joyce opened a cinema in Dublin, but this affair failed and he was soon back in Trieste, still broke and working as a teacher, tweed salesman, journalist and lecturer. In 1912 he was in Ireland, trying to persuade Maunsel & Co to fulfill their contract to publish Dubliners. The work contained a series of short stories, dealing with the lives of ordinary people, youth, adolescence, young adulthood, and maturity. The last story, 'The Dead', was adapted into screen by John Huston in 1987.
It was Joyce's last journey to his home country. However, he had became friends with Ezra Pound, who began to market his works. In 1916 appeared Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, an autobiographical novel. It apparently began as a quasi-biographical memoir entitled Stephen Hero between 1904 and 1906. Only a fragment of the original manuscript has survived. The book follows the life of the protagonist, Stephen Dedalus, from childhood towards maturity, his education at University College, Dublin, and rebellion to free himself from the claims of family and Irish nationalism. Stephen takes religion seriously, and considers entering a seminary, but then also rejects Roman Catholicism. "-Look here, Cranly, he said. You have asked me what I would do and what I would not do. I will tell you what I will do and what I will not do. I will not serve that in which I no longer believe, whether it call itself my home, my fatherland, or my church: and I will try to express myself in some mode of life or art as freely as I can and as wholly as I can, using my defence the only arms I allow myself to use - silence, exile, and cunning." At the end Stephen resolves to leave Ireland for Paris to encounter "the reality of experience". He wants to establish himself as a writer.
There once was a lounger named Stephen 
Whose youth was most odd and uneven 
--He throve on the smell 
--
Of a horrible hell 
That a Hottentot wouldn't believe in. 

(Joyce's limerick on the book's protagonist)
At the outset of the First World War, Joyce moved with his family to Zürich, where Lenin and the poet essayist Tristan Tzara had found their refuge. Joyce's WW I years with the legendary Russian revolutionary and Tzara, who founded the dadaist movement at the Cabaret Voltaire, provide the basis for Tom Stoppard's play Travesties (1974).
In Zürich Joyce started to develop the early chapters of Ulysses, which was first published in France, because of censorship troubles in the Great Britain and the United States, where the book became legally available 1933. The theme of jealousy was based partly on a story a former friend of Joyce told: he claimed that he had been sexually intimate with the author's wife, Nora, even while Joyce was courting her. Ulysses takes place on one day in Dublin (June 16, 1904) and reflected the classic work of Homer (fl. 9th or 8th century BC?).
The main characters are Leopold Bloom, a Jewish advertising canvasser, his wife Molly, and Stephen Dedalus, the hero from Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. They are intended to be modern counterparts of Telemachus, Ulysses, and Penelope. Barmaids are the famous Sirens. One of the models for Bloom was Ettore Schmitz (Italo Svevo), a novelist and businessman who was Joyce's student at the Berlitz school in Trieste. The story, using stream-of-consciousness technique, parallel the major events in Odysseus' journey home. However, Bloom's adventures are less heroic and his homecoming is less violent. Bloom makes his trip to the underworld by attending a funeral at Glasnevin Cemetary. "We are praying now for the repose of his soul. Hoping you're well and not in hell. Nice change of air. Out of the fryingpan of life into the fire of purgatory." The paths of Stephen and Bloom cross and recross through the day. Joyce's technical innovations in the art of the novel include an extensive use of interior monologue; he used a complex network of symbolic parallels drawn from the mythology, history, and literature.
From 1917 to 1930 Joyce endured several eye operations, being totally blind for short intervals. (According to tradition, Homer was also blind.) In March 1923 Joyce started in Paris his second major work, Finnegans Wake, suffering at the same time chronic eye troubles caused by glaucoma. The first segment of the novel appeared in Ford Madox Ford's transatlantic review in April 1924, as part of what Joyce called Work in Progress.Wake occupied Joyce's time for the next sixteen years - its final version was completed late in 1938. A copy of the novel was present at Joyce's birthday celebration on February 1939.
Joyce's daughter Lucia, born in Trieste in 1907, became Carl Jung's patient in 1934. In her teens, she studied dance, and later The Paris Timespraised her skills as choreocrapher, linguist, and performer. With her father she collaborated in POMES PENYEACH (1927), for which she did some illustrations. Lucia's great love was Samuel Beckett, who was not interested in her. In the 1930s, she started to behave erratically. At the Burghölz psychiatric clinic in Zurich, where Jung worked, she was diagnosed schizophrenic. Joyce was left bitter at Jung's analysis of his daughter - Jung thought she was too close with her father's psychic system. In revenge, Joyce played in Finnegans Wake with Jung's concepts of Animus and Anima. Lucia died in a mental hospital in Northampton, England, in 1982.
After the fall of France in WWII, Joyce returned to Zürich, where he died on January 13, 1941, still disappointed with the reception of Finnegans Wake. The book was partly based on Freud's dream psychology, Bruno's theory of the complementary but conflicting nature of opposites, and the cyclic theory of history of Giambattista Vico (1668-1744).
Finnegans Wake was the last and most revolutionary work of the author. There is not much plot or characters to speak of - the life of all human experience is viewed as fragmentary. Some critics considered the work masterpiece, though many readers found it incomprehensible. "The only demand I make of my reader," Joyce once told an interviewer, "is that he should devote his whole life to reading my works." When the American writer Max Eastman asked Joyce why the book was written in a very difficult style, Joyce replied: "To keep the critics busy for three hundred years." The novel presents the dreams and nightmares of H.C.Earwicker (Here Comes Everywhere) and his family, the wife and mother Anna Livia Plurabelle, the twins Shem/Jerry and Shaun/Kevin, and the daughter Issy, as they lie asleep throughout the night. In the frame of the minimal central story Joyce experiments with language, combines puns and foreign words with allusions to historical, psychological and religious cosmology. The characters turn up in hundreds of different forms - animal, vegetable and mineral. Transformations are as flexible as in Ovid'sMetamorphoses. The last word in the book is 'the', which leads, by Joyce's ever recurrent cycles, to the opening word in the book, the eternal 'riverrun.'
Although the events are set in the Dublin suburb of Chapelizod, the place is an analogy for everywhere else. Wake's structure follows the three stages of history as laid out by Vico: the Divine, the Heroic, and Human, followed period of flux, after which the cycle begins all over again: the last sentence in the work runs into the first. The title of the book is a compound of Finn MaCool, the Irish folk-hero who is supposed to return to life at some future date to become the savior of Ireland, and Tim Finnegan, the hero of music-hall ballad, who sprang to life in the middle of his own wake.
For further reading: James Joyce by Herbert Gorman (1939); Introducing James Joyce, ed. by T.S. Eliot (1942); Stephen Hero, ed. by Theodore Spencer (1944); James Joyce by W.Y. Tindall (1950); Joyce: The Man, the Reputation, the Work by M. Maglaner and R.M. Kain (1956); Dublin's Joyce by Hugh Kenner (1956); My Brtother's Keeper by S. Joyce (1958); James Joyceby Richard Ellmann (1959); A Readers' Guide to Joyce (1959); The Art of James Joyce by A.W. Litz (1961); Surface and Symbol: The Consistency of James Joyce's Ulysses by R.M. Adams (1962); J. Joyce-again's Finnegans Wake by B. Benstock (1965);James Joyce's 'Ulysses': Critical Essays, ed. by Clive Hart and David Hayman (1974); A Conceptual Guide to 'Finnegans Wake' by Michael H. Begnal and Fritz Senn (1974); James Joyce: the Citizen and the Artist by C. Peake (1977); James Joyce by Patrick Parrinder (1984); Joyce's Anatomy of Culture by Cheryl Herr (1986); Joyce's Book of the Dark: 'Finnegans Wake by John Bishop (1986); Reauthorizing Joyce by Vicki Mahaffey (1988); 'Ulysses' Annotated by Don Gifford (1988); An Annotated Critical Bibliography of James Joyce, ed. by Thomas F. Staley (1989); The Cambridge Companion to James Joyce, ed by Derek Attridge (1990); Joyce's Web by Margot Norris (1992); James Joyce's 'A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man' by David Seed (1992);Critical Essays on James Joyce's Finnegan's Wake ed. by Patrick A. McCarthy (1992); James Joyce and the Language of History: Dedalus's Nightmare by Robert E. Spoo (1994), Gender in Joyce, ed. by Jolanta W. Wawrzycka (1997) ; A Companion to James Joyce's Ulysses, ed. by Margot Norris (1999); Toiseen maailmaan. James Joycen novelli "Kuolleet" kirjallisuustieteen kohteenaby Pekka Vartiainen (1999); The Years of Bloom: James Joyce in Trieste, 1904-1920 by John McCourt (2000) - See alsoLittle Blue LightSamuel BeckettWilliam Butler YeatsMarcel Proust
Selected works:
  • CHAMBER MUSIC, 1907
  • DUBLINERS, 1914 - Dublinilaisia - film Dead (1987), based on the last story in the collection, dir. by John Huston, starring Anjelica Huston
  • A PORTRAIT OF THE ARTIST AS A YOUNG MAN, 1916 - Taiteilijan omakuva nuoruuden vuosilta (trans. into Finnish by Alex Matson) - film 1979, dir. by Joseph Strick, starring Bosco Hogan, T.P. McKenna, John Gielgud
  • EXILES, 1918
  • ULYSSES, 1922 - Odysseus (trans. into Finnish by Pentti Saarikoski) - film 1967, dir. by Joseph Strick, starring Barbara Jefford, Molo O'Shea, Maurive Roeves, T.P. McKenna
  • POMES PENYEACH, 1927
  • COLLECTED POEMS, 1936
  • FINNEGANS WAKE, 1939 film 1965, dir. by Mary Ellen Bute
  • STEPHEN HERO, 1944
  • THE PORTABLE JAMES JOYCE, 1947
  • THE ESSENTIAL JAMES JOYCE, 1948
  • THE LETTERS OF JAMES JOYCE, 3 vols., 1957-66
  • THE CRITICAL WRITINGS, 1959
  • 'LIVIA PRULABELLA' - THE MAKING OF A CHAPTER, 1960
  • A FIRST DRAFT VERSION OF 'FINNEGANS WAKE', 1963
  • THE LETETRS OF JAMES JOYCE, 3 vols., 1957-66
  • GIACOMO JOYCE, 1968
  • SELECTED LETTERS OF JAMES JOYCE, 1975
  • THE JAMES JOYCE ARCHIVES, 63 vols., 1977-80
  • ULYSSES: A READER'S EDITION, 1997 (ed. by Danis Rose
Famous Dublin Actress Eilin O'Dea as Molly Bloom

A review has been made by the USA Weekly News on the performance by Eilin O'Dea of James Joyce's Ulysses Molly Bloom's soliloquy at the end of the James Joyce's Ulysses'. This is recognised as one of the most famous female narratives in modern literature, which was  performed by Eilin O'Dea and directed by Liam Carney at the Teachers Club 36 Parnell Square West Dublin 1,  from the 25th September - 6th October.
This famous narrative which has been used as the basis of songs, re-appeared in movies, quoted in other literary works and in terms of its effect on Irish culture is one of the most difficult narratives for an actor to perform. Eilin Odea performs Molly Bloom's otherwise silent voice to bear her soul on life, love, sex and loneliness. This has been done with absolute artistic genius by Eilen Odea in a genuine authentic way. Having heard Eilin Odea as Molly Bloom, it is hard to imagine any other actor performing this difficult narrative in anyway near the standard set by Eilin Odea.  In effect Eilin Odea has become the real Molly Bloom is this absolute stunning academy award style performance which will no doubt receive a standing ovation from audiences all around the world.
The USA Weekly News is compelled to give Eilin's performance of Molly Bloom the hightest industry award that is on offer. There is absolutely no doubt of her receiving the normal top five star industry award. However, the USA WEEKLY NEWS has a special 100 star award for perpormances that are in a class of their own. 
 Eilin's performance of Molly Bloom is one of these performances.
The USA WEEKLY NEWS is confident that when Eilin Odea takes her performance of Molly Bloom to London, New York, Australia and the rest of the world,  the play will have a very long and successful season.
Awards from the USA WEEKLY NEWS to Eilin Odea as Molly Bloom directed by Liam Carney : The normal Industy 5 star award plus the  USA WEEKLY NEWS special 100 star award for being is class far above the standard to the normal five star ward performance.
Sincere congradulations from the USA WEEKLY NEWS.....
                A performance not to be missed....


New York Society Library

JAMES JOYCE'S DUBLIN
By Marylin Bender
Copyright © 1999-2007 
NYSL Travels:  James Joyce's Dublin 

I want to give a picture of Dublin so complete that if the city one day suddenly disappeared from the earth it could be reconstructed out of my book," James Joyce told his friend the artist Frank Budgen as he was laboring on his epic novel 
Ulysses in Zurich.
In voluntary exile from his native Ireland, Joyce wrote with Thom's Directory, a Dublin city reference book at his elbow and often sought in letters to relatives and friends precise details of various locations. Dublin also provided the backbone for Joyce's other major works: DublinersA Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, and Finnegans Wake. "...the personality of the city is present in an almost human way," notes the Trinity College scholar David Norris, "lightly buried under the texture of the prose."
In recent years I have discovered Dublin by literally walking in the steps of James Joyce and his characters and in so doing have enjoyed a dual love affair. I always carry a copy of Ulysses and one of the literary maps or guides available at Dublin's proliferating shrines to the writer whose books were proscribed during his lifetime.
Ulysses takes place on the single day and evening of June 16, 1904 which commemorates the author's first walk about town with Nora Barnacle who would become his life companion. Over the last 20 years the date has been celebrated as Bloomsday in honor of Leopold Bloom, the hero of the novel. Bloom, a Jewish advertising salesman, wanders about the city, sometimes crossing paths with Stephen Dedalus, a young writer who is Joyce's alter ego.
The Dublin inhabited by Joyce and his Everyman was an Edwardian backwater of the British Empire, a city of gaslight, horsedrawn carriages, outdoor plumbing and many unpaved streets. The magnificent Georgian houses and squares built in the 18th century, Dublin's golden age, for the Anglo-Irish landowners attending the short-lived Irish Parliament had been lapsing into slums. Grinding poverty confronted faded elegance. Revolution was more than a decade in the future. The Irish Literary Revival led by William Butler Yeats and Lady Gregory was unfolding in theaters and meeting rooms but the prickly 22-year-old Joyce did not participate in the movement.
This Dublin, recalls the actress Fionnula Flanagan, was "frozen in amber like a fly until World War II." Then real estate developers, unrestrained by civic pride or preservation instincts, demolished many of the architectural gems. About 20 years ago, dedicated urbanists like David Norris, professor of English studies at Trinity College Dublin and a member of the Irish Senate, began to reverse the destructive tide. The centenary of Joyce's birth in 1982 further stimulated efforts at recognizing the writer's work and preserving his environment.
As a result Dublin today is a rewarding destination for Joycean pilgrims whether scholars or novitiates. Despite the lacunae caused by those earlier wrecking balls Joyce's Hibernian Metropolis survives in the midst of a vibrant Irish capital he would scarcely recognize. Ireland in the 1990's has become one of the most flourishing economies in Europe. With political and cultural straitjackets removed, Dublin is the magnet for young writers, film makers, artists and even food connoisseurs.
The very best time to explore Dublin through James Joyce's life and fiction is on a Bloomsday or the week leading up to it, an enlarged celebration called Bloomstime. The capricious Irish weather is inclined to present a sunny face in late spring and apart from scheduled literary events, the streets are filled with actors and mimes giving impromptu performances.
Still, any season is conducive to discovering James Joyce on his own turf. Just remember to take an umbrella and puddleproof footwear.
Dublin is a pedestrian's city, welcoming to the inquisitive saunterer. Haste has not yet seeped into the Irish consciousness nor have Dubliners speeded up to the pace of New York or London. Robert Nicholson, curator of the James Joyce Museum, reckons that Leopold Bloom covered 18 miles of city streets in as many hours, about half on foot, the rest by tram and horse-drawn carriage.
Bloom did not follow a straight course in his meanderings. Moreover, Nicholson reminds us, the third major character, Molly Bloom, spends practically the entire time in her bed. I am therefore proposing a series of walks, loosely but not exclusively based on chapters in Ulysses. There are references to Joyce's Dubliners and Portrait as well because numerous characters appear in more than one book and their hapless lives are played out in the heart of Dublin and some of its outlying districts.
These excursions are by no means comprehensive and their design is idiosyncratic since it is based on my own literary infatuations. Not everyone will want to see the back wall of the building in which Nora Barnacle worked as a chambermaid or choose to eschew a search for Nighttown and Bella Cohen's vanished brothel.
In the course of a day, the literary tourist like the fictional folk in Joyce's other books will repeatedly encounter the River Liffey. His "dear dirty Dublin" is one of those cities whose aspect is determined by a river--and a dear dirty river it is, too. The Liffey rises in the Wicklow mountains to the south, descends to bisect the city and them empties into the Irish Sea. Joyce made the Liffey a character in Finnegans Wake, his last and most challenging novel. Anna Livia Plurabelle, the matriarchal figure of the Wake, is at times transposed into the Liffey. (Livia is the Latin name for Liffey.)
    O
    tell me all about
    Anna Livia! I want to hear all
      about Anna Livia. Tell me all. Tell me now. You'll die
      when you hear. [FW 196.1]
Sources are identified as follows: Dubliners (D), A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (PA), Ulysses (U), Finnegans Wake (FW).

EXCURSION 1:
Telemachus, Nestor, Nausicaa, Lotuseaters

Logic would seem to dictate the center of the city for an initial excursion devoted to an urban author. I propose instead an early morning trip to suburban Sandycove and the James Joyce Museum located in the Martello Tower, the setting for the opening chapter of Ulysses.
At the Westland Row station for DART, Dublin's above-ground train system, head in the southerly direction of Bray for a 20-minute ride to Sandycove. Leaving the station take the nearest side street and proceed toward the water ("the snot-green sea" of Dublin Bay.) Turn right and walk along the coast road toward the round gray fortification. The Martello Tower was built in 1804 by the British as a safeguard against a feared Napoleonic invasion that never materialized.
In the summer of 1904, Oliver St. John Gogarty, a young medical student and poet rented the tower which had just been demilitarized by the British army and invited James Joyce to stay there with him. During the brief visit the friendship ruptured. Joyce repaid Gogarty by casting him as the insensitive character of Buck Mulligan in Ulysses.
The entrance to the James Joyce Museum is tucked behind a white-walled residence of stark modern design by Michael Scott, a noted Dublin architect. The ground floor of the museum is given to a bookstore, a gift shop and exhibits of memorabilia. All are worth scrutiny but best climb straight to the roof of the tower where on a Bloomsday Joyceans will be perched on the parapets reading aloud.
Stately, plump Buck Mulligan came from the stairhead, bearing a bowl of lather on which a mirror and a razor lay crossed. A yellow dressinggown, ungirdled, was sustained gently behind him on the mild morning air. He held the bowl aloft and intoned:
    -Introibo ad altare Dei.
Halted, he peered down the dark winding stairs and called out coarsely:
    --Come up, Kinch! Come up, you fearful jesuit!
    After walking around the parapet and gazing out to sea in recollection of Stephen Dedalus, climb down the spiral staircase to the Round Room, the principal living area and the setting for the breakfast scene. A ceramic black panther stands guard in front of the hearth, a reminder of the nightmare suffered by the English guest Haines (and his original Samuel Chenevix Trench) which prompted the gun blasts that provoked Stephen (and James Joyce) into leaving the tower.
    Now we can peruse the exhibits on the first floor. They range from a pandybat such as the one administered to Stephen at Clongowes Wood College in the first chapter of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man to numerous manuscripts, photographs and letters exchanged between James and Nora Joyce and their friends. An essential purchase in the bookstore is Robert Nicholson's The Ulysses Guide: Tours Through Joyce's Dublin.
    Leaving the Tower and bearing left, repeat after Buck Mulligan the ballad of joking jesus. This should take us to the Forty-Foot perched at the edge of the cliff. Now as in Joyce's time hardy members of the Sandycove Bathers Association plunge into the scrotumtightening sea [U4/78] in weather foul or fair. On Bloomsday, in the interest of fidelity to the text, Joyceans follow Buck Mulligan and take the leap in the buff.
    In the novel Stephen parts company with Mulligan and Haines and proceeds to his teaching job at a school in Dalkey, a distance of about one mile. Nicholson conjectures that he walked along Sandycove Avenue East to Breffni Road and its continuation on Ulverton Road to the village of Dalkey, celebrated in the works of several Irish writers, in particular the playwright Hugh Leonard.
    At the corner of Dalkey Avenue and Old Quarry is "Summerfield", an estate once occupied by the Clifton School. There Joyce instructed the sons of wealthy Protestant families for a brief period in 1904 and used its obnoxious headmaster as a model for Mr. Deasy.
    --Ireland, they say, has the honour of being the only country which never persecuted the jews...do you know why? [Mr. Deasy asked Stephen]
    --Because she never let them in, Mr. Deasy said solemnly.
    A coughball of laughter leaped from his throat dragging after it a rattling chain of phlegm. [U30/437]
    Walk along Dalkey Avenue, turning left into Cunningham Road until the Dalkey Railway Station. Take the train in the northbound direction City-Howth until the Landsdowne Road station. In June 1904 Joyce was living in a rented room at 60 Shelbourne Road.
    Turn right from the station and proceed via Newbridge Avenue toward the Sandymount Strand beach. In Chapter 13 Nausicaa Leopold Bloom observed Gerty MacDowell at twilight seated on the rocks. En route, we will pass the Church of St. Mary Star of the Sea. Its Benediction service furnishes the background parody for Bloom's and Gerty's silent flirtation.
    Then they sang the second verse of the Tantum Ergo and Canon O'Hanlon got up again and censed the Blessed Sacrament and knelt down and he told Father Conroy that one of the candles was going to set fire to the flowers and Father Conroy got up and settled it all right and she could see the gentleman winding his watch and listening to the works and she swung her leg more in and out. [U296/552]
    As the priest restores the Blessed Sacrament to the tabernacle and the choir sings "Laudate Dominum omnes gentes" fireworks from a bazaar nearby illuminate the sky behind the church causing Gerty to reveal her underwear and Bloom to satisfy his passion.
    And then a rocket sprang and bang shot blind blank and O! and everyone cried O! O! in raptures and it gushed out of it a stream of rain gold hair threads and they shed and ah! they were all greeny dew stars falling with golden, O so lovely, O, soft, sweet, soft! [U300/736]
    Earlier in the day Stephen Dedalus had walked by the very same spot meditating (Chapter 3 Proteus) and back on Newbridge Avenue Leopold Bloom had joined the mourners bound for Paddy Dignam's funeral (Chapter 6 Hades.)
    I suggest we return to the train station and then to the center of the city. Get off at the Westland Row station where we started. At the foot of Westland Row, Sweny's the chemist at 1 Lincoln Place still dispenses the fragrant lemon soap Bloom bought for Molly in the Lotuseaters episode.
    Mr. Bloom raised a cake to his nostrils. Sweet lemony wax. --I'll take this one, he said. That makes three and a penny. [U69/512]
    Lemon soap is the Joycean's emblematic souvenir. Expect to pay an Irish pound or more.

    EXCURSION 2: 
    Calypso, Penelope, Ithaca, Wandering Rocks

    Let us go straightaway to the James Joyce Centre at 35 North Great George's Street to pick up literature and guidance, particularly the map So this is Dyoublong?/ The City of Dublin in the Writings of James Joyce. The Centre is the hub of Bloomsday events and of other literary activities the year round. Ken Monaghan, son of Joyce's sister May, discourses with brutal frankness on the family's tragic history and leads a tour of the neighborhood.
    The rose-brown brick mansion with its door colored in robin's egg blue stands in the middle of a block of Georgian houses developed in the late 1700's for Protestant landowners when they came to town to attend the Irish Parliament. In 1800 the Act of Union legislated in Westminster abolished that body; the aristocrats gave up their urban residences and during the 19th century the elegant quarters began to decay.
    In its time many notables lived in the houses along the street. The plaque at Number 38 announces that Sir John Pentland Mahaffy, provost of Trinity College and tutor of Oscar Wilde, was one such resident. Mahaffy disapproved of Joyce, a student at University College, the Catholic institution on St. Stephen's Green and cited him as proof that "it was a mistake to establish a separate university for the aborigenes of this island__for the corner-boys who spit in the Liffey."
    Twenty years ago, David Norris bought a house across the street and was instrumental in efforts to retrieve the block. Norris found a link to Ulysses that led to the founding of the Centre, thereby saving Number 35 from demolition. In 1904, one Dennis MaGinnis had operated a dancing school on the ground floor under the Italianized name of Professor Denis J. Maginni. Joyce turned him into one of the transient characters in his novel.
    Framing the entrance to the tearoom at the back of the Centre is the door of 7 Eccles Street, holiest of Ulysses icons. Joyce gave this nearby address of his loyal friend John Francis Byrne to the Blooms in the novel. There the reader first meets Leopold in Chapter 4 Calypso when he prepares the "mutton kidneys which gave to his palate a fine tang of faintly scented urine." [U 45/1]
    Upstairs in her bedroom Molly Bloom has her adulterous interlude with Blazes Boylan and in a 30-page reverie concludes the book with an affirming "..and yes I said yes I will Yes." [U643/1608]
    At the head of North Great George's Street is Belvedere College on Great Denmark Street. Joyce attended the Jesuit school from the ages of 11 to 16 after his father wheedled a scholarship for him from Father John Conmee, the headmaster. The priest was rewarded with roles in Portrait and Ulysses. Chapters 2 to 4 of Portrait take place at this 1786 Adam-style building which, like the Joyce Centre, boasts interior plasterwork by the noted stuccadore Michael Stapleton. From the street one can glimpse the chapel in which Stephen Dedalus listens to a terrifying sermon on hell. Until 1960 students at Belvedere were discouraged from reading the work of its most famous alumnus.
    The Wandering Rocks episode of Ulysses begins here.
    The superior, the very reverend John Conmee S.J. reset his smooth watch in his interior pocket as he came down the presbytery steps. Five to three.
    Rather than follow his journey through Dublin I prefer to linger in this neighborhood which has a wealth of identification with Joyce's writing.
    Proceed right on Great Denmark Street for one block and turn left into Upper Gardiner Street to St.Francis Xavier Church. The real-life Father Conmee served as its superior. InPortrait, Stephen struggles to decide whether he has a vocation.
    He was passing at that moment before the Jesuit house in Gardiner Street and wondered vaguely which window would be his if he ever joined the order. [PA Chapter 4]
    In the Dubliners story Grace, the businessmen's retreat__ "washing the pot" on a Thursday evening-- is held in this church.
    Take the first left into Dorset Street. Eccles Street is the second street at the right. The Mater Private Hospital occupies the site of Number 7. On the left side of Dorset is Hardwicke Place and St. George's Church. This Protestant house of worship serves as a marker in several chapters of Ulysses __as Bloom sets out for the butcher, visits Bella Cohen's brothel in Tyrone Street and, in the penultimate chapter, when he and Stephen part after midnight at the house in Eccles Street.
    "The belfry of St. George's Church sent out constant peals" on a summer Sunday morning in the Dubliners story The Boarding House (at 29 Hardwicke Street,) stiffening Mrs. Mooney's resolve to shame Mr. Doran into marrying her daughter.
    Hardwicke Street dead ends at Frederick Street. Turn left one block until Parnell Square (Rutland Square in Ulysses time as Paddy Dignam's funeral procession wends its way to Glasnevin Cemetery.) The Writers Museum at the north end of the square merits a serious visit. A center of the Irish literary tradition, it includes a bookshop, an antiquarian book search service and a pleasant cafeteria.
    Oliver St. John Gogarty's home is at Number 5 Parnell Square across the street from the Rotunda Hospital, a respected medical facility since 1745 but more noteworthy in Joyce's writing for its concert hall. The Gate Theatre on Cavendish Row, also part of the Rotunda complex, maintains its legendary reputation for classical and avant-garde productions.
    At the base of the square the Augustus Saint-Gaudens statue of Charles Stewart Parnell, heralds the start of O'Connell Street, the great wide boulevard of Dublin's north side. In Joyce's time it was Sackville Street. Parnell, the patriot who led the Home Rule Movement in the 1880's and was toppled by a love affair, is a defining figure in Joyce's political consciousness. He reappears constantly in Joyce's writing, most pointedly in the Christmas dinner scene in the first chapter of Portrait and in the Dubliners story Ivy Day in the Committee Room.
    At the Gresham Hotel at the top of O'Connell Street Joyce set the epiphanic scene in the Dubliners story The Dead. Gabriel and Gretta Conroy spend the night at the Gresham after his aunts' party. In their room the young husband learns of his wife's earlier love. Gabriel stands at the window as the story concludes.
    His soul swooned slowly as he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe and faintly falling, like the descent of their last end, upon all the living and the dead.
    Turning from the sublime to the tacky, Joyce would surely have been appalled by the statue purporting to represent his heroine Anna Livia in a pool of water in the middle of O'Connell Street. Dubliners who are much given to nicknaming their properties refer to the monument as "the floozy in the Jacuzzi."

    EXCURSION 3: 
    Aeolus, Lestrygonians, Scylla and Charybdis,
    Wandering Rocks, Oxen of the Sun.

    Let us catch up with Leopold Bloom at noon IN THE HEART OF THE HIBERNIAN METROPOLIS in front of the General Post Office on O'Connell (Sackville) Street. He is returning from Paddy Dignam's funeral, an excursion we will take later on. In Bloom's time, a column in the middle of the street commemorated the British victory at Trafalgar in 1805 and served as one of the city's important transportation hubs.
    *Before Nelson's Pillar trams slowed, shunted, changed trolley, started for Blackrock, Kingstown and Dalkey...begins the Aeolus chapter. Right and left parallel clanging ringing a doubledecker and a singledeck moved from their railheads, swerved to the down line, glided parallel.[U 96/1]
    (Later in the chapter, under the heading DEAR DIRTY DUBLIN Stephen Dedalus will recount "The Parable of the Plums" about two elderly women climbing the pillar's spiral staircase to get the best views of Dublin.)
    Admiral Lord Nelson, "the onehandled adulterer" and his base were destroyed in a mysterious act of sabotage in 1966, and the trams have long since been replaced by buses. But the General Post Office, functioning with notable efficiency, remains a sacred landmark in Irish history. On Easter Monday in 1916 when Joyce was living in Zurich working on Ulysses, nationalist insurgents occupied the building for a bloody week of rebellion. Lines from the Proclamation of Independence read by the poet Patrick Pearse are posted near the main door. As a college student Joyce had briefly studied the Irish language with Pearse whom the British would execute for his part in the Rising.
    Bloom heads for Prince's Street on the south side of the GPO and enters the offices of the Freeman's Journal to place an advertisement for the tea merchant Alexander Keyes. In the adjacent offices of the Evening Telegraph, Stephen Dedalus tries to persuade the editor Myles Crawford to publish a letter about bovine foot and mouth disease by the schoolmaster Garrett Deasy. The building fell victim to the destruction visited on the area in 1916 but we can still recall the wealth of Homeric themes and symbols--and for this former journalist the ambiance of an old-fashioned newspaper office-- with which Joyce endowed the chapter.
    The characters in Aeolus leave the newspaper by its exit on Middle Abbey Street. No visit to literary Dublin is complete without attending a performance at the Abbey Theatre, founded by Lady Gregory and W. B. Yeats in Lower Abbey Street on the other side of O'Connell. But that is an evening's pleasure and at this point we will follow Leopold Bloom into O'Connell Street heading toward the bridge over the Liffey. We are in the Lestrygonians episode at 1:10 P.M.
    Pineapple rock, lemon platt, butter scotch. A sugarsticky girl shovelling scoopfuls of creams for a christian brother. Some school treat. Bad for their tummies. Lozenge and comfit manufacturer to His Majesty the King. God. Save. Our. Sitting on his throne sucking red jububes white.
    A sombre Y.M.C.A. man, watchful among the warm sweet fumes of Graham Lemon's, placed a throwaway in a hand of Mr. Bloom.[U 124/1]
    The sign "the Confectioner's Hall" still hangs over the store which housed Lemon's sweetshop. Along this stretch of the boulevard a few postboxes of the British imperial era survive with the royal seal implanted on the red ground.
    The hugecloaked Liberator's form__ the monument to Daniel O'Connell, the father of Catholic emancipation in 1829 __ which Bloom had passed earlier in the morning in the Dignam funeral procession punctuates the end of the boulevard. Bloom looks to the right along Bachelor's Walk, a Liffeyside quay. He spots Stephen's sister Dilly Dedalus outside Dillon's auction house and surmises she has been trying to sell family possessions to keep the household afloat. "Good Lord, that poor child's dress is in flitters. Underfed she looks too. Potatoes and marge, marge and potatoes. It's after they feel it." [U 124/41] In the next chapter Wandering Rocks she will corner her ne'er-do-well father Simon Dedalus and extract a shilling from him. The scenes evoke the cruel reality of the Joyce family's descent into destitution after their father squandered his inheritance.
    Crossing the O'Connell Bridge Bloom looks down at the traffic on the muddy Liffey. Barges from the Guinness Brewery, still a potent presence in the city, and gulls "flapping strongly, wheeling between the gaunt quaywalls." He looks ahead to the Ballast Office at the corner of Aston Quay and its famous clock set to 25 minutes behind Greenwich time which was Irish time before 1914. The building has been reconstructed and its clock, set ahead and moved to where it is no longer visible from this spot.
    We are on the south bank of the city, on Westmoreland Street, one of its more bustling crossroads.
    Hot mockturtle vapor and steam of newbaked jampuffs rolypoly poured out of Harrison's. The heavy noonreek tickled the top of Mr. Bloom's gullet. [U 129/232]
    In front of the restaurant, which is still in operation, Bloom chats with Mrs. Josie Breen. Further ahead on the other side of the street he remarks on the imposing curved facade of the Bank of Ireland.
    Before the huge high door of the Irish house of Parliament a flock of pigeons flew. Their little frolic after meals. Who will we do it on? I pick the fellow in black.
    Two hundred years ago in the Georgian era the building housed the Irish Parliament. Its former chambers are open to the public during banking hours. In Portrait Stephen Dedalus goes to the Bank of Ireland to cash in prizes he won as a student at Belvedere so that he can shower his impoverished family with food, theater tickets and gifts. [PA Chapter 2]
    Across Westmoreland Street from the bank at the beginning of College Street is the commanding statue of the poet Thomas Moore. He [Bloom] crossed under Tommy Moore's roguish finger. They did it right to put him up over a urinal; meeting of the waters. Ought to be places for women. Running into cakeshops. Settle my hat straight. [U 133/414] The statue of the author of The Meeting of the Waters, situated next to a men's toilet, inspired a chronic Dublin joke.
    Behind Moore looms the campus of Trinity College. Ireland's distinguished institution of higher learning was established by Queen Elizabeth I in 1592 and over the centuries educated the likes of Jonathan Swift, Oliver Goldsmith, Oscar Wilde and Samuel Beckett. Although Bloom probably never set foot inside the gates (Catholics were forbidden by their bishops to attend until fairly recent times) it's worth a Joycean digression to do so, at the very least to see the Book of Kells, the 9th century illuminated manuscript of the Gospels in the Library.
    Dodging traffic on College Green, one of the most frenetic of Dublin's hubs (in Joyce's time a tram intersection), follow Bloom around the periphery of the College along Nassau Street, the boundary of the fashionable commercial quarter. It includes several bookstores with Irish inventory. [Fred Hanna on Nassau Street; Waterstone's in Dawson Street and Greene's Bookshop, Ltd. in Clare Street.] On June 10, 1904, Joyce encountered an auburn-haired young woman walking on Nassau Street and asked her for a date four evenings later. Nora Barnacle was working at Finn's Hotel at the corner of Clare Street. The rooming house long since ceased operation but when the leaves are off the trees on the College playing fields its name can be discerned on the side wall of the building.
    We will peel off from Nassau Street at this point.
    Grafton Street gay with awnings lured his senses. Muslin prints, silkdames and dowagers, jingle of harnesses, hoofthuds lowringing in the baking causeway. [U 137/614]
    Grafton Street, now a pedestrian mall, is still Dublin's foremost shopping center. He passed, dallying, the windows of Brown Thomas, silk mercers. Cascades of ribbons. Flimsy China silks. Bloom considers buying a pincushion for Molly at Brown Thomas, still a possibility today.
    Bewley's Oriental Cafe at Number 10 Grafton Street is one of a chain of century-old coffee houses in which Joyce and his friends gathered to talk. Its popularity and the quality of its moderately priced fare endure.
    We turn left into Duke Street with Bloom so that we can order the very same lunch at Davy Byrne's "the moral pub" at Number 21. The gorgonzola sandwich and a glass of Burgundy wine remain on the menu after nine decades, the cheese still deliciously biting on strips of Irish brown bread."
    ...fresh clean bread, with relish of disgust pungent mustard, the feety savour of green cheese. Sips of his wine soothed his palate. Not logwood that... [U 142/818]
    Bloom leaves the pub and turns right toward Dawson Street, follows a blind man into Molesworth Street until Kildare Street where he catches sight of Blazes Boylan. To avoid meeting his wife's lover Bloom swerves right toward the National Museum. No Dublin tourist should miss its collection of Celtic antiquities.
    After inspecting ancient Greek statues on the ground floor, Bloom proceeds to the neighboring institution on Kildare Street, the National Library of Ireland. This is the setting for the Scylla and Charybdis chapter in which Stephen Dedalus expounds his theory about Shakespeare and Hamlet to a group of Dublin intellectuals. At the head of the stairs is a monument to T. William Lyster, the Quaker (or in Joyce punctuation quaker) librarian who presides over the session. To the right are the reading room and the librarian's office in which Stephen holds forth. [U 154/142]
    Leaving the National Library, turn left and proceed to the end of Kildare Street. The entrance to the Shelbourne, Dublin's grande dame hotel opened in 1867, faces the north side of St. Stephen's Green, one of Europe's loveliest parks.
    But the trees in Stephen's Green were fragrant of rain and the rainsodden earth gave forth its mortal odour, a faint incense rising upward through the mould from many hearts. The soul of the gallant venal city which his elders had told him of had shrunk with in a moment when he entered the sombre college he would be conscious of a corruption other than that of Buck Egan and Burnchapel Whaley. [PA chapter 5]
    Stroll through the Green to its south side and notice the bust of James Joyce just beyond the bandstand where concerts are given at lunchtime in summer. "The sombre college" is Newman House of University College Dublin (alma mater of Joyce and of Stephen Dedalus) which occupies a pair of noble Palladian buildings at Numbers 85/86 St.Stephen's Green South. Constructed in the mid-1700's as private residences, they were taken over a century later by the first Catholic university established in Ireland. John Henry Cardinal Newman served as rector. One can visit the spartan room in which Gerard Manley Hopkins, the Jesuit poet and scholar lived as well as the Physics Theatre in which the dean of studies challenges Stephen Dedalus's views on aesthetics and Stephen attends a deadly science class. The Commons Restaurant in the basement has a Michelin star and a celebrity clientele.
    Walk around to the east side of the Green bearing right into Merrion Row and Merrion Street until we reach another enchanting oasis framed by Georgian houses, Merrion Square. The house at Number 1 belonged to Sir William Wilde, the physician father of Oscar. Joyce chose the spot for his first date with Nora Barnacle on June 14; she stood him up.
    Follow along the north side of the square to Holles Street and the National Maternity Hospital, setting for the Oxen of the Sun chapter of Ulysses in which Bloom visits Mrs. Purefoy while Stephen Dedalus drinks and philosophizes as he awaits Buck Mulligan.
    Returning to Merrion Square, look at other houses with famous former residents such as Daniel O'Connell's at Number 58, W. B. Yeats's at Numbers 52 and 82. George Russell (A.E.), editor of the Irish Homestead and one of the real life characters who make an appearance in Ulysses, had his office at Number 84.

    EXCURSION 4: 
    Eumaeus, Sirens, Wandering Rocks, Cyclops

    Discussing these and kindred topics they made a beeline across the back of the Customhouse and passed under the Loop Line bridge where a brazier of coke burning in front of a sentrybox or something like one attracted their rather lagging footsteps. [U503/100]
    It is 12:40 A.M. and Leopold Bloom, in the hope of sobering up Stephen Dedalus after their wild evening in Nighttown is trying to lead the younger man to the cabman's shelter on Custom House Quay.
    I am proposing a walk focused on the River Liffey which we will criss-cross from the north bank to the south and in the process recall not only James Joyce's writings but highlights from Dublin's earlier history that shaped his mindset. We should begin, therefore, at the city's proudest public building, the Custom House situated two quays east of O'Connell Bridge.
    It took a decade beginning in 1781 to construct this imposing structure of of Portland stone and granite. James Gandon was the architect. Harps are etched into the capitals of the front columns. A copper dome with four clocks surmounted by a 16-foot statue of Hope resting on an anchor gives it a soaring quality particularly when the illuminated building is viewed at night from the opposite bank of the Liffey.
    In this penultimate episode Eumaeus, Bloom is bound for his home on Eccles Street, but since we we have already covered this territory in Excursion 2 we will head in the opposite direction. Walking west past O'Connell Bridge we cross the river by the Halfpenny Bridge to Wellington Quay on the south bank and go under the Merchants' Arch.
    We have plunged into the Temple Bar area, one that has been transformed in the 1990's from derelict to super-trendy. Joyce would be amused by its current reputation as Dublin's Left Bank, a homing ground for rock 'n' roll royalty and celebrities from the film, art and fashion colonies of Europe and the United States. In Joyce's time, the narrow cobblestone streets and crooked lanes were dotted with second-hand bookstores, some of which still survive. In the earlier episode Wandering Rocks, Bloom buys a copy of Sweets of Sin [U 194/610] for Molly from a bookseller under Merchants' Arch while in nearby Bedford Row Stephen is scanning the slanted bookcarts. [U 199/836] "I might find here one of my pawned schoolprizes". In this poignant scene, he meets his sister Dilly who has just paid a penny for a tattered French primer.
    __What did you buy that for? he asked. To learn French? She nodded, reddening and closing tight her lips... 
    __Here, Stephen said. It's all right. Mind Maggy doesn't pawn it on you. I suppose all my books are gone. 
    __Some, Dilly said. We had to. 
    She is drowning. Agenbite. Save her. Agenbite. All against us. She will drown me with her, eyes and hair. Lank coils of seaweed hair around me, my heart, my soul. Salt green death. 
    We. 
    Agenbite of inwit. Inwit's agenbite. 
    Misery! Misery!
    Let us trace Bloom's footsteps as he strides along Wellington Quay, Sweets of Sin in his pocket, and crosses Grattan Bridge (formerly Essex) to the north bank of the Liffey. Yes, Mr. Bloom crossed bridge of Yessex. To Martha I must write. Buy paper. Daly's.
    The stationery store on Ormond Quay Upper is gone but Bloom's destination, the Ormond Hotel at Number 8, is where at 4 P.M. on a Bloomsday Joyceans invariably congregate. This is the setting for the Sirens episode, the musical chapter of Ulysses, which begins with an overture as a viceregal procession passes by.
    *Bronze by gold heard the hoofirons, steelyringing. 
    Imperthnthn thnthnthn. 
    Chips, picking chips off rocky thumbnail, chips. 
    Horrid! And gold flushed more. 
    A husky fifenote blew. 
    Blew.Blue bloom is on the. 
    Goldpinnacled hair. 
    ....[U 210/1]
    The Ormond has undergone several refurbishings over the century but it is still just dreary enough to permit a re-enactment of the episode in which Leopold Bloom, Simon Dedalus, Blazes Boylan and several other characters from previous chapters converge to chatter and listen to songs. In the bar which is still at the right of the entrance Boylan orders a sloegin to drink before setting off for his rendez-vous with Molly. On the left, rechristened "the Siren Suite", is the dining room in which Bloom sups on liver, "mashed mashed potatoes" and cider while he broods over what must be transpiring in his bedroom on Eccles Street.
    In strict chronological order we would move along to the Cyclops chapter, Joyce's satirical take on Irish nationalism and bigotry, in which a citizen and his dog harass Bloom. The episode unfolds in Barney Kiernan's pub at Number 9 New Britain Street, a short distance from the Ormond Hotel up Arran Street. The actual pub, a hangout for a clientele drawn from the Four Courts, no longer exists so we might as well survey the law complex from Inns Quay adjacent to the Ormond. Aso designed by James Gandon, and a frequent point of reference in Joyce's writing, the Four Courts were destroyed during the Irish Civil War in 1922 and scrupulously reconstructed.
    Back across the Liffey we go via Richmond Bridge to Merchants' Quay. At the corner of Winetavern Street is the Church of St. Francis of Assisi, known to Dubliners as Adam and Eve's. Born as an underground church in the 17th century when Catholic worship was severely repressed in Ireland, its nickname derives from a nearby tavern of that era.
    riverrun, past Eve and Adam's, from swerve of shore to bend of bay, brings us by a commodius vicus of recirculation back to Howth Castle and Environs.[FW 1]
    In the opening lines of Finnegans Wake, Joyce's reversal of the nickname, according to scholars, signals that further games will be played with language and with concepts of time and space.
    Miss Julia Morkan, one of the hospitable sisters in the Dubliners story The Dead, is the leading soprano in the choir of Adam and Eve's. "The dark, gaunt house" in which the women conduct their genteel lives is two quays beyond at 15 Usher's Island. According to Richard Ellmann, the Morkan ladies were modeled after Joyce's great-aunts who ran a music school from their home at that address and gave an annual Christmas party. Joyce's father, like Gabriel Conroy in the story, carved the goose and made a speech. Though much the worse for wear including fire damage to its roof, the house still maintains its elegant Georgian facade and the rooms on the first floor in which the party takes place are intact. John Huston used the exterior for the filming of The Dead in 1987.
    The Guinness Brewery, founded in 1769 and an industrial enterprise whose influence on the Dublin economy and culture cannot be exaggerated, dominates the area west of Usher's Island. Bloom doubted that it was possible to cross Dublin without passing a pub on every corner and in that respect nothing has changed. "Be interesting some day get a pass through Hancock to see the brewery," Bloom mused [ U125/46] Today he would not have to use influence. The entrance to the brewery and its visitors center are at the end of hilly Watling Street. A block away in Crane Street, the Guinness Hop Store, a museum and exhibition space, offers tastings of "the wine of the country" as Joyce labelled the ubiquitous Guinness stout.
    We are now in the oldest part of Dublin and although the Joycean links diminish we should not overlook certain major sights. The residential area around the brewery is called the Liberties, because in medieval times the land belonged to two cathedrals and was therefore excluded from municpal jurisdiction. A slum in Joyce's time, it has in recent years achieved some cachet as background for popular films and novels.
    From the top of Watling Street let us take the winding path of Thomas Street to Patrick Street until the spire of St. Patrick's Cathedral comes into view. The Anglican cathedral has a medieval provenance dating to 1191 but its most illustrious association is with Jonathan Swift. The author of Gulliver's Travels ("A hater of his kind" as Stephen Dedalus referred to him) [U 33/109]__served as its dean for 30 years in the early 1700's. He is buried in the cathedral with his beloved Stella.
    Within St. Patrick's Close is Marsh's Library, the oldest public library in Ireland. Built in 1701 by Archbishop Narcissus Marsh, another eccentric cleric, it still retains the wire cages into which readers were locked in order to safeguard its rare book collection.
    Moving down toward the river we come to Christ Church, the rival Anglican cathedral to St. Patrick's and the oldest building in the city. The Norman lord who had it built in 1169, Richard de Clare, a.k.a. Strongbow, is buried in the nave.
    Dublin Castle, just east of Christ Church, was erected on the ruins of a Danish fortress in 1204 and has been the seat of municipal power ever since. In Joyce's time it was the official residence of the English viceroys. Martin Cunningham, a character in the Dubliners story Grace who figures in several episodes of Ulysses, worked at the Castle in the Royal Irish Constabulary Office. With the establishment of the sovereign nation of Ireland or Eire in 1937, Dublin Castle lost its colonial aspect forever.
    Wood Quay, where the Vikings laid anchor in 840, lies ahead. We have completed a partial circle of the Liffey. Let us wave goodbye to the river with Anna Livia Plurabelle in the last lines of Finnegans Wake.
    Away a lone a last a loved a long the [ FW 628/15]
    There are two Dublin sites relevant to Joyce and his writing that I hesitate to offer as walking tours except to the hardiest pedestrians. Both are located more than two miles north of the center of the city over routes that provide scant opportunities for scenic pauses although there are enough within Glasnevin Cemetery and Phoenix Park to recommend them as morning or afternoon excursions. Both can be reached by public bus from Upper O'Connell Street and Parnell Street. Bicycle and taxi are also options.

    EXCURSION 5: 
    HADES

    On Bloomsday, Joyceans in Edwardian garb make the trip to Glasnevin Cemetery in hired horsedrawn carriages. The most dedicated rent a hearse for this replay of Paddy Dignam's funeral. The procession begins at the deceased's home, Number 9 Newbridge Avenue in Sandymount [Excursion 1] and proceeds along streets covered in Excursions 2 and 3 until it reaches the North Circular Road and Phibsborough Road. Total authenticity is impossible. There can be no halt to let a herd of cattle pass by and one-way motor traffic patterns force diversions from the 1904 route.
    Pick up the Hades episode at the Finglas Road entrance to the burial grounds. The high railings of Prospect rippled past their gaze. Dark poplars, rare white forms. Forms more frequent, white shapes thronged amid the trees, white forms and fragments streaming by mutely, sustaining vain gestures on the air. [U83/486]
    Dubliners call Prospect Cemetery Glasnevin after the surrounding area. Opened in 1832 as a national cemetery available to all regardless of religious, political or other affiliation, Glasnevin gives eternal rest to the mighty and to the humble; the latter are arranged in plots for Irish Republicans killed in the Civil War, cholera victims of 1849, smallpox victims of 1872 and members of religious orders.
    Ireland's leaders, both friends and foes, are buried here: Daniel O'Connell, Charles Stewart Parnell, Michael Collins, Eamon de Valera. Female revolutionaries such as W.B. Yeats's love Maud Gonne and Countess Constance Marckiewicz. Writers like James Clarence Mangan, Gerard Manley Hopkins and Brendan Behan. A writer's parents, John Stanislaus and May Joyce. In Hades the father appears as Simon Dedalus, weeping as he passes the grave of his long-suffering wife.
    I'll soon be stretched beside her. Let Him take me whenever He likes. [U86/650] Richard Ellmann attributes the exact words to John Stanislaus, inconsolable after May's death.
    Celtic motifs and Victorian architecture predominate. The 168-foot round tower of granite in memory of O'Connell, an example of early Irish Christian design, soars from the entrance walk.
    Mr. Power's soft eyes went up to the apex of the lofty cone. __He's at rest, he said, in the middle of his people, old Dan O'. But his heart is buried in Rome. How many broken hearts are buried here, Simon! [U86/642]
    To the left is the mortuary chapel in which Dignam's funeral service is conducted. Bloom comments on the priest's ritual. Said he was going to paradise or is in paradise. Says that over everybody. Tiresome kind of a job. But he has to say something.
    Afterwards Bloom and the other mourners follow the coffincart toward Dignam's grave. Robert Nicholson in The Ulysses Guide suggests taking the cypress avenue by the chapel, turning left at the bottom, and right at the next intersection.
    The Botanic Gardens are just over there. It's the blood sinking in the earth gives new life. Same idea those jews they said killed the christian boy. Every man his price. Well preserved fat corpse, gentleman, epicure, invaluable for fruit garden. A bargain. [U 89/770]
    The National Botanic Gardens Bloom glances at over the cemetery wall are a 50-acre park and horticultural preserve of international rank. An uplifting place to visit after Bloom's lugubrious musings.
    The gates glimmered in front: still open. Back to the world again. Enough of this place. Brings you a bit nearer every time. Last time I was here was Mrs. Sinico's funeral. [U 94/996]
    Emily Sinico, an unhappily married woman rebuffed by a man she met at a concert, dies in an accident at a railroad station in the Dubliners story A Painful Case.
    Before leaving we might pay our respects to Joyce's parents and to his father's hero Parnell. Retracing our steps to the intersection, the Joyce grave is near the path at the right. On the other side of the path is a massive rock of Wicklow granite inscribed simply with one name, Parnell. The anniversary of his death on October 6, 1891 has been known ever after as Ivy Day because mourners clipped ivy leaves from the cemetery wall. Hence the Dubliners story about political intrigue Ivy Day in the Committee Room.

    EXCURSION 6: 
    Wandering Rocks, Aeolus, Penelope, Finnegans Wake

    William Humble, earl of Dudley, and Lady Dudley, accompanied by lieutenant colonel Heseltine, drove out after luncheon from the viceregal lodge... 
    The cavalcade passed out by the lower gate of Phoenix park saluted by obsequious policemen and proceeded past Kingsbridge along the northern quays. The viceroy was most cordially greeted on his way through the metropolis. [U 207/1176]
    The Viceregal Lodge, now the residence of the President of Ireland, is in Phoenix Park, one of Europe's largest public recreational areas and a significant landmark in Joyce's writings. Opened in 1747, it includes the residence of the United States Ambassador, playing fields for cricket, hurling, and polo and the magnificent Dublin Zoo whose most famous alumnus was the lion in the MGM logo.
    The route of the cavalcade in Wandering Rocks encompasses familiar geography explored in Excursions 3 and 4 as the various characters strain to watch the procession go by.
    One of the most sensational crimes in Ireland's violent political saga was committed in Phoenix Park. In 1882 Lord Frederick Cavendish, Under-Secretary for Ireland, and an associate were stabbed to death by an Irish nationalist group, the Invincibles. The assassins were betrayed by an informer and hanged.
    The Phoenix Park murders occupy a lengthy section of the Aeolus episode under the headline THE GREAT GALLAHER as Myles Crawford, the newspaper editor, recalls coverage of the crime. That was the smartest piece of journalism ever known. Ignatius Gallaher, a reporter, planted clues to the getaway route in an advertisement in the Weekly Freeman.[U 111/628] Gallaher, a condescending scribe, appears earlier in the Dubliners story A Little Cloud.
    In the Penelope episode, Molly Bloom plans the menu for an improbable picnic with her husband and lover "in the furry glen or the strawberry fields" of Phoenix Park. [U 629/948]The Furry is a wooded nook near the Knockmaroon Gate, the Strawberry Fields lie beyond the Gate on the north bank of the Liffey.
    For anyone embarked on the daunting task of deciphering Finnegans Wake, Joyce's most inscrutable work, a visit to Phoenix Park (Phornix Park) does much to clear the head. Strolling within its Irish greener-than-green boundaries amidst active human beings helps to rescue the book from its extreme abstraction and brings its puzzling characters to life.
    Mind your hats goan in! Now yiz are in the Willingdone Museyroom. This is a Prooshious gunn. this is a ffrinch. Tip. This is the flag of the Prooshious. Saloos the Crossgunn! Up with your pike and fork! Tip. (Bullsfoot! Fine!) This is the triplewon hat of Lipoleum. Tip Lipoleumhat. This is the Willingdone on his same white harse, the Cokenhape...[FW 8/9-18].
    Now come close to the Wellington Monument, the 205-foot granite obelisk near the main entrance of the park commemorating the victories of the Duke of Wellington in the Napoleonic Wars.
    Finnegans Wake is set in Chapelizod, in Joyce's time a pastoral neighborhood along the Liffey bordered by Phoenix Park to the north. Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker, a local publican, wrestles in his guilt-ridden dream with allegations that he committed a crime in Phoenix Park. Three soldiers say they saw HCE behaving inappropriately toward two young girls__
    of having behaved with ongentilmensky immodus opposite a pair of dainty maidservants in the swoolth of the rushy hollow whither, or so the two gown and pinners pleaded,...but whose published combinations of silkinlaine testimonies are, where not dubiously pure, visibly divergent, as wapt from wept, on minor points touching the intimate nature of this, a first offence in vert or venison which was admittedly an incautious but, at its wildest, a partial exposure with such attenuating circumstances (garthen gaddeth green hwere sokeman brideth girling) as an abnormal Saint Swithin's summer and, Jesses Rosasharon!) aripe occasion to provoke it. [FW 34/19-30]
    Reading this passage in the politically febrile summer of 1998 how can one doubt the prescience of James Joyce or fail to appreciate the Viconian theory of the cyclical flow of history on which he based the Wake.

    BIBLIOGRAPHY
    Both works are contained in The Portable James Joyce / with an introduction by Harry Levin. New York, Viking Press, 1966. This edition is recommended to the traveler. 820.81J
    • James Joyce, Ulysses: The corrected text edited by Hans Walter Gabler with Wolfhard Steppe and Claus Melchior. New York, Random House, 1986. FJ 
    • James Joyce, Finnegans Wake. New York, Viking Press, 1939. FJ
    • Richard EllmannJames Joyce, revised edition, New York, Oxford University Press, 1982. 92 J89E
    • Brenda MaddoxNora: The Real Life of Molly Bloom, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1988. 92 J892M
    • A. Nick Fargnoli and Michael P. GillespieJames Joyce A to Z, New York, Facts on File Inc. 1995. 823J
    • Patricia HutchinsJames Joyce's Dublin. London, The Grey Walls Press, 1950. 92 J89H
    Also in the Visitors Reports of The New York Society Library, James Joyce in the New York Society Library by Marylin Bender Altschul, February 1996.

    This report was respectfully submitted on August 31, 1998.


    James Joyce

    James Joyce - Pagina 290

    door Robert H. Deming - Literary Criticism - 1997
    135- Yeats and the Dublin Philosophical Society 1923 Extract from an unsigned 
    ... [Yeats] One writer the Auditor [Mr. Beare] had mentioned—James Joyce—was ...
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    James Joyce and the Fabrication of an Irish Identity

    James Joyce and the Fabrication of an Irish Identity - Pagina 88

    door Michael Patrick Gillespie - National characteristics, Irish, in literature - 2001 - 200 pagina’s
    As a Dublin writer taking a complex and—by the standards of his own day—cosmopolitan 
    ... of an Irish national literature, Joyce found himself an exile or, ...
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    The Cambridge Companion to James Joyce

    The Cambridge Companion to James Joyce - Pagina 35

    door Derek Attridge - Literary Criticism - 2004 - 312 pagina’s
    However, Joyce, like Wilde and Shaw, was a Dublin writer. For him, as for them, 
    Ireland was a negative idea, a place which threatened the artist's freedom ...
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    A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

    A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man - Pagina 11

    door James Joyce - Fiction - 1991 - 256 pagina’s
    The same principle, Joyce seems to be claiming, will apply to any human ... 
    But the novel about a writer growing up in Dublin was never far from his ...
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    The Word According to James Joyce: Reconstructing representation

    The Word According to James Joyce: Reconstructing representation - Pagina 21

    door Cordell D. K. Yee - Literary Criticism - 1997 - 171 pagina’s
    In DublinJoyce has found a concrete universal. The stories contain concrete 
    particulars that point to a larger idea. Dubliners thus satisfies Aristotle's ...
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    James Joyce A to Z: The Essential Reference to the Life and Work

    James Joyce A to Z: The Essential Reference to the Life and Work - Pagina 59

    door A. Nicholas Fargnoli, Michael Patrick Gillespie - Literary Criticism - 1996 - 320 pagina’s
    Dublin Capital city of Ireland and Irish Sea port, where James Joyce was born 
    and grew up. ... writer has yet presented Dublin to the world. ...
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    James Joyce

    James Joyce - Pagina 208

    door Richard Ellmann - Novelists, Irish - 1983 - 887 pagina’s
    In a letter of October 15, 1905, to Grant Richards, he emphasized the same 
    intention: 'I do not think that any writer has yet presented Dublin to the world. ...
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    James Joyce: A Definitive Biography

    James Joyce: A Definitive Biography - Pagina 242

    door Herbert Sherman Gorman - Authors, Irish - 1941 - 354 pagina’s
    Later Joyce discovered that the astute Mr. M proposed to shoot his picture ... 
    here and briefly note the various rencontres the Dublin writer had with this ...
    Dublin a Cultural History

    Dublin a Cultural History - Pagina 164

    door Siobhán Marie Kilfeather, Inc NetLibrary - 2005
    Richard Ellmann, James Joyce James Joyce, graduate of University College Dublin
    sometime music student, and sometime schoolmaster, and an aspiring writer ...
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    James Joyce: A Short Introduction

    James Joyce: A Short Introduction - Pagina 3

    door Michael Seidel - Literary Criticism - 2002 - 176 pagina’s
    Joyce never recovered. (James Joyce: Interviews and Recollections, p. ... 
    poring over etymological dictionaries and wandering Dublin streets for unusual or ...
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    James Joyce and Nationalism

    James Joyce and Nationalism - Pagina 187

    door Emer Nolan - Literary Criticism - 1995
    Tradition and the Irish Writer (Dublin: Dolmen Press, 1970), p. 65. 21 Ellmann, 
    James Joyce, p. 102. 22 See Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno, 'Odysseus or ...
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    Dublin

    Dublin - Pagina 31

    door Fionn Davenport, Martin Hughes - Travel - 2004 - 264 pagina’s
    Jennifer Johnston (1930—) was the most well-known female writer from Dublin in 
    ... become a hugely successful novelist and • Dubliners, James Joyce scholar. ...
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    Dubliners

    Dubliners - Pagina xi

    door James Joyce - Fiction - 1993 - 316 pagina’s
    The one was entirely personal to the Joyce family, the other was an event ... 
    but to a Dublin of mean dwellings, low public houses and slum tenements with ...
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    A Portrait of the Artist As a Young Man and Dubliners

    A Portrait of the Artist As a Young Man and Dubliners - Pagina 421

    door James Joyce - Fiction - 2004 - 464 pagina’s
    JAMES JOYCE Comments The Dublin papers will object to my stories as to a ... 
    Like Swift and another living Irish writer, Mr. Joyce has a cloacal obsession. ...
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    James Joyce and the Language of History: Dedalus's Nightmare

    James Joyce and the Language of History: Dedalus's Nightmare - Pagina 27

    door Robert Spoo - Literary Criticism - 1994 - 208 pagina’s
    One reason, surely, why Dublin was beginning to seem more dear than dirty ... 
    were worse microcosms than Dublin to which a writer might consecrate his art. ...
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    The Biography Book: A Reader's Guide to Nonfiction, Fictional, and Film ...

    The Biography Book: A Reader's Guide to Nonfiction, Fictional, and Film ... - Pagina 218

    door Daniel S. Burt - Biography & Autobiography - 2001 - 640 pagina’s
    This scholarly edition collects both letters by and to Joyce and provides an 
    essential window on the writer's personality. Selected Letters of James Joyce...
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    Saturday Review

    door Bernard Augustine De Voto - American literature - 1952
    Obviously, in the case of a writer like James Joyce, his books could not bring 
    ... part studies one pursued to get ai sity degree in modern literal Dublin...
    Troubled Histories, Troubled Fictions

    Troubled Histories, Troubled Fictions - Pagina 96

    door Theo D'haen, José Lanters, C. C. Barfoot, Theo d' Haen - 1995
    James Joyce, Ulysses: A Critical and Synoptic Edition, 3 vols, ed. ... will probably 
    not be duplicated in the case of the new Dublin writerJames Joyce...
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    The Cambridge Introduction to James Joyce

    The Cambridge Introduction to James Joyce - Pagina 32

    door Eric Bulson - Literary Criticism - 2006 - 152 pagina’s
    Dublin was the setting for virtually all his works. ... of the twentieth century: 
    I do not think that any writer has yet presented Dublin to the world. ...
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    The Irish Writer and the World

    The Irish Writer and the World - Pagina 41

    door Declan Kiberd - Literary Criticism - 2005 - 342 pagina’s
    14 James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (London, 1960), p. 183. 
    ... 18 Behan's Irish poems were published in Comhar (Dublin, April 1964). ...
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    Makers of Modern Culture - Pagina 256

    door Justine Wintle - Social Science - 2002
    234 JOYCEJames Augustine 1882-1941 Irish writer James Joyce was the greatest 
    ... Joyce was born at Rathgar, Dublin, on 2 February 1882, into a fairly ...
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    The Celtic Master: Contributions to the First James Joyce Symposium Held in ...

    The Celtic Master: Contributions to the First James Joyce Symposium Held in ... - Pagina 9

    door Donagh MacDonagh - Civilization, Celtic, in literature - 1969 - 57 pagina’s
    Others again, affecting to dismiss the later work, will profess to see Mr. 
    Joyce as a French writer of the school of Flaubert. In this Gresham hotel, ...
    James Joyce and the Israelites

    James Joyce and the Israelites - Pagina 87

    door Seamus Finnegan - Literary Criticism - 1995 - 135 pagina’s
    In 1982 when JAMES JOYCE & THE ISRAELITES was in production at the Lyric Theatre 
    ... The Irish Attache was polite and dutiful but no invitation to Dublin in ...
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    James Joyce and the Act of Reception: Reading, Ireland, Modernism

    James Joyce and the Act of Reception: Reading, Ireland, Modernism - Pagina 108

    door John Nash - Literary Criticism - 2006 - 230 pagina’s
    A certain James F. Conmee wrote to Joyce from Dublin in 1928 to enquire ... 
    to the familiar caricature of the 'greatly misunderstood' writer suffering form ...
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    Writing the City: Urban Visions and Literary Modernism

    Writing the City: Urban Visions and Literary Modernism - Pagina 156

    door Desmond Harding - Literary Criticism - 2003 - 236 pagina’s
    See also Torchiana, "Joyce and Dublin," The Irish Writer and the City 52-63 and 
    David Pierce, James Joyce's Ireland (New Haven: Yale UP, 1992). ...
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    James Joyce: Two Decades of Criticism

    James Joyce: Two Decades of Criticism - Pagina 285

    door Eugène Jolas - Ireland - 1963 - 486 pagina’s
    ... VIVIAN MERCIER DUBLIN UNDER THE JOYCES I do not think that any writer has yet 
    ... 1 James Joyce in a letter to Grant Richards, December 3, 1905, ...
    Magill's
                            Literary Annual, 1987

    Magill's Literary Annual, 1987 - Pagina 418

    door Magill, Frank Northen, 1907- - Literary Criticism - 1987 - 1026 pagina’s
    $30.00 Type of work: Biography Time: 1882-1915 Locale: Dublin, Paris, Trieste, 
    Rome A biography of the Irish writer James Joyce dealing principally with his ...
    Ireland

    Ireland - Pagina 102

    door Tom Downs - Travel - 2004 - 716 pagina’s
    TOURS Dublin is an easy city to see on foot so a guided walking tour is an ... 
    Suffolk BLOOMSDAY Six days after meeting her, the writer James Joyce had his ...
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    Unicorns

    Unicorns - Pagina 187

    door James Huneker - Literary Criticism - 1917 - 361 pagina’s
    CHAPTER XVI JAMES JOYCE WHO is James Joyce? is a question that was answered by 
    John Quinn, who told us that the new writer was from Dublin and at present ...
    Cultural Studies of James Joyce

    Cultural Studies of James Joyce - Pagina 138

    door R. B. Kershner - Literary Criticism - 2003 - 215 pagina’s
    ambivalences of Joyce's attitude toward “dear dirty Dublin,” it is unclear ... 
    too numerous dichotomies is Art versus Life—Richard as writer-director, ...
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    James Joyce

    James Joyce, ca. 1918
    Born 2 February 1882
    RathgarDublinIreland
    Died 13 January 1941 (aged 58)
    ZürichSwitzerland
    Occupation Novelist and Poet
    Literary movement Modernism, and imagism
    Influences HomerAristotleDante,AquinasShakespeare,DujardinIbsenBrunoVico,Chekhov
    Influenced BeckettBorgesO'Brien,RushdieEcoWoolfDeLillo,BurgessCampbellFaulkner,Edna O'BrienMartin Amis,Jamie O'NeillOrwell

    This article is about the writer and poet. For the baseball umpire, see Jim Joyce. For the Ohio politician, see James Joyce (congressman).

    James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (Irish Séamus Seoighe2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish expatriate writer, widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses (1922) and its highly controversial successor Finnegans Wake(1939), as well as the short story collection Dubliners (1914) and the semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916).
    Although he spent most of his adult life outside Ireland, Joyce's psychological and fictional universe is firmly rooted in his native Dublin - the city which provides the settings and much of the subject matter for all his fiction. In particular, his tempestuous early relationship with the Irish Roman Catholic Church is reflected through a similar inner conflict in his recurrent alter ego Stephen Dedalus. As the result of his minute attentiveness to a personal locale and his self-imposed exile and influence throughout Europe, (notably in ParisFrance), Joyce became paradoxically one of the most cosmopolitan yet one of the most regionally-focussed of all the English language writers of his time.[1]

    1 Life and writing 2 Major works 3 Legacy4 Works5 Notes6 References7 External links
     Life and writing



    Photograph of James Joyce taken by fellow University College student Constantine P. Curran in the summer of 1904. When asked later what he was thinking at the time, Joyce replied 'I was wondering would he lend me five shillings' (in Ellmann).
    Dublin, 1882–1904
    In 1882, James Augustine Joyce was born into a Roman Catholic family in the Dublin suburb of Rathgar. He was the oldest of 10 surviving children; two of his siblings died of typhoid. His father's family, originally from Fermoy in Cork, had once owned a small salt and lime works. Joyce's father and paternal grandfather both married into wealthy families. In 1887, his father,John Stanislaus Joyce, was appointed rate (i.e., a local property tax) collector by Dublin Corporation; the family subsequently moved to the fashionable adjacent small town of Bray 12 miles from Dublin. Around this time Joyce was attacked by a dog; this resulted in a lifelong canine phobia. He also suffered from a fear of thunderstorms, which his deeply religious aunt had described to him as being a sign of God's wrath.[2]
    In 1891, Joyce wrote a poem, "Et Tu Healy," on the death of Charles Stewart Parnell. His father was angry at the treatment of Parnell by the Catholic church and at the resulting failure to secure Home Rule for Ireland. The elder Joyce had the poem printed and even sent a copy to the Vatican Library. In November of that same year, John Joyce was entered in Stubbs Gazette (an official register of bankruptcies) and suspended from work. In 1893 John Joyce was dismissed with a pension. This was the beginning of a slide into poverty for the family, mainly due to John's drinking and general financial mismanagement.[3]

    James Joyce was initially educated by the Jesuit order at Clongowes Wood College, a boarding school near Sallins in County Kildare, which he entered in 1888 but had to leave in 1892 when his father could no longer pay the fees. Joyce then studied at home and briefly at the Christian Brothers school on North Richmond Street, Dublin, before he was offered a place in the Jesuits' Dublin school, Belvedere College, in 1893. The offer was made at least partly in the hope that he would prove to have a vocation and join the Order. Joyce, however, was to reject Catholicism by the age of 16, although the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas would remain a strong influence on him throughout his life.[4]
    He enrolled at the recently established University College Dublin in 1898. He studied modern languages, specifically EnglishFrench and Italian. He also became active in theatrical and literary circles in the city. His review of Ibsen's New Drama, his first published work, was published in 1900 and resulted in a letter of thanks from the Norwegian dramatist himself. Joyce wrote a number of other articles and at least two plays (since lost) during this period. Many of the friends he made at University College Dublin would appear as characters in Joyce's written works. He was an active member of the Literary and Historical Society, University College Dublin, and presented his paper "Drama and Life" to the L&H in 1900.
    After graduating from UCD in 1903, Joyce left for Paris to "study medicine", but in reality he squandered money his family could ill afford. He returned to Ireland after a few months, when his mother was diagnosed with cancer.[5] Fearing for her son's "impiety", his mother tried unsuccessfully to get Joyce to make his confession and to take communion. She finally passed into a coma and died on August 13, Joyce having refused to kneel with other members of the family praying at her bedside.[6] After her death he continued to drink heavily, and conditions at home grew quite appalling. He scraped a living reviewing books, teaching and singing — he was an accomplished tenor, and won the bronze medal in the 1904 Feis Ceoil.[7]
    On 7 January 1904, he attempted to publish A Portrait of the Artist, an essay-story dealing with aesthetics, only to have it rejected by the free-thinking magazine Dana. He decided, on his twenty-second birthday, to revise the story and turn it into a novel he planned to call Stephen Hero. This was the same year he met Nora Barnacle, a young woman from Galway city who was working as a chambermaid at Finn's Hotel in Dublin. On 16 June 1904, they went on their first date, an event which would be commemorated by providing the date for the action of Ulysses.
    Joyce remained in Dublin for some time longer, drinking heavily. After one of his alcoholic binges, he got into a fight over a misunderstanding with a man in Phoenix Park; he was picked up and dusted off by a minor acquaintance of his father, Alfred H. Hunter, who brought him into his home to tend to his injuries.[8] Hunter was rumored to be Jewish and to have an unfaithful wife, and would serve as one of the models for Leopold Bloom, the main protagonist of Ulysses.[9] He took up with medical student Oliver St John Gogarty, who formed the basis for the character Buck Mulligan in Ulysses. After staying in Gogarty's Martello Tower for 6 nights he left in the middle of the night following an altercation which involved Gogarty shooting a pistol at some pans hanging directly over Joyce's bed.[10] He walked all the way back to Dublin to stay with relatives for the night, and sent a friend to the tower the next day to pack his possessions into his trunk. Shortly thereafter he eloped to the continent with Nora.

    1904–1920: Trieste and Zürich
    Joyce's statue in Trieste
    Joyce's statue in Trieste
    Joyce and Nora went into self-imposed exile, moving first to Zürich, where he had supposedly acquired a post teaching English at the Berlitz Language School through an agent in England. It turned out that the English agent had been swindled, but the director of the school sent him on to Trieste, which was part of Austria-Hungary until World War I (today part ofItaly). Once again, he found there was no position for him, but with the help of Almidano Artifoni, director of the Trieste Berlitz school, he finally secured a teaching position in Pula, then also part of Austria-Hungary (today part of Croatia). He stayed there, teaching English mainly to Austro-Hungarian naval officers stationed at the Pula base, from October 1904 until March 1905, when the Austrians — having discovered an espionage ring in the city — expelled all aliens. With Artifoni's help, he moved back to the city of Trieste and began teaching English there. He would remain in Trieste for most of the next 10 years.[1]
    Later that year Nora gave birth to their first child, George. Joyce then managed to talk his brother, Stanislaus, into joining him in Trieste, and secured him a position teaching at the school. Ostensibly his reasons were for his company and offering his brother a much more interesting life than the simple clerking job he had back in Dublin, but in truth, he hoped to augment his family's meagre income with his brother's earnings.[11] Stanislaus and James had strained relations the entire time they lived together in Trieste, with most arguments centering on James' frivolity with money and drinking habits.[12]
    With chronic wanderlust much of his early life, Joyce became frustrated with life in Trieste and moved to Rome in late 1906, having secured a position working in a bank in the city. He intensely disliked Rome, however, and ended up moving back to Trieste in early 1907. His daughter Lucia was born in the summer of the same year.
    Joyce returned to Dublin in the summer of 1909 with George, in order to visit his father and work on getting Dubliners published. He visited Nora's family in Galway, meeting them for the first time (a successful visit, to his relief). When preparing to return to Trieste he decided to bring one of his sisters, Eva, back to Trieste with him in order to help Nora look after the home. He would spend only a month back in Trieste before again heading back to Dublin, this time as a representative of some cinema owners in order to set up a regular cinema in Dublin. The venture was successful (but would quickly fall apart in his absence), and he returned to Trieste in January 1910 with another sister in tow, Eileen. While Eva became very homesick for Dublin and returned a few years later, Eileen spent the rest of her life on the continent, eventually marrying Czech bank cashier František Schaurek.
    Joyce returned to Dublin briefly in the summer of 1912 during his years-long fight with his Dublin publisher, George Roberts, over the publication of Dubliners. His trip was once again fruitless, and on his return he wrote the poem "Gas from a Burner" as a thinly veiled invective against Roberts. It was his last trip to Ireland, and he never again came closer to Dublin than London, despite the many pleas of his father and invitations from fellow Irish writer William Butler Yeats.
    Joyce came up with many money-making schemes during this period of his life, such as his attempt to become a cinema magnate back in Dublin, as well as a frequently discussed but ultimately abandoned plan to import Irish tweeds into Trieste. His expert borrowing skills saved him from indigence. His income was made up partially from his position at the Berlitz school and from taking on private students. Many of his acquaintances through meeting these private students proved invaluable allies when he faced problems getting out of Austria-Hungary and into Switzerland in 1915.
    One of his students in Trieste was Ettore Schmitz, better known by the pseudonym Italo Svevo; they met in 1907 and became lasting friends and mutual critics. Schmitz was Jewish, and became the primary model for Leopold Bloom; most of the details about the Jewish faith included in Ulysses came from Schmitz in response to Joyce's queries.[13] Joyce would spend most of the rest of his life on the Continent. It was in Trieste that he first began to be plagued by major eye problems, which would result in over a dozen surgeries before his death.
    In 1915, when Joyce moved to Zürich in order to avoid the complexities (as a British subject) of living in Austria-Hungary during World War I, he met one of his most enduring and important friends, Frank Budgen, whose opinion Joyce constantly sought through the writing of Ulysses and Finnegans Wake. It was also here where Ezra Pound brought him to the attention of English feminist and publisher Harriet Shaw Weaver, who would become Joyce's patron, providing him thousands of pounds over the next 25 years and relieving him of the burden of teaching in order to focus on his writing. After the war he returned to Trieste briefly, but found the city had changed, and his relations with his brother (who had been interned in an Austrian prison camp for most of the war due to his pro-Italian politics) were more strained than ever. Joyce headed to Paris in 1920 at an invitation from Ezra Pound, supposedly for a week, but he ended up living there for the next twenty years.
    1920–1941: Paris and Zürich
    Joyce and Nora went into self-imposed exile, moving first to Zürich, where he had supposedly acquired a post teaching English at the Berlitz Language School through an agent in England. It turned out that the English agent had been swindled, but the director of the school sent him on to Trieste, which was part of Austria-Hungary until World War I (today part ofItaly). Once again, he found there was no position for him, but with the help of Almidano Artifoni, director of the Trieste Berlitz school, he finally secured a teaching position in Pula, then also part of Austria-Hungary (today part of Croatia). He stayed there, teaching English mainly to Austro-Hungarian naval officers stationed at the Pula base, from October 1904 until March 1905, when the Austrians — having discovered an espionage ring in the city — expelled all aliens. With Artifoni's help, he moved back to the city of Trieste and began teaching English there. He would remain in Trieste for most of the next 10 years.[1]
    Later that year Nora gave birth to their first child, George. Joyce then managed to talk his brother, Stanislaus, into joining him in Trieste, and secured him a position teaching at the school. Ostensibly his reasons were for his company and offering his brother a much more interesting life than the simple clerking job he had back in Dublin, but in truth, he hoped to augment his family's meagre income with his brother's earnings.[11] Stanislaus and James had strained relations the entire time they lived together in Trieste, with most arguments centering on James' frivolity with money and drinking habits.[12]
    With chronic wanderlust much of his early life, Joyce became frustrated with life in Trieste and moved to Rome in late 1906, having secured a position working in a bank in the city. He intensely disliked Rome, however, and ended up moving back to Trieste in early 1907. His daughter Lucia was born in the summer of the same year.
    Joyce returned to Dublin in the summer of 1909 with George, in order to visit his father and work on getting Dubliners published. He visited Nora's family in Galway, meeting them for the first time (a successful visit, to his relief). When preparing to return to Trieste he decided to bring one of his sisters, Eva, back to Trieste with him in order to help Nora look after the home. He would spend only a month back in Trieste before again heading back to Dublin, this time as a representative of some cinema owners in order to set up a regular cinema in Dublin. The venture was successful (but would quickly fall apart in his absence), and he returned to Trieste in January 1910 with another sister in tow, Eileen. While Eva became very homesick for Dublin and returned a few years later, Eileen spent the rest of her life on the continent, eventually marrying Czech bank cashier František Schaurek.
    Joyce returned to Dublin briefly in the summer of 1912 during his years-long fight with his Dublin publisher, George Roberts, over the publication of Dubliners. His trip was once again fruitless, and on his return he wrote the poem "Gas from a Burner" as a thinly veiled invective against Roberts. It was his last trip to Ireland, and he never again came closer to Dublin than London, despite the many pleas of his father and invitations from fellow Irish writer William Butler Yeats.
    Joyce came up with many money-making schemes during this period of his life, such as his attempt to become a cinema magnate back in Dublin, as well as a frequently discussed but ultimately abandoned plan to import Irish tweeds into Trieste. His expert borrowing skills saved him from indigence. His income was made up partially from his position at the Berlitz school and from taking on private students. Many of his acquaintances through meeting these private students proved invaluable allies when he faced problems getting out of Austria-Hungary and into Switzerland in 1915.
    One of his students in Trieste was Ettore Schmitz, better known by the pseudonym Italo Svevo; they met in 1907 and became lasting friends and mutual critics. Schmitz was Jewish, and became the primary model for Leopold Bloom; most of the details about the Jewish faith included in Ulysses came from Schmitz in response to Joyce's queries.[13] Joyce would spend most of the rest of his life on the Continent. It was in Trieste that he first began to be plagued by major eye problems, which would result in over a dozen surgeries before his death.
    In 1915, when Joyce moved to Zürich in order to avoid the complexities (as a British subject) of living in Austria-Hungary during World War I, he met one of his most enduring and important friends, Frank Budgen, whose opinion Joyce constantly sought through the writing of Ulysses and Finnegans Wake. It was also here where Ezra Pound brought him to the attention of English feminist and publisher Harriet Shaw Weaver, who would become Joyce's patron, providing him thousands of pounds over the next 25 years and relieving him of the burden of teaching in order to focus on his writing. After the war he returned to Trieste briefly, but found the city had changed, and his relations with his brother (who had been interned in an Austrian prison camp for most of the war due to his pro-Italian politics) were more strained than ever. Joyce headed to Paris in 1920 at an invitation from Ezra Pound, supposedly for a week, but he ended up living there for the next twenty years.

    1920–1941: Paris and Zürich

    He traveled frequently to Switzerland for eye surgeries and treatments for Lucia, who, according to the Joyce estate, suffered from schizophrenia. In her 2003 work, Lucia Joyce: To Dance in the Wake, Carol Loeb Shloss alleges that there may have been incest between Lucia and her father and quite possibly between Lucia and her brother Georgio.[14] She cites the admission of the current heir of the Joyce estate, Stephen Joyce, that he burned thousands of letters between Lucia and her father that he received upon Lucia's death in 1982.[15] There is much correspondence of Joyce's showing that Lucia was his muse in Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Ulysses, and Finnegans Wake. All three works include a voyeuristic father with a libidinal interest in nubile pre-pubescent and adolescent girls—very often his own daughter.[16] Finnegans Wake ends with a father having sex with his daughter.[17] There is correspondence from Joyce proving that he spoke with Lucia in a language similar to that of the fragmented multi-language style in Finnegans Wake. There is much evidence that Lucia was not diagnosed with schizophrenia by several doctors. In fact, she was analyzed by Carl Jung who was of the opinion that her father was a schizophrenic after reading Ulysses.[18] Jung noted that she and her father were two people heading to the bottom of a river, except that he was diving and she was falling.[19][20]

    In Paris, Maria and Eugene Jolas nursed Joyce during his long years of writing Finnegans Wake. Were it not for their unwavering support (along with Harriet Shaw Weaver's constant financial support), there is a good possibility that his books might never have been finished or published. In their now legendary literary magazine "transition," the Jolases published serially various sections of Joyce's novel under the title Work in Progress. He returned to Zürich in late 1940, fleeing the Nazi occupation of France. On 11 January 1941, he underwent surgery for a perforated ulcer. While at first improved, he relapsed the following day, and despite several transfusions, fell into a coma. He awoke at 2 a.m. on 13 January 1941, and asked for a nurse to call his wife and son before losing consciousness again. They were still en route when he died 15 minutes later. He is buried in the Fluntern Cemetery within earshot of the lions in the Zürich zoo - Nora's offer to permit the repatriation of Joyce's remains was declined by the Irish government. Nora, whom he had finally married in London in 1931, survived him by 10 years. She is buried now by his side, as is their son George, who died in 1976. Ellmann reports that when the arrangements for Joyce's burial were being made, a Catholic priest tried to convince Nora that there should be a funeral Mass. Ever loyal, she replied, 'I couldn't do that to him'.


    Major works
    The title page of the first edition of Dubliners.
    The title page of the first edition of Dubliners.
    Dubliners
    Main article: Dubliners
    Joyce's Irish experiences constitute an essential element of his writings, and provide all of the settings for his fiction and much of their subject matter. His early volume of short stories,Dubliners, is a penetrating analysis of the stagnation and paralysis of Dublin society. The final and most famous story in the collection, "The Dead," was made into a feature film in 1987, directed by John Huston (it was Huston's last major work).

    [edit] A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

    A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is a nearly complete rewrite of the abandoned novel Stephen Hero, the original manuscript of which Joyce partially destroyed in a fit of rage during an argument with Nora. A Künstlerroman, or story of the personal development of an artist, it is a biographical coming-of-age novel in which Joyce depicts a gifted young man's gradual attainment of maturity and self-consciousness; the main character, Stephen Dedalus, is in many ways based upon Joyce himself.[21] Some hints of the techniques Joyce was to frequently employ in later works — such as the use of interior monologue and references to a character's psychic reality rather than his external surroundings — are evident in this novel.[22] Joseph Strick directed a film of the book in 1977 starring Luke JohnstonBosco HoganT.P. McKenna and John Gielgud.

     Exiles and poetry

    Main articles: Pomes Penyeach and Chamber Music (book)
    Despite early interest in the theatre, Joyce published only one play, Exiles, begun shortly after the outbreak of World War I in 1914 and published in 1918. A study of a husband and wife relationship, the play looks back to The Dead (the final story in Dubliners) and forward to Ulysses, which was begun around the time of the play's composition.
    Joyce also published a number of books of poetry. His first mature published work was the satirical broadside "The Holy Office" (1904), in which he proclaimed himself to be the superior of many prominent members of the Celtic revival. His first full-length poetry collection Chamber Music (referring, Joyce explained, to the sound of urine hitting the side of a chamber pot) consisted of 36 short lyrics. This publication led to his inclusion in the Imagist Anthology, edited by Ezra Pound, who was a champion of Joyce's work. Other poetry Joyce published in his lifetime includes "Gas From A Burner" (1912), Pomes Penyeach (1927) and "Ecce Puer" (written in 1932 to mark the birth of his grandson and the recent death of his father). It was published in Collected Poems (1936).

     Ulysses

    Main article: Ulysses (novel)

    Announcement of the initial publication of Ulysses.
    Announcement of the initial publication of Ulysses.



    As he was completing work on Dubliners in 1906, Joyce considered adding another story featuring a Jewish advertising canvasser called Leopold Bloom under the title Ulysses. Although he did not pursue the idea further at the time, he eventually commenced work on a novel using both the title and basic premise in 1914. The writing was completed in October, 1921. Three more months were devoted to working on the proofs of the book before Joyce halted work shortly before his self-imposed deadline, his 40th birthday (2 February 1922).
    Thanks to Ezra Pound, serial publication of the novel in the magazine The Little Review began in 1918. This magazine was edited by Margaret Anderson and Jane Heap, with the backing of John Quinn, a New York attorney at law with an interest in contemporary experimental art and literature. Unfortunately, this publication encountered censorship problems in the United States; serialization was halted in 1920 when the editors were convicted of publishing obscenity. The novel remained banned in the United States until 1933.
    At least partly because of this controversy, Joyce found it difficult to get a publisher to accept the book, but it was published in 1922 by Sylvia Beach from her well-known Rive Gauchebookshop, Shakespeare and Company at 12 Rue l'Odéon. A commemorative plaque placed in 1989 by JJSSF (James Joyce Society of Sweden and Finland) is to be found on the wall. An English edition published the same year by Joyce's patron, Harriet Shaw Weaver, ran into further difficulties with the United States authorities, and 500 copies that were shipped to the States were seized and possibly destroyed. The following year, John Rodker produced a print run of 500 more intended to replace the missing copies, but these were burned by English customs at Folkestone. A further consequence of the novel's ambiguous legal status as a banned book was that a number of 'bootleg' versions appeared, most notably a number of pirate versions from the publisher Samuel Roth. In 1928, a court injunction against Roth was obtained and he ceased publication.
    The year 1922 was a key year in the history of English-language literary modernism, with the appearance of both Ulysses and T. S. Eliot's poem, The Waste Land. In Ulysses, Joyce employs stream of consciousness, parody, jokes, and virtually every other literary technique to present his characters.[23] The action of the novel, which takes place in a single day, 16 June 1904, sets the characters and incidents of the Odyssey of Homer in modern Dublin and represents Odysseus (Ulysses), Penelope and Telemachus in the characters of Leopold Bloom, his wife Molly Bloom and Stephen Dedalus, contrasted with their lofty models. The book explores various areas of Dublin life, dwelling on its squalor and monotony. Nevertheless, the book is also an affectionately detailed study of the city, and Joyce said that "I want to give a picture of Dublin so complete that if the city one day suddenly disappeared from the earth it could be reconstructed out of my book".[24] In order to achieve this level of accuracy, Joyce used the 1904 edition of Thom's Directory — a work that listed the owners and/or tenants of every residential and commercial property in the city. He also bombarded friends still living there with requests for information and clarification.
    The book consists of 18 chapters, each covering roughly one hour of the day, beginning around about 8 a.m. and ending sometime after 2 a.m. the following morning. Each of the 18 chapters of the novel employs its own literary style. Each chapter also refers to a specific episode in Homer's Odyssey and has a specific colour, art or science and bodily organ associated with it. This combination of kaleidoscopic writing with an extreme formal, schematic structure represents one of the book's major contributions to the development of 20th century modernist literature.[25] The use of classical mythology as a framework for his book and the near-obsessive focus on external detail in a book in which much of the significant action is happening inside the minds of the characters are others. Nevertheless, Joyce complained that, "I may have oversystematised Ulysses," and played down the mythic correspondences by eliminating the chapter titles that had been taken from Homer.[26]
    Joseph Strick directed a film of the book in 1967 starring Milo O'SheaBarbara Jefford and Maurice RoëvesSean Walsh directed another version released in 2004 starring Stephen Rea,Angeline Ball and Hugh O'Conor.

    Finnegans Wake

    Main article: Finnegans Wake
    Having completed work on Ulysses, Joyce was so exhausted that he did not write a line of prose for a year.[27] On 10 March 1923 he informed a patron, Harriet Weaver: "Yesterday I wrote two pages — the first I have since the final Yes of Ulysses. Having found a pen, with some difficulty I copied them out in a large handwriting on a double sheet of foolscap so that I could read them. Il lupo perde il pelo ma non il vizio, the Italians say. The wolf may lose his skin but not his vice or the leopard cannot change his spots".[28] Thus was born a text that became known, first, as Work in Progress and later Finnegans Wake.
    By 1926 Joyce had completed the first two parts of the book. In that year, he met Eugene and Maria Jolas who offered to serialise the book in their magazine transition. For the next few years, Joyce worked rapidly on the new book, but in the 1930s, progress slowed considerably. This was due to a number of factors, including the death of his father in 1931, concern over the mental health of his daughter Lucia and his own health problems, including failing eyesight. Much of the work was done with the assistance of younger admirers, including Samuel Beckett. For some years, Joyce nursed the eccentric plan of turning over the book to his friend James Stephens to complete, on the grounds that Stephens was born in the same hospital as Joyce exactly one week later, and shared the first name of both Joyce and of Joyce's fictional alter-ego (this is one example of Joyce's numerous superstitions).[29]
    Reaction to the work was mixed, including negative comment from early supporters of Joyce's work, such as Pound and the author's brother Stanislaus Joyce.[30] In order to counteract this hostile reception, a book of essays by supporters of the new work, including Beckett, William Carlos Williams and others was organised and published in 1929 under the title Our Exagmination Round His Factification for Incamination of Work in Progress. At his 47th birthday party at the Jolases' home, Joyce revealed the final title of the work and Finnegans Wakewas published in book form on 4 May 1939.
    Joyce's method of stream of consciousness, literary allusions and free dream associations was pushed to the limit in Finnegans Wake, which abandoned all conventions of plot and character construction and is written in a peculiar and obscure language, based mainly on complex multi-level puns. This approach is similar to, but far more extensive than that used byLewis Carroll in Jabberwocky. If Ulysses is a day in the life of a city, then Wake is a night and partakes of the logic of dreams. This has led many readers and critics to apply Joyce's oft-quoted description in the Wake of Ulysses as his "usylessly unreadable Blue Book of Eccles"[31] to the Wake itself. However, readers have been able to reach a consensus about the central cast of characters and general plot.
    Much of the wordplay in the book stems from the use of multilingual puns which draw on a wide range of languages. The role played by Beckett and other assistants included collating words from these languages on cards for Joyce to use and, as Joyce's eyesight worsened, of writing the text from the author's dictation.[32]
    The view of history propounded in this text is very strongly influenced by Giambattista Vico, and the metaphysics of Giordano Bruno of Nola are important to the interplay of the "characters". Vico propounded a cyclical view of history, in which civilisation rose from chaos, passed through theocraticaristocratic, and democratic phases, and then lapsed back into chaos. The most obvious example of the influence of Vico's cyclical theory of history is to be found in the opening and closing words of the book. Finnegans Wake opens with the words 'riverrun, past Eve and Adam's, from swerve of shore to bend of bay, brings us by a commodius vicus of recirculation back to Howth Castle and Environs.' ('vicus' is a pun on Vico) and ends 'A way a lone a last a loved a long the'. In other words, the book ends with the beginning of a sentence and begins with the end of the same sentence, turning the book into one great cycle. Indeed, Joyce said that the ideal reader of the Wake would suffer from "ideal insomnia"[33] and, on completing the book, would turn to page one and start again, and so on in an endless cycle of reading.

     Legacy
    See also: Postmodern literature

    Statue of James Joyce on North Earl Street, Dublin.
    Statue of James Joyce on North Earl Street, Dublin.
    Joyce's work has been subject to intense scrutiny by scholars of all types. He has also been an important influence on writers and scholars as diverse as Samuel Beckett,[34] Jorge Luis Borges,[35] Flann O'Brien,[36] Máirtín Ó CadhainSalman Rushdie,[37] Robert Anton Wilson,[38] and Joseph Campbell.[39]
    Some scholars, most notably Vladimir Nabokov, have mixed feelings on his work, often championing some of his fiction while condemning other works. In Nabokov's opinion, Ulysses was brilliant;[40] Finnegans Wake, horrible (see Strong Opinions, The Annotated Lolita or Pale Fire[41]), an attitude Jorge Luis Borges shared.[42] In recent years, literary theory has embraced Joyce's innovation and ambition. Jacques Derrida tells an anecdote about the two novels' importance for his own thought; in a bookstore in Tokyo,
    ...an American tourist of the most typical variety leaned over my shoulder and sighed: "So many books! What is the definitive one? Is there any?" It was an extremely small book shop, a news agency. I almost replied, "Yes, there are two of them, Ulysses and Finnegans Wake.[43]
    Joyce's influence is also evident in fields other than literature. The phrase "Three Quarks for Muster Mark" in Joyce's Finnegans Wake is often called the source of the physicists' word "quark", the name of one of the main kinds of elementary particles, proposed by the physicist Murray Gell-Mann.[44] The French philosopher Jacques Derrida has written a book on the use of language in Ulysses, and the American philosopher Donald Davidson has written similarly on Finnegans Wake in comparison with Lewis Carroll. Additionally, the French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan used Joyce's writings to explain his concept of the sinthome. According to Lacan, Joyce's writing is the supplementary cord which kept him from psychosis.[45]
    The life of Joyce is celebrated annually on June 16Bloomsday, in Dublin and in an increasing number of cities worldwide.
    Each year in Dedham, Massachusetts, USA literary-minded runners hold the James Joyce Ramble, a 10K Road Race with each mile dedicated to a different work by Joyce.[46] With professional actors in period garb lining the streets and reading from his books as the athletes run by, it is billed as the only theatrical performance where the performers stand still and the audience does the moving.
    Much of Joyce's legacy is protected by the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas, which houses thousands of manuscripts, pieces of correspondence, drafts, proofs, notes, novel fragments, poems, song lyrics, musical scores, limericks, and translations by Joyce.
    Not everyone is eager to expand upon academic study of Joyce, however; Stephen Joyce, James' grandson and sole beneficiary owner of the estate, has been alleged to have destroyed some of the writer's correspondence,[47] threatened to sue if public readings were held during Bloomsday,[48] and blocked adaptations he felt were 'inappropriate'.[49] On June 122006, Carol Shloss, a Stanford University professor, sued the estate for refusing to give permission to use material about Joyce and his daughter on the professor's website.[50][51]
    The main library at University College Dublin today, bears his name.

     Works
    Bust of James Joyce in St. Stephen's Green,
                Dublin.
    Bust of James Joyce in St. Stephen's Green, Dublin

    Stephen Hero (written 1904–6: precursor to the Portrait, published 1944)Chamber Music (1907 poems)Dubliners (1914)A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916)Exiles (1918 play)Ulysses (1922)Pomes Penyeach (1927 poems)Finnegans Wake (1939)
    Notes
    1. a b McCourt, John (May 2001). The Years of Bloom: James Joyce in Trieste, 1904-1920. The Lilliput Press. ISBN 1901866718. 
    2. ^ Asked why he was afraid of thunder when his children weren't, "'Ah,' said Joyce in contempt, 'they have no religion.' His fears were part of his identity, and he had no wish, even if he had had the power, to slough any of them off." (Ellmann, p. 514).
    3. ^ Ellmann, p. 132.
    4. ^ Ellmann, p. 30, 55.
    5. ^ She was originally diagnosed with cirrhosis of the liver, but this proved incorrect, and she was diagnosed with cancer in April, 1903 (Ellmann, p. 128–129).
    6. ^ Ellmann, pp. 129, 136.
    7. ^ History of the Feis Ceoil Association. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
    8. ^ Ellmann, p. 162.
    9. ^ Ellmann, p. 230.
    10. ^ Ellmann, p. 175.
    11. ^ According to Ellmann, Stanislaus allowed James to collect his pay, "to simplify matters" (p. 213).
    12. ^ The worst of the conflicts were in July, 1910 (Ellmann, pp. 311–313).
    13. ^ Ellmann, p. 272.
    14. ^ Shloss pp.69,288,443
    15. ^ Stanley, Alessandra. "Poet Told All; Therapist Provides the Record," The New York Times, July 15, 1991. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
    16. ^ Shloss, p.429
    17. ^ Finnegans Wake, pp.622, 626
    18. ^ Shloss, p.278
    19. ^ Pepper, Tara
    20. ^ Shloss p.297
    21. ^ MacBride, P. 14.
    22. ^ Deming, p, 749.
    23. ^ Examined at length in Vladimir Nabokov's Lectures on Ulysses. A Facsimile of the Manuscript.
    24. ^ Budgen, p. 69.
    25. ^ Sherry, p. 102.
    26. ^ Dettmar, p. 285.
    27. ^ Bulson, Eric. The Cambridge Introduction to James Joyce. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Page 14.
    28. ^ Joyce, James. Ulysses: The 1922 Text. Oxford University Press, 1998. Page xlvii.
    29. ^ Ellmann, pp. 591–592
    30. ^ Ellmann, pp. 577–585, 603.
    31. ^ Finnegans Wake, 179.26–27.
    32. ^ Gluck, p. 27.
    33. ^ Finnegans Wake, 120.9–16.
    34. ^ Friedman, Melvin J. A review of Barbara Reich Gluck's Beckett and Joyce: friendship and fiction, Bucknell University Press (June 1979), ISBN 0-8387-2060-9. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
    35. ^ Williamson, 123–124, 179, 218.
    36. ^ For example, Hopper, p. 75, says "In all of O'Brien's work the figure of Joyce hovers on the horizon …".
    37. ^ Interview of Salmon Rushdie, by Margot Dijkgraaf for the Dutch newspaper NRC Handelsblad, translated by K. Gwan Go. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
    38. ^ Edited transcript of an April 23, 1988 interview of Robert Anton Wilson by David A. Banton, broadcast on HFJC, 89.7 FM, Los Altos Hills, California. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
    39. ^ "About Joseph Campbell", Joseph Campbell Foundation. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
    40. ^ "When I want good reading I reread Proust's A la Recherche du Temps Perdu or Joyce's Ulysses" (Nabokov, letter to Elena Sikorski, August 3, 1950, inNabokov's Butterflies: Unpublished and Uncollected Writings [Boston: Beacon, 2000], 464–465.
    41. ^ "Of course, it would have been unseemly for a monarch to appear in the robes of learning at a university lectern and present to rosy youths Finnigan's Wake [sic] as a monstrous extension of Angus MacDiarmid's "incoherent transactions" and of Southey's Lingo-Grande. . ." (Nabokov, Pale Fire [New York: Random House, 1962], p. 76).
    42. ^ Borges, p. 195.
    43. ^ Derrida, "Ulysses Gramophone: Hear Say Yes in Joyce" (in Acts of Literature, ed. Derek Attridge [New York: Routledge, 1992], pp. 253–309), p. 265.
    44. ^ "quark", American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition 2000.
    45. ^ Evans, Dylan, An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis, Routledge, 1996, p.189
    46. ^ James Joyce Ramble. Retrieved 28 November 2006.
    47. ^ Max, "The Injustice Collector".
    48. ^ Max, D.T., "The Injustice Collector: Is James Joyce’s Grandson Suppressing Scholarship?," The New Yorker, 19 June 2006. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
    49. ^ Cavanaugh, "Ulysses Unbound".
    50. ^ Schloss. Stanford Law School, The Center for Internet and Society. June 12, 2006, Retrieved on 28 November 2006.
    51. ^ Associated PressProfessor sues James Joyce’s estate: Carol Schloss wants right to use copyrighted material on her Web site. MSNBC. 12 June 2006, Retrieved 28 November 2006. 
     
     References

    General
    Ulysses
    • Blamires, Harry. "The New Bloomsday Book: A Guide through Ulysses." Routledge. ISBN 0-415--00704-6.
    • Groden, Michael "Ulysses" in Progress. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977. Paperback Edition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987.
    • Kenner, Hugh. "Ulysses". London: George Allen and Unwin. 1980. ISBN 0-04-800003-5.
    • Mood, John. Joyce's "Ulysses" for Everyone, Or How to Skip Reading It the First Time. Bloomington, Indiana: Author House, 2004. ISBN 1-4184-5104-5
    Finnegans Wake

     External links

    General

    Dubliners

    Ulysses

    Finnegans Wake (web)

    Poems and Exiles


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    2008 New York International 
    Theater, Film & Arts Festival

    https://nyitfest.com/
    to be held at
    The Bleecker Street Theatres45 Bleecker Street
    New York City,  News York 10012
    19th January 2008 to 23rdFebruary 2008
    For all ticket, admin, program, artist,advertising and general inquiries 

    Email: 
    admin@nyitfest.com or  newyorkitfest@yahoo.com

    Click here for  the offfcial web site of
    The New York International Theater, Film and Arts Festival
    https://nyitfest.com/
     


     Hi,
    I am Jessica Delfino, you are all invited to see

    2008 New York International 
    Theater, Film & Arts Festival

    https://nyitfest.com/
    to be held at
    The Bleecker Street Theatres45 Bleecker Street
    New York City,  News York 10012
    19th January 2008 to 23rdFebruary 2008
    For all ticket, admin, program, artist,advertising and general inquiries 

    Email: 
    admin@nyitfest.com or  newyorkitfest@yahoo.com

    Click here for  the offfcial web site of
    The New York International Theater, Film and Arts Festival
    https://nyitfest.com/

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    Hi,
    I am Jessica Delfino, you are all invited to see

    Eilin O'Dea in Molly Bloom 
    ( spends most of her time in Bed)

    Click here to view a  live video clip of Eilin Odea's stunning performance of Molly Bloom  
    Kerry Leigh in All Change 
    (used to spend most of her time in bed until it all changed)


    Bite Size (these guys only have a Bite Size.....?)
    http://www.usaweeklynews.com/Bite_Size_Exposed.php


    Dirty Beat Up Yanks Crew 
    (these guys are really dangerous, handle with care.....)
    http://www.usaweeklynews.com/Beat_Up_Dirty_Yanks.html




    Das Contras
    -Scotland's  Best Jazz-Rock-Funk-Ryhmic-Melodic Fusion with all orginal music (these spunky guys are working on spending most of their time in bed..when they come to New York...I am sure they will get plenty of offers...Hmm? )
    http://www.usaweeklynews.com/DasContrasScotland_sBest.html


    Atempt 3.4? The Present Attempt....the film
    this is very cutting edge cinema, Attempt 3.4 was originally a very usual play from the Edinburgh Fringe, now a film..produced by INL in asssociationn with Bitter Blue Productions.... will this  attempt succeed?

    Click here to video pro of Attempt 3.4

    A Day In Dig Day Nation, this another quality futuristic play 
    from the Flying Carpet Theatre...
    http://flyingcarpettheatre.com/
    Animation-Virtuoso-political satire.....
    Discover how an office drone becomes superhero, rock star and 
    post-apocalypic scientist all in one day....
    "The Future of Theatre! Don't Miss this show!" Seattle Weekly

    http://flyingcarpettheatre.com/

    And of course me.... Jessica Delfino 
    2008 New York International 
    Theater, Film & Arts Festival

    https://nyitfest.com/
    to be held at
    The Bleecker Street Theatres45 Bleecker Street
    New York City,  News York 10012
    19th January 2008 to 23rdFebruary 2008
    For all ticket, admin, program, artist,advertising and general inquiries 

    Email: 
    admin@nyitfest.com or  newyorkitfest@yahoo.com

    Click here for  the offfcial web site of
    The New York International Theater, Film and Arts Festival
    https://nyitfest.com/
     
    the 19th of January will be a special Red Carpet Gala Preview Night for the Who's Who in the TV, Theatre, Film, Newspaper, Magazine and Internet world as well as special guests and me of course...
    A ticket for this Premier Preview night wll be a ticket to die for..the good news is that the special performances at this Premier Preview Night will be repeated on Saturday the 26th January 2008... another ticket to die for.....
    anyone interested in wanting to put their name down on my special private list to obtain seats for either on these special nights, and/or any of the other nights between the Saturday the 19th January 2008 and Saturday the 23rd February 2008 except Sundays  (that is my holy day), please email me at:
     
    Jess, care of: Admin@inlnews.us

    USA WEEKLY NEWS EASY TO FIND HARD TO LEAVE 

    The INL News Group welcomes the 
    "I Wanna Be Famous"
    "Actually Now Famous"
    Jessica Delfino 
    as stage manageress for the 
    INL 2008 International Theatre Show, 
    on the spot reporter and what other 
    mischief Jessica can get up to on the streets of New York, 
    watch out for Jessica if she approaches you on the street in New York, she is armed and dangerous with her video cam...

    Hi,

    I am Jessica Delfino

    Watch a dirty little video I made
    Listen to my dirty little songs
    Read about my quirky life
    Visit my private, personal space
    JESSICA DELFINO

    "Do you wanna hear some songs about my sandwich?"

    Female  31 years old  NEW YORK, New York United States


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    USA Weekly News



    One of Ireland's best actresses, Eilin O'Dea as Molly Bloom is coming to New York from 19th January  2008, for a very limited season, as part of the INL 2008 International Theatre Show (INL 2008 ITS).  The show looks like being a sell out once the box office opens official ticket sales in December 2008 

              
                 Eilin O'Dea is Molly Bloom
    Eilin Odea as Molly Bloom bears her soul on
    life, love, sex and lonliness
    in James Joyce's Ulysses extract from the Paris 1922 Edition 
     


    If you are interested in being placed on the waiting list for reservations prior to the box office making tickets available to the general public please send an email to:
    INL 2008 ITS-Molly Bloom

     Admin@inlnews.us
    The  INL 2008 ITS also will be proundly presenting:

    English/Aussie stand up commedian, Kerry Leigh in her self penned very witty one woman show "All Change.....". 

    The Famous "Bite Size Crew" from the UK, with the world's best Aussie and English short 10 minute comedy plays who have had successful seasons in London, Edinburgh and Finland......

    The "innocently provocative" Jessica Delfino from New York....

    The outrageous "Dirty Beat Up Yanks Crew" from LA....
    You can book all shows separately or book them all together and receive the a special price deal to include all shows..... 
    Email the INL 2008 ITS at 
    Admin@inlnews.us 
    to show your interest in any of and/or all of these outstanding shows that all received 
    the special USA Weekly News 100 Star Award....


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    IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL NEWS FLASH 
    Molly Bloom coming to New York 
    for a January-February 2008 Season

    If you are interested in expressing an interest in reserving your tickets for 
    "Molly Bloom in New York"
    before they go on sale through the Box office when they are likey to be sold out in a few days of their release, 
    please email the INL News Group at

    Admin@inlnews.us

    Visit New York for a few days or a week from the 19th January 2008 to the 23rd of February 2008 and see  the shows presented by  the INL 2008 International Theatre Show being some of the best plays from the Dublin and Edinburh 2007 Fringe Festivals discovered by the INL News Group.... these shows should not be missed...

    Molly Bloom

    All Change

    Jessica Delfino

    Beat Up Dirty Yanks

    Das Contras Scottish Jass-Rock-Funk Band

    Bite Size Short 10 minute Comedy Plays written by Aussie writers perofomed by a talented group of English performers

    A Day In Dig Day Nation 
    written and performed by the Flying Carpet Theatre Group from New York


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    Halcyon Daze 
    set to take the World by Storm... 
    appearing in Hunters square for the 2001 Edinburgh Fringe Festival check out Halcyon Daze before they leave on their world tour..


    Also back by public demand at the 2011 Edinburgh Fringe is Dog Eared Collective


    Dog Eared Collective..


    the funniest gang in the comedy business have a brand new show called..
     You're Better Than This.... will be performing at the Famous Underbelly in Cowgate, Edinburgh
    You will regret if you miss Dog Eared Collective, you have been selected to be involved in a new comedy show being made in Australia, so it may be the last time you see this crazy Gang live in Edinburgh

    The Dog-Eared Collective: You’re Better Than This »

    Category Comedy
    Genres sketch show
    Group Dog-Eared Collective
    Venue Underbelly, Cowgate
    Times 16:00
    Suitability 14+
    Duration 1 hour

    Anarchic sketch troupe The Dog-Eared Collective change your life. One sketch at a time. Fly on the cape tails of a Diddy Man Vigilante, champion the power of Snooker: The Musical and answer the smell of the wild. Pour homme. Supercharged silliness that will scrub you up the right way. 'Sublimely surreal' **** (Chortle.co.uk) ‘Make no mistake these comedians are very funny’**** (Hairline.org.uk) 'They possess the downright gutsy balls not seen since Jam, the silliness of Bottom and the honest comedy ride that was Smack the Pony.' (Leeds Guide).

    more »

    1. W3
    2. T4
    3. F5
    4. S6
    5. S7
    6. M8
    7. T9
    8. W10
    9. T11
    10. F12
    11. S13
    12. S14
    13. M15
    14. T16
    15. W17
    16. T18
    17. F19
    18. S20
    19. S21
    20. M22
    21. T23
    22. W24
    23. T25
    24. F26
    25. S27
    26. S28
    27. M29




     
    Halcyon Daze Live at the 2011 Edinburgh Fringe Festival (Video One)

    Halcyon Daze has built a reputation as a great live act, and gained an international fan base that extends across Europe and even over to the U.S.who's sound has morphed and mutated into many different musical styles - spacey psychedelic soundscapes, wahwah and sunshine soaked funk, crunching rock and metal, folk, prog, dance, surf, porn and country music, off the wall improvised jams, and many other things that don't have words - the trio just play whatever comes out of them. The sound has been described as "mesmerizing", "tidal" and "hypnotic" by listeners and it is not unusual to see people breaking into dance or even start screaming at the top of their voice in joy as they pass the band on the street.

     Halcyon Daze -  Video Two Live at the 2011 Edinburgh Fringe Festival

    Halcyon Daze now consists of 
     guitarist/singer Podge and drummer Jay  and drummer Jay Daragh Kinch on bass  

    the Fringe Shows Have Talent Team was organising Amy 

    Winehouse to team up with the boys in Hacyon Daze 

    to do an new album together which fell apart 

    with Amy  WineHouse's tragic Death/ Halcyon Daze 

    now plan a tribute Album to Amy Winehouse 

    who is considered by the boys in Halcyon Daze as

    "one of the greatest modern singers of all time.."


     discovered by the Fringe Shows Have Talent Team on the

     Streets of Dublin  in Dublin's famous Temple Bar District where 

    Bono and his U2 Band were discovered.. 

    Halycon Daze feature in the First 

    Fringe Shows Have Talent Show Case TV Show...

    secretly filmed on the 27th April, 2011 by 

    David Grantos' well known Australian film company 

    Polygranate Films at the Caves 

    in the famous Cowgate in Edinburgh the capital city of Scotland well know for its Edinburgh Fringe Festival which has in the last 60 years developed into the largest arts festival in the world.
    Halcyon Daze well be playing at the 2001 Edinburgh Fringe Festival in August before Halcyon Daze  set off to Australia, Europe and the USA to  their first world tour since since being discovered by the Fringe Shows Have Talent Team in April 2011

    Halcyon Daze - "The blues had a baby, and they did call it rock and roll." - General Manager: Monica Martinez - Booking Agent: Black Mamba Promotions ...


    Halcyon Daze Upcoming Gigs


      30 Jul 2011 17:00 Somewhere in Wicklow Town!, Comming Soon!   Free Mini-Fest, Wicklow Town    
      8 Aug 2011 20:15 Hunter's Square, Edinburgh   Edinburgh Fringe Festival    
      11 Aug 2011 19:45 Hunter's Square, Edinburgh   Edinburgh Fringe Festival    
      16 Aug 2011 20:15 Hunter's Square, Edinburgh   Edinburgh Fringe Festival    
      20 Aug 2011 20:15 Hunter's Square, Edinburgh   Edinburgh Fringe Festival    
      23 Aug 2011 20:15 Hunter's Square, Edinburgh   Edinburgh Fringe Festival    
      25 Aug 2011 20:15 Hunter's Square, Edinburgh   Edinburgh Fringe Festival    
      27 Aug 2011 20:15 Hunter's Square, Edinburgh   Edinburgh Fringe Festival  

    Halcyon is a name for a bird of Greek legend which is commonly associated with the kingfisher. The phrase comes from the ancient belief that fourteen days of calm weather were to be expected around the winter solstice - usually 21st or 22nd of December in the Northern Hemisphere. as that was when the halcyon calmed the surface of the sea in order to brood her eggs on a floating nest. The Halcyon days are generally regarded as beginning on the 14th or 15th of December.

    Halcyon means calm and tranquil, or 'happy or carefree'. It is rarely used now apart from in the expression halcyon days. The name of the legendary bird was actually alcyon, the 'h' was added in regard to the supposed association with the sea ('hals' in Greek).

    The source of the belief in the bird's power to calm the sea originated in a myth recorded by Ovid. The story goes that Aeolus, the ruler of the winds, had a daughter named Alcyone, who was married to Ceyx, the king of Thessaly. Ceyx was drowned at sea and Alcyone threw herself into the sea in grief. Instead of drowning, she was carried to her husband by the wind. The rest of the story is, in a translation of Ovid:

    The Gods their shapes to winter-birds translate, But both obnoxious to their former fate. Their conjugal affection still is ty'd, And still the mournful race is multiply'd: They bill, they tread; Alcyone compress'd, Sev'n days sits brooding on her floating nest: A wintry queen: her sire at length is kind, Calms ev'ry storm, and hushes ev'ry wind; Prepares his empire for his daughter's ease, And for his hatching nephews smooths the seas.

    The legendary bird is usually identified with the kingfisher. That was also said to nest on the sea and was believed to be able to calm the sea for the seven days before and seven days after the winter solstice.

    In 1398, John Trevisa translated Bartholomew de Glanville's De proprietatibus rerum into Middle English:

    "In the cliffe of a ponde of occean, Alcion, a see foule, in wynter maketh her neste and layeth egges in vii days and sittyth on brood ... seuen dayes."

    In Henry VI, Part I, 1592, Shakespeare refers to halcyon days:

    JOAN LA PUCELLE: Assign'd am I to be the English scourge. This night the siege assuredly I'll raise: Expect Saint Martin's summer, halcyon days, Since I have entered into these wars.

    Note: Saint Martin's summer is what we now know as an Indian summer.

    The kingfisher is associated with other powers relating to the weather. In mediaeval times it was thought that if the dried carcase of a kingfisher was hung up it would always point its beak in the direction of the wind [don't try this at home]. Shakespeare also refers to this in King Lear, 1605:

    Bring oil to fire, snow to their colder moods; Renege, affirm, and turn their halcyon beaks With every gale and vary of their masters

    Our current use of halcyon days tends to be nostalgic and recalling of the seemingly endless sunny days of youth.


    "Halcyon Days" may also refer to: 


    Halcyon Daze the Band playing happy funk music 
    which now consists of 
    guitarist/singer Podge and drummer Jay  and drummer Jay Daragh Kinch on bass 




    In 2003, two young lads played together in what was the first incarnation of the band Halcyon Daze. For years, musicians came and went from the group, but the duo of guitarist/singer Podge and drummer Jay was a constant, and formed a solid foundation for Halcyon Daze. As Jay and Podge were both still in school, the band was very on and off, that is until the pair finally realised that music was all they should be doing and quit college to take the band to the next level.

    Having already played a lot of the venues on the Dublin gig circuit, they decided it made more sense to do something different to their peers, who seemed to be going around in circles, by playing free gigs on the streets. Instantly the band began to build a real following, and even more so with the addition of Daragh Kinch on bass in October 2010. Since then the group has jammed out on street corners, at college balls, flea markets, parks and even a haunted castle! By playing gigs in England and Scotland, and especially by playing on the streets around Ireland to masses of people, Halcyon Daze has built a reputation as a great live act, and gained an international fanbase that extends accross Europe and even over to the U.S.

    In the seven years of the bands existence, Halcyon Daze's sound has morphed and mutated into many different musical styles - spacey psychedelic soundscapes, wahwah and sunshine soaked funk, crunching rock and metal, folk, prog, dance, surf, porn and country music, off the wall improvised jams, and many other things that don't have words - the trio just play whatever comes out of them. The sound has been described as "mesmerizing", "tidal" and "hypnotic" by listeners and it is not unusual to see people breaking into dance or even start screaming at the top of their voice in joy as they pass the band on the street. (No joke)

    2011 has been a great year for Halcyon Daze so far, the busy group continue to spread their message on the streets and in venues around Ireland, and in August they will make their first ever festival appearance at the world famous Edinburgh Fringe Festival in Scotland, where earlier in the year they were filmed for a soon to be aired Australian TV show showcasing undiscovered musicians from around the world


    David Granato and Cloudye Carew-Reid the founders of Polygranate Films are in Edinburgh to film a TV Special featuring Halcyon Daze, Das Contras, an exciting new Rock Jazz Funk Band from Fifth in Scotland getting ready to tour Australia with Halcyon Daze and other new exciting

    talent discovered around

    the world by Wijat Records such as Michael Scot Parker (the girl) and her Creature Rock Band from San Francisco,

    Ian Pummell's Trip Tyle, Skirlie

    a Scotish Folk Band and


    Another great show not to miss is Sophie Gatacre performing in her self penned comedy drama
    Samantha's Hotline ,,, 
    where the line is so hot it is burning..


    Canadian Fire Juggler Royal Mile 2011 Edinburgh Fringe Festival _INLNews.com ( Video One) 

    The 2011 Edinburgh Fringe Festival has arrived with ever increasing crowds and more great shows

    The Australian Media Conspiracy is being made into a feature film with one of the leading roles being offered to well known London Actress
    Sophie Gatacre. 

    Sophie Gatacre will pay the role of Elisabeth Murdoch which Australian Media Conspiracy shows that unknown to the general public, Rupert Murdoch has planned for a long time for Elisabeth Murdoch to play a major role in News Corporation when Rupert Murdoch retires to smell the roses in Australia.

    Sophie Gatacre has in recent times re-invented herself with her self penned one woman character comedy play called Samantha's Hotline 

                                 www.samanthashotline.com,
    This may be the last time you can see Sophie Gatacre Live in Samanthas Hotline
    do not miss this opportunity.. seat are limited and selling fast.....


     where Sophie Gatacre plays  upper class London Society Wife that has  resorted to making a living doing phone sex, after her multi millionaire husband runs off with his secretary. 
     Sophie Garacre is performing Samantha's Hotline 

                                  www.samanthashotline.com,

    at the 2011 Edinburgh Fringe Festival in the Space Venue at Jury's Inn, Jeffrey Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1DH from the 5th to 27th August 2011 at 8.05 pmto 8.55 pm. This is likely to be the last time you will see Sophie Gatacre perform Samantha's Hotline 
                                    www.samanthashotline.com 

    live on stage because Sophie's film career looks like taking off in a big way, with an lot more film roles being offered to Sophie Gatacre after Sophie's  completes her performance as Elisabeth Murdoch in Australian Media Conspiracy.

    Collaborating Director with Sophie Gatacre for Samantha's Hotline at the 2011 Edinburgh Fringe Festival will be  Linda Manfredini 
    Videos and Photos of the 2011 Edinburgh Fringe Fesitval


    Halcyon Daze have a crowd in a trance during  the Royal Mile Edinburgh Fringe Festival 2011

     


    Halcyon Daze _ Explosive new Happy Funk Band from Dublin ( Clip One fropm Halcyon Daze)


     

    Halcyon Daze _ Explosive new Happy Funk Band from Dublin ( Clip Two fropm Halcyon Daze)

    Halcyon Daze were first discovered bythe Fringe Shows Have Talent Team in the same place where Bono and U2 were discovered  in Dublin
    Halcyn Daze are also about to take the music world by storm



    Photos of the 2011 Edinburgh Fringe Fesitval

     Canadian Fire Juggler Royal Mile 2011 Edinburgh Fringe Festival _INLNews.com ( Video One)


     
    Canadian Fire Juggler Royal Mile 2011 Edinburgh Fringe Festival _INLNews.com ( Video Two)

     
    Canadian Fire Juggler Royal Mile 2011 Edinburgh Fringe Festival _INLNews.com ( Video Three)




      Australian Juggler and Whip Artist- Royal Mile 2001 Edinburgh Fringe Festival - inlnews.com Video One

      Australian Juggler and Whip Artist- Royal Mile 2001 Edinburgh Fringe Festival - inlnews.com Video Two

      Australian Juggler and Whip Artist- Royal Mile 2001 Edinburgh Fringe Festival - inlnews.com Video Three

      Australian Juggler and Whip Artist- Royal Mile 2001 Edinburgh Fringe Festival - inlnews.com Video Four

      Australian Juggler and Whip Artist- Royal Mile 2001 Edinburgh Fringe Festival - inlnews.com Video Five

      Australian Juggler and Whip Artist- Royal Mile 2001 Edinburgh Fringe Festival - inlnews.com Video Six

      Australian Juggler and Whip Artist- Royal Mile 2001 Edinburgh Fringe Festival - inlnews.com Video Seven


     Australian Juggler and Whip Artist- Royal Mile 2001 Edinburgh Fringe Festival - inlnews.com Video Eight

     Fringe Shows Have Talent Team will be at the 2001 Edinburgh Fringe to find new talent for their Fringe Shows Have Talent TV Entertainment Show Case. Exciting talent from previous Edinburgh Fringe Festivals was selected for the filming of the first Fringe Shows Have Talent TV Entertainment Showcase, which was secretly filmed at the Caves at the Cowgate on the 27th April, 2011 by David Granato's Polygranate Films form Brisbane Australia in association with the Fringe Shows have Talent Team.

    In an exclusive interview AWN had with  the Fringe Shows Have Talent Team while they were filming  their Fringe Shows Have Talent TV Entertainment Showcase, at the Caves at the Cowgate, a famous entertainment area in Edinburgh.  on the 27th April, 2011, they said they will be attending the 2011 Edinburgh Fringe Festival to eye out new talent for the next series of  Fringe Shows Have Talent TV Entertainment Showcases. You may not know who they are as they mingle in and out of performances trying to find that special performance that would be high enough entertainment standard to be selected for a Fringe Shows Have Talent TV Entertainment Showcase

     

    Each year in August thousands of Australians travel to Edinburgh the Capital city of Scotland to attend the famous Edinburgh Fringe Festival.
    Many are just spectators to enjoy the over 3,000 acts that perform each day at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, but many also perform in the Edinburgh Fringe Festival.
    The Edinburgh Fringe Festival started over 60 years ago and has developed into the biggest arts festival in the world.
    Unlike a lot of other arts festivals, performers at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival are not chosen by an arts director to perform, they just invite themselves, find a place to perform and then come to Edinburgh to do their thing... to show the world their particular amazing talent.
    There is the Paid Fringe where one pays  up front to see a show.
    Then there is the Free Fringe...where the performer does not charge up front, however hopes at the end of the show will receive a donation from the public if they like the performance..
    Then there is the amazing variety of Street Theatre being performed all over Edinburgh .. which is also free, but again the performer hopes to receive a donation at the end of the performance in appreciation of the entertainment provided...
    The main purpose the performers attend the Edinburgh Fringe Festival is int he hope of some world recognition for their performance and hope it helps to kick start their career. 
    There are more and more entertainment industry people attending the Edinburgh Fringe Festival each year to to try and find the next great talent that is ready to take off on the world stage.
    In an exclusive interview AWN had with  the Fringe Shows Have Talent Team while they were filming  their Fringe Shows Have Talent TV Entertainment Showcase, at the Caves at the Cowgate, a famous entertainment area in Edinburgh.  on the 27th April, 2011, they said they will be attending the 2011 Edinburgh Fringe Festival to eye out new talent for the next series of  Fringe Shows Have Talent TV Entertainment Showcases. You may not know who they are as they mingle in and out of performances trying to find that special performance that would be high enough entertainment standard to be selected for a Fringe Shows Have Talent TV Entertainment Showcase


    Enjoy the photos below of previous Edinburgh Fringe Festivals

    AWN will be posing reviews from various Edinburgh Fringe Festivals on this page..so keep an eye on this space for find out what is a great show to see at the 2011 Edinburgh Fringe Festival...


    undefined 

    Lynne Hanson talented singer song writer from Ottawa, Canada supporting artist to 
    New York Folk Rock Star Dar Williams 
    at Dar's  Borderline, London gig on the 18th November, 2009


    USA's most loved Folk Rock Singer Dar Williams is performing at the following Dates in the UK 
    You will be sorry if you miss out on seeing Dar Williams on this rare UK
    Check out Dar Williams at Club Volaire, Edinburgh in 2007 singing her most loved favourite
    "The Baby Sitter"  that is bound to requested on this UK tour..we don't think Dar will be allowed home till she sings this one


    undefined

    Lynne Hanson talented singer song writer from Ottawa, Canada supporting
    wel known ns muxch loved folk rock artist from New York State,  Dar Williams at Borderline, London UK 18-11\-09

    undefinedundefined

    Dar Williams singing and telling her amazing zany  and entertainiing stories at Borderline, London, Uk 18-11-09

    Dar Williams one of the best emerging folk Rock singers this century supported by talented Ottawa, Canada singer songwriter Lynne Hason both sing to a packed house at Borerline, London UK on 18th November, 2009


    The crowd went wild and refused to let Dar Williams leave the stage at her Borderline Gigin London on the 18th November, 2009. Dar had to come back to the stage three times to sing and entertain the demanding crowd with an unending appetite for Dar's soulful story telling songs, sung only the way Dar can do it with her magical unique voice. Dar was supported by Lynne Hanson, a very talented singer songwriter from Ottawa, Canada, with a very soulful voice and real stories to tell. Lynne sings porch music that merges universal themes with Texas soul-country..

    Don't miss Dar Williams in Edinburgh on the 21st November, 2009, presented by
    Lonesome Highway Promotions http://www.lonesomehighway.co.uk/

    Other events coming up at Borderline, Orange Yard, off Manette Street, Soho, London, W1D 4AR
    ... walking distance from the Tottenham Road Tube

    Thursday 19 November 2009 , Mean Fiddler presents Trace Bundy and Megafaun
    Friday 20th Novemebr 2009,  Mean Fiddler presents PINEY Gir plus Kami Thompson, John Mckeon, and Jason Street
    Saturday 21st November  2009 , Mean Fiddler presents Nancy Elizabeth plus Cate Le Bon and Messasge to Bears
    Tuesday 24th November 2009, Barfly presents Fight Like Apes
    Wednesday 25th November 2009, Mean Fiddler presents Suzanna & The magical orchestra plus Susanne Sundfoer
    Thursday 26th Novmber 2009, Mean Fiddler presents Sarah Gillespie and Grad Alzmon
    Friday 27th November 2009 CJC & The Borderline presents The Penny Black Remedy and guests
    Saturday 28th November 2009 Mead Fiddler presents Sham 69 plus Alternatuve TV asnd Shagasty
    Tuesday 1st December 2009, Club Uncut presents Deer Tuck and Megafaun
    Wednesday 2nd December 2009, Mean Fiddler presents James Grant
    Thursday 3rd December Live Nation presents Of A Revolution and special guests
    Friday 4th December 2009, Mean Fiddler presents Gay For Johnny Dep plus Outcry Collective
    Saturday 6th December 2009 Mean Fiddler presents Kevin Tuffy & The Coldharbour Band plus Belle Grande and Attoy Ark
    Sunday 6th December 2009  SJM Concerts presents Kevin Devine plus special guests
    Tuesday 8th December 2009 Mean Fiddler presents Paul Barrere & Fred Tackett (from Little Feat) plus Juliah Dawson
    Wednesday 9th December 2009, Mean Fiddler presents Acoustic Ladyland
    Thursday 10th December 2009  DHP Converts presents Lowline
    Friday 11th December 2009 Barfly presents Kate Miller Heidke
    Saturday 12th December 2009 Wildplum Live presents Doctor Fonda plus Pandora and 6 Second  Silence
    Sunday 13rh December 2009 Mean Fiddler presents Ian Broudie ( of Lightning Seeds) & James Walsh (of Starsailor) plus Matthew P
    Tuesday 15th December  Curious Generation presents Jay & The Boys plus Will Can Sing and Olivia Sebastianelli
    Thursday 17th December 2009, Mean Fiddler presents Deathray Trebuchay plus Klezma Villanova
    Friday 18th December 2009 CIC & The Borderline presents 12 Dirty Bullets
    Saturday 19th December 2009  VPMG presents APSE and special guests
    Thursday 31st December 2009, 10pm The Borderline presents Christmas Clubs' New's Eve Party




    Justin Butcher

                 Assembly presents another set of outstanding shows at the 2009 Edinburgh Fringe Fest
    Justin Butcher, his director-producer Guy Masterson and Assemby presented one of the most outstanding performances at 2009 Edinburgh Fringe Fest with the one man play Scaramouche Jones.
    Justin Butcher performed well within the standard of a royal variety perfomance in his one man play Scaramouche Jones, and there was no hesitation in awarding Justin Butcher and his director-propducer Guy Masterson a USWeekly News  100 Star Award for Scaramouch Jones....those that were lucky enough to see the one and only performance of  Scaramouch Jones were very fortunate indeed....".....USWeekly News . .   
    However, these is another play with Justin Butcher to see at the 2009 Edinburgh Fringe Fest that is also a show not to be missed called Go To Gaza, Drink The Sea, at Assembly at 2.30 pm being performed from the 6th August till the 30th August, 2009. 
    In Go To Gaza, Drink The Sea, Justin Butcher (Scaramouche Jones) and Ahmed Masoud conjure up a multi media Palestinian-British theatre alchemy. ' a harrowing joiurney into a very modern heart of darkness' (Stage') 'Profane witty, poetic, a voice form Gaza Beach itself ' (Tribune)

    Scaramouche Jones ....Assemby Goerge Street one and only show....Monday 24th August
     'I went to see Scaramouche Jones. One man and a few props. The energy and accents ranging from his beginning of life, being born to a black mother and an unknown English Man. Justin Butcher is totally brilliant at imitating a brilliant Trinidanian accent and then an extremely posh English Gentlemans accent. From his birth and extremely early learnings of sitting in on his mothers brothel business. She, His mother, the Madame and prostitiute. He the inquisitive child, trying to find which of his mother's customers could be his father. Scaramouche's rabid energy takes him world wide being carried by impressed princes for his beautiful white skin. Scaramouche slaves himself to the princes demands but manages to keep intact a noble and proud spirit. He never finds his father and has so much sympathy to human kind as he amuses children who are about to be shot by nazi officers. As the shot is aimed the childs last breath of life is down to a smile given to them by Scaramouche's clown antics as he digs graves for the dead to be burried in.
    Whirling through life from childhood to 51 no one would envy his life for a slave, he has always had to be but a romantic non complaining inquisitve slave, who never complains and ends his life with a bunch of reprobates who like himself have been the subject of slavery but the others who he meets to tell the story of his life to are too drunk on alcohol with their unhappiness of their lives and Scaramouche has avoided this for had he been a slave to self destruction he would never have appreciated all he saw.
     A brilliant piece that lasts an hour and a half. I  could not move for the duration as I followed Justin's breathtaking movements and changes in history form 1900 to 1951.' Sophie Gatacre INL News 

    'There seems no doubt that all the shows at Assembly are all top shelf quality and 
    all Assemby shows are a must see at the 2009 Edinburgh Fringe Fest.....' .....
    USWeeklyNews 
    . .   
     

    Other shows on at Assemby include:

    Patti Plinko and Her Boy

    Where: Assembly @ George Street Wildman Room When: Sat 29th Aug - Mon 31st Aug
    Entrancing, gloriously throaty, joyous vocals with twisted guitars and washboards. This manic engaging Chanteuse and her Boy are the ones to look out for this year, causing a storm with sell-out shows across the UK and Europe. Receiving rave 5 star reviews for their highly original songs and enthralling, passionate and occasionally deranged performances. Delivering savage and sensual ruminations of love and revenge. Likened to Tom Waits, Edith Piaf and Kurt Cobain. Time Out London Critics’ Choice. Tipped to be the hottest new music act of the year. A vivid dream of maddening freakish talent ***** - Music News. www.myspace.com/pattiplinkoandherboy. www.fletchproductions.com. 'A performance so raw, so gripping, so enthralling. A performer whose sheer brilliance leaves you breathless. Utterly wonderful.' FEST 'Enthralling entertainment. A remarkable chanteuse combined with such accomplished musicianship.' STAGE 'Blowing audiences away with astounding performances' CULTURE MAGAZINE
     

    Adam Hills: Inflatable
      Off the Kerb Productions: Where: Assembly @ George Street Music Hall When: Tue 25th Aug - Mon 31st Aug Comedy 20:50 - 22:00

     Adam, Jason & FriendsAssembly Assembly Hall No further performances

    Comedy  22:30 - 23:40 Ali McGregor's Late-Nite Variety-Nite Night Ali McGregor Where: Assembly @ George Street  Supper Room (Cabaret Format) When: Tue 25th Aug - Sun 30th Aug

     Comedy 16:40 - 17:40  Alistair McGowan and Charlotte Page: Cocktails With Coward Off the Kerb Productions Where:Assembly @ George Street Edinburgh Suite Tue 25th Aug - Sun 30th Aug

     Comedy 19:20 - 20:20 Alistair McGowan: The One and Many Off the Kerb Productions Where: Assembly @ Assembly Hall Rainy Hall Tue 25th Aug - Sun 30th Aug

    Music: The Ambassadors Of Swing Jason Isaacs & the Greg Francis Orchestra

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    Theatre 23:25 - 00:25  An Audience with John Smeaton John Smeaton Where: Assembly @ George Street Edinburgh Suite Tue 25th Aug - Sun 30th Aug

    Theatre An Audience with Tappy Wright - Rock Roadie: Backstage and Confidential James 'Tappy' Wright  Where: Assembly @ George Street  Supper Room  Supper Room 
    No further performances
    Click here to see and book all shows on at Assembly for the Edinburgh Fringe Festhttp://www.assemblyfestival.com/webpages/whatson.php?date=all

    Click here for more previews of Edinburgh Fringe Fest Showshttp://www.festivalpreviews.com/edinburgh2008/ 
                                  
     
    Dana Gillespie and
     
    Joachim Paklen 
    USA Weekly News 100 Star Award winner two years running...."What more can one say..simply the authentic best Blues duo in the world"... USA Weekly News . .   
    USA Weekly News 100 Star Award Winners for the 2008 and 2009 Edinburgh Fringe Fest....


    Dana Gillespie the Legend
     

     

    Dana Gillespie, Sal Bashir who performs his Elvis Tribute at 2008 ClubWest-Invasian Fest, World Famous Austrian wizard boogie-woogie player, Joachim Paklen who supports Danna Gillespie

    Venue Club West at the Edinburgh Hilton does it again 
    at the 2009 Edinburgh Fringe Fest with all Club West Shows receiving 
    USWeekly News 100 Star Awards
     
      The Picture of Dorian Gray August 15th to August 22nd 6.00 pm nightly ..Club West Venue, Hilton Hotel, Grosvenor Street, Edinburgh..Wild's tale pf a handsome man's descent into vice..whilst retaining his beauty has been adapted many times but this accclaimed performance uses Wilde's own magnificent words to shock, amuse and surprise. Oscar worthy and unmissable...USAWeekly News 100 Star Awards Winner

    Phil Cool - Who's He?August 15th to August 22nd 7.30 pm nightly ..Club West Venue, Hilton Hotel, Grosvenor Street, Edinburgh
    the world's only 'Stand-up Chameleon' can be shocking, funny or shockingly funny.  Dexterous impressions and surreal comic sketches take us into a world where anything seems possible and the adsurd seems credible. Phil Cool is the ultimate in Cool..."
    definately the coolest Kat in Town and well deserved his USWeekly News 100 Star Award Winner"...USWeekly News . .  USWeekly News 100 Star Award Winner
    Dana Gillespie and 
    Joachim Paklen

    August 15th to August 22nd 8.40 pm nightly ..Club West Venue, Hilton Hotel, Grosvenor Street, Edinburgh
    The Sell-Out Fringe Award wining Blues Diva returns with Joachim Palden, the fastest boogie-woogie player in the West. They'll have you shimmying, shaking, clapping your hands and stamping your feet. Sexy, sassy and wonderfully musical. Sure to be a sell-out at the 2009 Edinburgh Fringe Fest
    "What more can one say..simply the authentic best Blues duo in the world"... 
    USWeekly News 
    . .   USWeekly News 100 Star Award Winner
    The Jive Aces

    August 15th to August 22nd 9.45 pm nightly ..Club West Venue, Hilton Hotel, Grosvenor Street, Edinburgh

    the Sell-Out fringe Award-weinning top UK Swing and Jive Band will make you dance the nigth way. The Jive Aces move as crazily as they play, and they will blow you away with their sheer energy. With guest Toni-Elizabeth Prima. Booky early for this one..." A High Energy World Class Jive Swing Band" USWeekly News . .   USWeekly News 100 Star Award Winner


        
    Above: The Jive Aces rocking at 
    August 15th to August 22nd 9.45 pm nightly ..Club West Venue, Hilton Hotel, Grosvenor Street, Edinburgh
                
     Sophie Gatacre who plays Samanta in Samatha's Hotline, caugh dancing her little heart heart at August 15th to August 22nd 9.45 pm nightly ..Club West Venue, Hilton Hotel, Grosvenor Street, Edinburgh see www.samanthashotline.com

    USA Weekly News 100 Star Award winner Samatha's Hotline (Sophie Gatacre), with her show planned to be showing at Club West in 2010 Edinburgh Fringe Fest, caught jiving her little heart out to the Jive Aces at Club West Venue at the Hilton Hotel, Grovenor Street, Edinburgh....world famous Sell-Out Fringe Award-winning UK Swing and Jive Band Jive Aces are appearing from the 17th till the 22nd August, 2009 a Club West Venue, Hilton Hotel, Grovenor Street, Edinburgh. The Jive Aces will make you dance the night away. The Jive Aces move a crazy as they play, and they blow you way with their crazy energy. The Jive Aces are appearing with guest star, the famous Toni-Elizebeth Prima. 
    Book early to make sure you obtain a ticket for one of the most sought after shows at the 2009 Einburgh Fringe Festival 

     Click here for more photos of the above shows http://www.usaweekendnews.com/EdinburghFringeFest2009.html
    Death of a Samurai 
    is the winner of a USWeekly News 100 Star Award at the 2009 Edinburgh Fringe Fest
    .
    Death of a Samurai  is a on at the Vault Venue (29) 11 Merchant Street, Edinburgh at 8.
    30 pm

    Click here to see more great photos a nd stories on the Spirit of the Edinburgh Fringe Fest 
    Click here to see more great photos of the Spirit of the Edinburgh Fringe Fest 
    Local Edinburgh Boy - Edinburgh Royal Mile Street Blues singer-Muscian Ronnie Rootsie a 
    USWeekly News 100 Star Award Winner

    Ronnie Tootsie performs every night during the 2009 Edinburgh Fringe Fest in the Royal mile between  about 7pm till 10 pm
    Crowds leaving the Military Tatoo to see their favourite blues singer-musician Ronnie  Rootsie of the Rootsie Tootsie Blues Band performing his award winning blues music in the Royal Mile.

    BataFada Crimlin, Ireland performing in the Royal Mile at the 2009 Edinburgh Fringe Fest
    Nick Coppin  a USWeekly News Award Winner at the 2009 Edinburgh Fringe Fest 
    for his showLoguacious  performed at 7.20pm at the Espionage venue 185, 4 India Buildings, Victoria St
    Click here to see more great photos and stories on the Spirit of the Edinburgh Fringe Fest 

    Above: The many charactersa and faces of the famous Lynn Ruth Miller winner of a USWeeklyNews 100 Star Award,.



    1. Street Pole Theater on the Royal Mile at the 2009 Edinburgh Fringe Fest 2. Strange Music  on the Royal Mile at the 2009 Edinburgh Fringe Fest 
    3. Death by Samuri on the Royal Mile at the 2009 Edinburgh Fringe Fest  4.  Hey Sister The Musical on the Royal Mile at the 2009 Edinburgh Fringe Fest  
    4. The BiteSize'd 'Breakfast In Bedlam 10 minutes plays form the world's most talented writers 

    Click here for more of the above exciting photos of the Royal Mile at the 2009 Edinburgh Fringe Fest


    The many charactersa and faces of the famous Lynn Ruth Miller winner of a USWeekly News 100 Star Award,.

     

     

               



    Above: The many charactersa and faces of the famous Lynn Ruth Miller winner of a USWeekly News
    100 Star Award,.
    Lynn Ruth Miller is a multi talented actress, comedian and even does a great strip tease show
    as seen above with the lucky young man have this young star-let, Lynn Ruth Miller, ending on his lap after her strip tease shows as part of one of the three Lynn Ruth Miller's fringe shows Caberet Gone Wild 
    Lynn Ruth Miller's three shows at the 2009 Edinburgh Fringe Fest are:  All About me: 3.45pm to 4.45pm Counting House, Caberet Gone Wild 9.10pm to 10.10 pm Counting House, Aging Is Amazing 11pm till Midnight -The Counting House.
    Who is the lucky young man with star-let Lynn Ruth Miller on his lap....we asked the investigation team at www.EdFringeNews.com and they came up with 

    Ben Lerman,


    who also happens to have a show at the 2009 Edinburgh Fringe Fest called: Ben Lerman's Size Matters. who is a gay guy from New York (looking at the photo with star-let Lynn Rth Miller on his lap and the big smaile on his face....maybe Ben has just realised he is by, not just gay.... Ben is a ukelele player who writes and performs smart, funny twisted songs about love. American idols, pirates and more..."Sick and brilliant"
    ..(NY Time Out);  "Tiny Instrument..Big Balls..so Dam Funny"(Time Out -Chicargo)



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    ANDHERE TO READ THE FULL STORY


    Australian Weekend News Exclusive

    Australian Weekend News special London reporter Richard Lake discovers the birth of Flash Cam


    Canadian Fire Juggler in the Royal Mile a- 2001 Edinburgh Fringe Festival




     
    Canadian Fire Juggler Royal Mile 2011 Edinburgh Fringe Festival _INLNews.com ( Video Four)

     
    Canadian Fire Juggler Royal Mile 2011 Edinburgh Fringe Festival _INLNews.com ( Video Five)
















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    Yahoo News 06 July, 2011

     
    Preview of The Great American Novel-The Film- 
    Secret USA Government Underground bases
    The USA Government is preparing for something major 
    look at those big thick steal doors on the secret underground bases

     

    The Great American Novel The Film _Music Clip One

    Scene from the incident

    Prisoner found in wife's suitcase

    A Mexican woman has been arrested for trying to sneak her husband out of prison in a suitcase. Particularly bulky

    Related links



     
    Preview of The Great American Novel-The Film
    Operation Northwoods-Secret US Government Plan Part A
    used time and time again to falsely make out there is an enemy andinrealitythere is nio enemy, andthe whole operation was palnned and organised by the secret service organisations such as the CIA, Mossad, MI5 and MI6 etc

    It is a proven formuale that works every time....the public fall for it each time....backed up by well planned false media releases to spead disinformation to the general public who always fall for it hook line and sinker..

     

    Preview of The Great American Novel-The Film
    Operation Northwoods-Secret US Government Plan Part B

    Australian woman wearing burka / AFP

    Australia cops to get burqa removal powers

    New powers will mean cops in one state can demand the removal of burqas and other veils to identify people. More

    Related links

    Australia police able to demand removal of burqas

    Police in the Australian state of New South Wales are to be allowed to demand the removal of burqas and other face veils so they can identify people.

    The state government approved the move late Monday after the high-profile recent case of a Muslim woman being acquitted when a judge ruled she could not be positively identified because was wearing a burqa.

    "I don't care whether a person is wearing a motorcycle helmet, a burqa, niqab, face veil or anything else, the police should be allowed to require those people to make their identification clear," Premier Barry O'Farrell said.

    "I have every respect for various religions and beliefs but when it comes to enforcing the law the police should be given adequate powers to make a clear identification."

    Anyone who refuses to show their face could be jailed for up to a year or fined Aus$5,500 ($5,900).

    The move comes in the wake of a case in November when a woman was sentenced to six months jail for falsely accusing police of forcibly trying to remove her burqa when she was stopped for a traffic offence.

    But her sentence was quashed last month when a magistrate said he could not be 100 percent sure it was the same woman who made the complaint because officers were not able to see the face of the accuser.

    New South Wales state Police Commissioner Andrew Scipione demanded a clarification of the law and O'Farrell said the new powers should help prevent a recurrence of such issues.

    Police previously had the power to ask women to remove face veils during the investigation of serious offences, but not on more routine matters.

    The wearing of full-face niqab veils by some Muslim women has become a contentious issue in parts of Europe, where France has banned them in public.

    In New Zealand, Prime Minister John Key on Tuesday said Muslim women wearing veils should not face discrimination, after two Saudis were reportedly ordered off buses due to their attire.

    The Islamic Council of New South Wales said it accepted O'Farrell's decision.

    "If you're asked to do something by a police officer and it's legitimate, then you do it," council chairman Khaled Sukkarieh told ABC radio.

    The Muslim Women's Association said it would prefer that a female police officer was on hand when the veils were removed, but if that happened then "nobody could really complain".

    The Police Association of New South Wales welcomed the move, saying it was a loophole that had to be closed.

    "It will provide clarity and certainty for both the public and for police officers," the union's acting president Pat Gooley said in a statement.

    While Queensland state said it would not go down the same path, Western Australia indicated it may follow suit with the state's police minister meeting the police commissioner on the issue Tuesday.

    "I'm concerned at the idea of police not having the power to request drivers to remove helmets or other face coverings for ID purposes at the roadside," WA Police Minister Rob Johnson said.

     

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    Police in the Australian state of New South Wales are to be allowed to demand the removal of burqas and other face veils so they can identify people.

    The state government approved the move late Monday after the high-profile recent case of a Muslim woman being acquitted when a judge ruled she could not be positively identified because was wearing a burqa.

    "I don't care whether a person is wearing a motorcycle helmet, a burqa, niqab, face veil or anything else, the police should be allowed to require those people to make their identification clear," Premier Barry O'Farrell said.

    "I have every respect for various religions and beliefs but when it comes to enforcing the law the police should be given adequate powers to make a clear identification."

    Anyone who refuses to show their face could be jailed for up to a year or fined Aus$5,500 ($5,900).

    The move comes in the wake of a case in November when a woman was sentenced to six months jail for falsely accusing police of forcibly trying to remove her burqa when she was stopped for a traffic offence.

    But her sentence was quashed last month when a magistrate said he could not be 100 percent sure it was the same woman who made the complaint because officers were not able to see the face of the accuser.

    New South Wales state Police Commissioner Andrew Scipione demanded a clarification of the law and O'Farrell said the new powers should help prevent a recurrence of such issues.

    Police previously had the power to ask women to remove face veils during the investigation of serious offences, but not on more routine matters.

    The wearing of full-face niqab veils by some Muslim women has become a contentious issue in parts of Europe, where France has banned them in public.

    In New Zealand, Prime Minister John Key on Tuesday said Muslim women wearing veils should not face discrimination, after two Saudis were reportedly ordered off buses due to their attire.

    The Islamic Council of New South Wales said it accepted O'Farrell's decision.

    "If you're asked to do something by a police officer and it's legitimate, then you do it," council chairman Khaled Sukkarieh told ABC radio.

    The Muslim Women's Association said it would prefer that a female police officer was on hand when the veils were removed, but if that happened then "nobody could really complain".

    The Police Association of New South Wales welcomed the move, saying it was a loophole that had to be closed.

    "It will provide clarity and certainty for both the public and for police officers," the union's acting president Pat Gooley said in a statement.

    While Queensland state said it would not go down the same path, Western Australia indicated it may follow suit with the state's police minister meeting the police commissioner on the issue Tuesday.

    "I'm concerned at the idea of police not having the power to request drivers to remove helmets or other face coverings for ID purposes at the roadside," WA Police Minister Rob Johnson said.

     

    The Great American Novel The Film _Music ClipTwo

     


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  • Barclays Bank

    Barclays 'the Ryanair of British banking'

    Focusing on nothing more than the bottom line means banks are causing huge problems.

    'Ethic-free operations'

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    Barclays – ‘The Ryanair of British banking’

    Barclays is just one of the banks passing on escalated fees to rude and aggressive collection agencies - it s important to remember you don t have to respond to their telephone approaches.

    My son ran up an unauthorised overdraft a couple of years ago - or, rather, he inadvertently exceeded his agreed overdraft limit by £200.

    The bank slammed some usurious penalty charges on his account and the sum he owed soon multiplied to a figure that he couldn't possibly afford to repay. He tried to talk to the bank about repaying the original overdraft, plus appropriate interest, but it ignored him.

    So instead he waited for the High Court ruling on whether banks should be allowed to charge whatever they like on unauthorised borrowing, hoping it would solve his problems. But it went against him - and many other thousands in the same boat. Meanwhile, the sum had escalated wildly into a four-figure debt.

    His bank is our old friend Barclays, which is fast becoming the Ryanair of British banking when it comes to customer service - although I gather all the banks are at it.

    No co-operation

    Now, I accept that customers, like my son, who run up debts have only themselves to blame - it's all in the small print, blah, blah, blah. But my point is that he wanted to repay the original sum and tried to do so. The bank could have had its money back, if it had co-operated.

    Instead, it has invented a ludicrous debt that it has no hope of seeing repaid.

    More extraordinarily, Barclays sold the debt on to a credit agency some time ago. What is Kafka-esque in its absurdity here is that, in doing so, the bank has made an entirely notional sum of money into a real one. This debt never existed, other than in the fevered imagination of some clerks in the Bank of Lilliput.

    By capitalising it and selling it on, this invented money has become commoditised. And there must be loads of it out there. I fully expect some wünderkind of the financial markets to securitise all this bogus debt and flog it to a US bank to fuel the next sub-prime housing boom.

    Anyway, this means for us that a series of entertaining credit agents periodically phone up. The names of the agencies change weekly, as the debt is passed around the market, like the plate of cocktail sausages that no one wants at a party.

    One spiv told my son that he'd knock 25% off the debt if he paid it off by credit card over the phone immediately. Unsurprisingly, he resisted this temptation, as there would have been no record of the agreement.

    [See alsoMan gets 'unfair' £20,000 credit card debt written off]

    Financial charlatans

    I fear that there may be some borrowers who do deal with these charlatans of the financial world. After all, they threaten that they're about to come round to your house and impound everything from your clothes to your pets in order to settle the debt.

    This is nonsense. The Citizens Advice Bureau advises that under no circumstances should anyone ever respond to a telephone approach from a credit agent. That seems like sound advice.

    But there are other factors at play too. These debt collectors phone and, first of all, ask you to identify who you are and where you live. Excuse me, do they really think we're that dumb? No one has the right to phone and demand information about you.

    These giants of credit control, however, are evidently a few beads short of a full abacus. One phoned the other day. Apparently, they couldn't speak to me unless I identified myself. Fine by me.

    A firm called RMA Partners, for example, told me I had to provide personal information for security purposes. I had to prove that I was who I said I was. I asked him to identify himself and to prove he was from the company he said he was, otherwise I couldn't deal with him "for security reasons".

    There was silence at the other end. It was like a fuse had blown in his head. I wished him well and gently hung up.

    But the problem is that the high street banks allow these agents to operate under the banks' brand names. I have had people on the line claiming that they are from Barclays. They are rude, aggressive and unprofessional.

    Credit is really the issue. Does a bank like Barclays really think that these ethic-free operations do its brand and reputation any credit? But, then again, perhaps brand values and reputation have long since ceased to be a valid currency for our banks.

    Reverend George Pitcher is a former industrial editor of the Observer. He is the Archbishop of Canterbury's secretary for public affairs and curate at St Bride's, Fleet Street.

    More from Moneywise

    Receive a free copy of Moneywise magazine packed with advice, information and tips on how to manage your money with confidence


     

    The Great American Novel- The Film_ Your Story of Your Enslavement Part One
    Parts Two, Three and Four are continued on this page


    An elderly couple sit on a bench next crocus flowers in a park in Duesseldorf. (Reuters)

    World's first 150-year-old already born?

    An expert on aging thinks doctors could have all the tools they need to "cure" getting old. Hotly debated subject

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    Who wants to live forever? Scientist sees aging cured

    By Health and Science Correspondent Kate Kelland | Reuters – Mon, Jul 4, 2011

    LONDON (Reuters) - If Aubrey de Grey's predictions are right, the first person who will live to see their 150th birthday has already been born. And the first person to live for 1,000 years could be less than 20 years younger.

    biomedical gerontologist and chief scientist of a foundation dedicated to longevity research, de Grey reckons that within his own lifetime doctors could have all the tools they need to "cure" aging -- banishing diseases that come with it and extending life indefinitely.

    "I'd say we have a 50/50 chance of bringing aging under what I'd call a decisive level of medical control within the next 25 years or so," de Grey said in an interview before delivering a lecture at Britain's Royal Institution academy of science.

    "And what I mean by decisive is the same sort of medical control that we have over most infectious diseases today."

    De Grey sees a time when people will go to their doctors for regular "maintenance," which by then will include gene therapies, stem cell therapies, immune stimulation and a range of other advanced medical techniques to keep them in good shape.

    De Grey lives near Cambridge University where he won his doctorate in 2000 and is chief scientific officer of the non-profit California-based SENS (Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence) Foundation, which he co-founded in 2009.

    He describes aging as the lifelong accumulation of various types of molecular and cellular damage throughout the body.

    "The idea is to engage in what you might call preventative geriatrics, where you go in to periodically repair that molecular and cellular damage before it gets to the level of abundance that ispathogenic," he explained.

    CHALLENGE

    Exactly how far and how fast life expectancy will increase in the future is a subject of some debate, but the trend is clear. An average of three months is being added to life expectancy every year at the moment and experts estimate there could be a million centenarians across the world by 2030.

    To date, the world's longest-living person on record lived to 122 and in Japan alone there were more than 44,000 centenarians in 2010.

    Some researchers say, however, that the trend toward longer lifespan may falter due to an epidemic of obesity now spilling over from rich nations into the developing world.

    De Grey's ideas may seem far-fetched, but $20,000 offered in 2005 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Technology Review journal for any molecular biologist who showed that de Grey's SENS theory was "so wrong that it was unworthy of learned debate" was never won.

    The judges on that panel were prompted into action by an angry put-down of de Grey from a group of nine leading scientists who dismissed his work as "pseudo science."

    They concluded that this label was not fair, arguing instead that SENS "exists in a middle ground of yet-to-be-tested ideas that some people may find intriguing but which others are free to doubt."

    CELL THERAPY

    For some, the prospect of living for hundreds of years is not particularly attractive, either, as it conjures up an image of generations of sick, weak old people and societies increasingly less able to cope.

    But de Grey says that's not what he's working for. Keeping the killer diseases of old age at bay is the primary focus.

    "This is absolutely not a matter of keeping people alive in a bad state of health," he told Reuters. "This is about preventing people from getting sick as a result of old age. The particular therapies that we are working on will only deliver long life as a side effect of delivering better health."

    De Grey divides the damage caused by aging into seven main categories for which repair techniques need to be developed if his prediction for continual maintenance is to come true.

    He notes that while for some categories, the science is still in its earliest stages, there are others where it's already almost there.

    "Stem cell therapy is a big part of this. It's designed to reverse one type of damage, namely the loss of cells when cells die and are not automatically replaced, and it's already in clinical trials (in humans)," he said.

    Stem cell therapies are currently being trialed in people with spinal cord injuries, and de Grey and others say they may one day be used to find ways to repair disease-damaged brains and hearts.

    NO AGE LIMIT

    Cardiovascular diseases are the world's biggest age-related killers and de Grey says there is a long way to go on these though researchers have figured out the path to follow.

    Heart diseases that cause heart failure, heart attacks and strokes are brought about by the accumulation of certain types of what de Grey calls "molecular garbage" -- byproducts of the body's metabolic processes -- which our bodies are not able to break down or excrete.

    "The garbage accumulates inside the cell, and eventually it gets in the way of the cell's workings," he said.

    De Grey is working with colleagues in the United States to identify enzymes in other species that can break down the garbage and clean out the cells -- and the aim then is to devise genetic therapies to give this capability to humans.

    "If we could do that in the case of certain modified forms of cholesterol which accumulate in cells of the artery wall, then we simply would not get cardiovascular disease," he said.

    De Grey is reluctant to make firm predictions about how long people will be able to live in future, but he does say that with each major advance in longevity, scientists will buy more time to make yet more scientific progress.

    In his view, this means that the first person who will live to 1,000 is likely to be born less than 20 years after the first person to reach 150.

    "I call it longevity escape velocity -- where we have a sufficiently comprehensive panel of therapies to enable us to push back the ill health of old age faster than time is passing. And that way, we buy ourselves enough time to develop more therapies further as time goes on," he said.

    "What we can actually predict in terms of how long people will live is absolutely nothing, because it will be determined by the risk of death from other causes like accidents," he said.

    "But there really shouldn't be any limit imposed by how long ago you were born. The whole point of maintenance is that it works indefinitely."

     

  • The Great American Novel- The Film_ Your Story of Your Enslavement Part Two
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    The Innoncense Project


    Kenny Waters with the help of his dedicated sister

     Betty Ann Waters
    freed from a wrongful convection after wrongly spending 17 years in Jail
    because of a corrupt police officer who just wanted a conviction at all costs just to help her career




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    LieDetectorTest_Administered_to_KennyWaters_Littleton_MAJan28_1983


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    Contact Us

    http://www.innocenceproject.org/
    http://www.innocenceproject.org/about/Contact-Us.php

    Innocence Project
    40 Worth St., Suite 701
    New York, NY 10013
    info@innocenceproject.org
    212.364.5340

    To submit a case to the Innocence Project

    http://www.innocenceproject.org/know/conviction/About-Kenny-Waters.php

    http://www.innocenceproject.org/know/conviction/About-Betty-Anne-Waters.php

    http://www.innocenceproject.org/know/non-dna-exonerations.php

    The Causes of Wrongful Conviction

    Each of the 266 wrongful convictions overturned through DNA testing is unique, but they all originate from common flaws in the criminal justice system. Innocence Project research into wrongful conviction cases helps pinpoint weaknesses within the system. Learn about the major causes of injustice, including misidentification, improper forensics, false confessions and informant testimony.

    As the pace of DNA exonerations has grown across the country in recent years, wrongful convictions have revealed disturbing fissures and trends in our criminal justice system. Together, these cases show us how the criminal justice system is broken – and how urgently it needs to be fixed.

    We should learn from the system’s failures. In each case where DNA has proven innocence beyond doubt, an overlapping array of causes has emerged – from mistakes to misconduct to factors of race and class.

    Countless cases
    Those exonerated by DNA testing aren’t the only people who have been wrongfully convicted in recent decades. For every case that involves DNA, there are thousands that do not.

    Only a fraction of criminal cases involve biological evidence that can be subjected to DNA testing, and even when such evidence exists, it is often lost or destroyed after a conviction. Since they don’t have access to a definitive test like DNA, many wrongfully convicted people have a slim chance of ever proving their innocence.

    Common Causes
    Here you will find further information about seven of the most common causes of wrongful convictions:

    These factors are not the only causes of wrongful conviction. Each case is unique and many include a combination of the above issues. Review our case profiles to learn how the common causes of wrongful convictions have affected real cases and how these injustices could have been prevented.

    To stop these wrongful convictions from continuing, we must fix the criminal justice system. Click here to learn about Innocence Commissions, a reform that can help identify and address the fundamental flaws in the criminal justice system that lead to wrongful convictions.

    The chart below represents contributing causes confirmed through Innocence Project research. Actual numbers may be higher, and other causes of wrongful convictions include government misconduct and bad lawyering.

     

    Click for previous examination of cases based on other criteria.


    The Innocence Project is not equipped to handle case applications or inquiries by email or over the phone. All case submissions and follow-up correspondence will be handled by mail or overnight delivery services only.

    If you are seeking legal assistance, please read the following guidelines for submitting your case.

    All cases for consideration should be mailed (to the address above) with a brief factual summary of the case, including the specific charges and convictions and a list of the evidence used against the defendant. No other documents should be submitted for initial review. The Innocence Project is not equipped to handle telephone or electronic (email) applications.

    The Innocence Project only accepts cases on post-conviction appeal in which DNA testing can prove innocence. If the case does not involve biological evidence or DNA, visit the Other Innocence Organizations page to see if there is a program in your area that provides broader legal and investigative assistance.

    Click here to join our online community by signing up for our e-mail newsletter.


    Kenny Waters
    Kenny Waters

    Incident Date: 5/21/80

    Jurisdiction: MA

    Charge: Murder, Robbery

    Conviction: Murder, Robbery

    Sentence: Life

    Year of Conviction: 1983

    Exoneration Date: 6/19/01

    Sentence Served: 18 Years

    Real perpetrator found? Not Yet

    Contributing Causes: Informants/Snitches

    Compensation? Yes





    About Kenny Waters

    Kenny Waters served 18 years in prison for murder he didn’t commit before DNA testing proved his innocence. His sister, Betty Anne Waters, put herself through college and law school in order to help with her brother’s case. She worked with the Innocence Project to bring about his exoneration in 2001.

    Sadly, Waters passed away six months after his release. He was 47 years old and had spent more than a third of his life in prison for a crime he didn’t commit.

    Kenny Waters’ case is the subject of the film “Conviction,” in which Sam Rockwell plays Waters.

    Read more on Waters’ wrongful conviction and his exoneration.

    Watch the trailer and find showtimes in your area.

    View key documents from the case, inlcuding Waters’ mugshot, a photo of the murder weapon and more.

    See a slideshow of Waters family photos.

    About Betty Anne Waters


    Betty Anne Waters was 29 years old when her brother Kenny Waters was convicted of a murder in Ayer, Massachusetts. He swore he was innocent and Betty Anne vowed to do everything she could to help overturn his wrongful conviction.

    For two decades, she fought for justice in Kenny’s case, putting herself through college and law school in her pursuit. Finally, in 2000 Betty Anne and the Innocence Project obtained access to DNA testing on evidence from the crime scene in Kenny’s case. The results proved his innocence and led to Kenny’s release in March of 2001.

    Today, Betty Anne lives in Bristol, Rhode Island, and works as the general manager of a pub. She works to help the Innocence Project spread the word about wrongful conviction by speaking out about her story and the cause of wrongful conviction.

    Read Betty Anne’s first letter to the Innocence Project seeking assistance with Kenny’s case.

    See a slideshow of Waters family photos.

    Read more about Kenny’s case and the true story behind “Conviction.”

    Kenny Waters served 18 years in prison for murder he didn’t commit before DNA testing proved his innocence. His sister, Betty Anne Waters, put herself through college and law school in order to help with her brother’s case. She worked with the Innocence Project to bring about his exoneration in 2001.

    Sadly, Waters passed away six months after his release. He was 47 years old and had spent more than a third of his life in prison for a crime he didn’t commit.

    Waters’ case is the focus of the film “Conviction,” which was released in October 2010.

    Visit our “Conviction” page for videos, resources and the story behind the film.

    View a slideshow of Waters family photos and pictures from the day Kenny was freed

    • View original documents and images from the case

    • Watch a 3-minute video on the story behind “Conviction,” featuring Betty Anne Waters, Kenny Waters and Innocence Project Co-Director Barry Scheck

    More on Kenny Waters’ wrongful conviction and exoneration:

    The Crime
    On the morning of May 21, 1980, Katherina Reitz Brow was stabbed to death in her Ayer, Massachusetts, home. Her body was found at 10:45 a.m. — she had been stabbed more than 30 times and her linen closet had been ransacked. There were bloodstains throughout the house and the kitchen faucet was running. Her purse, some jewelry and an envelope where she kept cash were all missing.

    The Investigation
    Investigating officers responded to the victim’s house shortly after her daughter-in-law discovered her body. Crime scene investigators recovered hairs, blood and fingerprints in the house, including two fingerprints in blood — one on a toaster in the kitchen and the other on the running faucet — that were considered potentially tied to the perpetrator. The apparent murder weapon, a bloody paring knife, was collected from a wastebasket in the house.

    Kenny Waters became a suspect because he lived next to the victim, with his girlfriend, Brenda Marsh. He worked at the Park Street Diner in Ayer, where Brow was a frequent customer. It was apparently known to diner employees that Brow kept a large amount of cash in her home.

    Waters was questioned by police on the day after the crime and provided an strong alibi that he had worked until 8:30 a.m. on the day Brow was killed and a coworker had driven him home. He changed clothes and had been in the Ayer courthouse for a 9 a.m. appearance with his attorney. He said he left the courthouse after 11 a.m. and returned to the diner, where he stayed until 12:30 p.m. Officers examined his clothes and body and did not see any apparent blood stains or cuts. He was fingerprinted and questioned further but not charged. Four months later, officers asked Waters to submit to a voice stress test, which he did voluntarily and passed.

    The case remained open for more than two years. In October 1982, a man named Robert Osborne, who was living with Marsh, Waters’ ex-girlfriend, approached the Ayer Police Department and allegedly offered to provide information on the murder in exchange for money.

    Osborne said Marsh had told him that Waters confessed to her that he had killed a woman. It is unknown whether Osborne was ever compensated for the information he provided. Officers then interrogated Marsh and allegedly threatened to charge her as an accessory to murder and take away her children if she didn’t corroborate Osborne’s claim. She initially refused, saying Osborne’s statements were untrue. Eventually, however, she agreed to corroborate the details provided by Osborne. She told police that Waters had returned home on the morning of the murder with a long, deep scratch on his face. Based on these statements, Waters was charged with murder.

    The Trial
    Waters’ trial began in Ayer in May 1983. Although police had collected and analyzed fingerprint evidence in the case and had used fingerprints from the toaster and faucet to exclude Waters and several other suspects during the investigation, these records were apparently not provided by police to prosecutors. Therefore, the prosecution and defense proceeded with the trial under the false assumption that no fingerprints of value had been collected at the scene of crime.

    The state’s case relied heavily on the statements of three witnesses. Marsh testified that she had seen the defendant with a scratch on his face and that he had admitted to her that he had killed Brow. Roseanna Perry, another former girlfriend of Waters’, also initially told police that she had no information about the crime but after more than three hours of interrogation and threats of arrest, told them Waters had told her something about stabbing a woman and stealing her money and jewelry. She testified to this statement. A friend of Brow’s who worked with Waters at the Park Street Diner said Waters had sold her a ring that had belonged to the victim. She said she paid $5 for the ring and gave it to police. Workers from the packing company where Waters had previously worked stated that a knife similar to the one found at the crime scene had gone missing. The knife was manufactured by the company where the victim’s husband worked, however.

    A forensic analyst also testified for the state about test results on blood from the crime scene. Blood types O and B were found in the apartment. The victim was type B and Waters and the victim’s husband were both type O. The analyst told the jury that 48% of the population has Type O blood. The analyst also testified that three hairs collected from the crime scene — including one in the victim’s hand and one on the murder weapon — did not match the victim or Waters.

    Waters raised an alibi defense, saying that he was at work at the Park Street Diner until 8:30 a.m. and then at court until 10:45 a.m. His time card from that week, however, had gone missing and wasn’t presented as evidence. Although it has been revealed that police indepently confirmed Waters’ work schedule during the investigation, this evidence wasn’t presented during trial.

    Waters was convicted on May 11, 1983, and sentenced to life in prison.

    Appeals and DNA Testing
    Waters appealed his conviction several times between 1983 and 1999. Although Roseanna Perry recanted her trial testimony that Waters had admitted guilt, his appeals for a new trial and for federal habeas corpus relief were denied. Several times during this period, Waters and his representatives requested complete documents in the case from the Ayer police department, but were given the same incomplete documents used at trial. Critical evidence of Waters’ innocence, including the fingerprints and the timecards, was withheld.

    After Waters’ conviction, his sister, Betty Anne Waters, sought to prove his innocence. She put herself through college and law school, all with the goal of exonerating her brother. In 1999, she located the Type O blood evidence collected from the scene of the crime and obtained a court order to preserve the evidence for possible DNA testing. In 2000, she began working with the Innocence Project on the case. Together Betty Anne Waters and the Innocence Project reached an agreement with the Middlesex County District Attorney’s office to allow a private lab to conduct DNA testing on the evidence. The results excluded Waters and the victim’s husband, proving that Waters was not the perpetrator.

    Reinvestigation and Exoneration
    In March 2001, the Massachusetts State Police Crime Lab verified the DNA results, and Waters’ conviction was vacated two days later. After nearly 18 years in prison for a crime he didn’t commit, Waters was freed while prosecutors considered whether to retry him.

    The Middlesex County District Attorney’s Office opened a new investigation of the case to determine whether to retry Waters. The reinvestigation was led by a state police officer, who found the police reports to be incomplete, and contacted Ayer police officers who had been involved in the original investigation. At this point, for the first time, the police turned over complete records from the case — including a police report confirming Waters’ work schedule and extensive documentation on the fingerprint evidence that had been collected before trial.

    On June 19, 2001, the District Attorney’s office dropped all charges against Waters and his exoneration became official. Sadly, after only six months of freedom, Waters died in a tragic accident on September 19, 2001. He was 47 years old.

    Since his death, representatives of his estate have settled a civil lawsuit with the town of Ayer, and the case was the subject of a 2010 feature film, “Conviction.”

    Non-DNA Exonerations

    The Innocence Project provides pro bono legal representation on behalf of people seeking to prove their innocence post-conviction. Since its inception in 1992, the Innocence Project has only taken cases where DNA testing can prove innocence. For more on our criteria for taking cases and the process for submitting a case for consideration, click here.

    In some rare circumstances, however, the Innocence Project has helped exonerate clients through evidence other than DNA testing. We often have to close cases because the biological evidence is missing or destroyed, making DNA testing impossible. In some of those cases, strong evidence of innocence is discovered during the search for biological evidence, and we are able to secure our clients' freedom without DNA testing. In other cases, DNA test results alone are not enough to free our clients, but can help exonerate people when coupled with other evidence of innocence. In all of these cases, new evidence of innocence resulted in our clients' convictions being vacated and indictments against them being dismissed, fully exonerating them.

    These cases underscore a critical point: DNA testing alone cannot overturn most wrongful convictions. In fact, experts estimate that DNA testing is possible in just 5-10% of all criminal cases. That is why a growing number of organizations in the Innocence Network handle cases regardless of whether DNA testing is possible. For a directory of these organizations, click here.

    Below is a list of five Innocence Project cases, with links to full profiles, in which clients were exonerated through evidence other than DNA testing.


    Ralph Armstrong

    Incident Date: 09/02/1984

    Jurisdiction: WI

    Charge: First-degree murder, first-degree sexual assault

    Conviction:First-degree murder, first-degree sexual assault

    Sentence: Life plus 16 years

    Conviction Date: 03/24/81

    Exoneration Date: 08/19/09

    Sentence Served: 25.5 Years

    Real perpetrator found?No

    Contributing Causes: Government Misconduct, Eyewitness Misidentification, Unvalidated or Improper Forensic Science

    Compensation? Not Yet


    Ralph Armstrong served more than 28 years in Wisconsin prisons for murder before a judge overturned his conviction in 2009 based on evidence that a prosecutor had deliberately withheld evidence of his innocence more than a decade earlier.

    The Crime
    On the afternoon of June 24, 1980, Charise Kamps, a 19-year-old student at the University of Wisconsin was found strangled to death in her Madison, Wisconsin, apartment. She was naked and face-down in her bed with a bathrobe belt draped across her back.

    The Investigation
    Investigators collected clothing and other evidence from the victim's apartment, including fingerprints and hairs.

    The victim had drunk alcohol and used drugs with Ralph Armstrong, his brother Steve Armstrong and others on the night she died. Ralph Armstrong told police that he had used cocaine with Kamps that night and that the two had been in her apartment alone for a short time around 9:15 p.m. before joining friends elsewhere. Police learned that Armstrong owed Kamps's boyfriend $400, and witnesses said they saw him hand her cash on the night of the crime.

    The Identification
    A neighbor of Kamps' told police he was sitting on his porch that night and saw a lean, muscular man with long, dark hair drive up to the area in a black and white vehicle around 12:30 a.m. and park out of sight. The witness said the man ran into and out of Kamps' building three times before finally disappearing to the area where his car may have been parked.

    Before an identification procedure was conducted, police arranged for the witness to be hypnotized. A detective and the hypnotist viewed photographs of Armstrong and his car during the videotaped hypnosis session, but the detective testified that the witness did not see the photos. The witness later disagreed, saying he did see Armstrong's photo in the hypnosis room. The witness allegedly described the perpetrator as having a long nose and bushy eyebrows, and said the perpetrator was 5 feet 3 inches to 5 feet 5 inches tall. He changed the height estimate to six feet at the prodding of the hypnotist. Armstrong, who had long, dark hair at the time, is six-feet, two-inches tall.

    Ten days after the crime, police conducted a "pseudo re-enactment" lineup near the crime scene with Armstrong and four other participants who were police officers wearing wigs. At the advice of his attorney at the time, Armstrong passively resisted what his attorney felt was a rigged lineup, so he went limp during the lineup and had to be carried by two officers. The witness identified Armstrong as the perpetrator, but also pointed out to police that the other participants were clearly wearing wigs. He would later confirm that he said at the time the lineup was "fixed."

    The Trial and Physical Evidence
    Armstrong was arrested and charged with raping and killing Kamps. He was tried before a jury in 1981. The state's case rested on forensic evidence, eyewitness identification testimony and an alleged motive involving the money Armstrong owed Kamps' boyfriend.

    A forensic analyst testified that several head hairs collected from the bathrobe belt draped across the victim's body and the bathroom sink were "consistent" or "similar" to Armstrong's hair. She also identified several pubic and head hairs that she said came from neither Kamps nor Armstrong. In closing arguments, however, the prosecutor exaggerated the importance of her findings, saying "two of the defendant's hairs were on this robe."

    Similarly, a forensic analyst found a positive reading for the presence of chemicals in human blood on several of Armstrong's fingers and toes, but she wasn't able to determine any characteristics of the blood. The prosecutor exaggerated this finding as well in his closing argument, saying "that was Charise Kamps' blood."

    Armstrong's fingerprints were also found on a bong in Kamps' apartment, but the defense argued that Armstrong had moved the bong when he was in the apartment earlier on the night of the murder.

    The forensic analyst testified that semen was detected on the bathrobe, and that it came from a Type-A secretor (a person whose blood type is found from bodily fluids like semen). Armstrong is a Type-A secretor.

    The eyewitness who been hypnotized identified Armstrong in court as the man he saw run in and out of the victim's apartment building for ten minutes around 12:30 a.m. on the night of the crime.

    Prosecutors also sought to show that Armstrong's claimed whereabouts on the night of the murder were unrealistic. They said he could not have been at the victim's house at 9:30 p.m. because the route he said he drove allegedly could not have allowed for a stop at the victim's apartment. Instead, they argued that he came to her apartment after midnight, saying that was when he left the fingerprints and murdered the victim.

    The state argued that Armstrong had allegedly paid the victim $400 in cash toward a loan her boyfriend had given Armstrong on the night in question. The cash was not discovered in the apartment the next day, and Armstrong deposited $315 into his bank account the next day.

    Armstrong's defense attorneys challenged the prosecution's case on many fronts — from the timeline of the night to the eyewitness identification and the forensic evidence. Defense attorneys called an expert in hypnosis and questioned the validity of the eyewitness identification, presented evidence that the hair and blood evidence were being used improperly and offered a timeline of the night's events according to Armstrong. The defense argued that Armstrong had received $315 from his brother on the day after the crime.

    Despite these efforts, Armstrong was convicted and sentenced to life in prison plus 16 years.

    Post-Conviction Appeals
    Armstrong filed several unsuccessful appeals in the years after his conviction. In 1991, he sought a new trial based on DNA test results showing that he could not have been the source of the semen on the bathrobe belt. His appeals were denied, however, with a state appeals court calling the semen evidence "an insignificant piece of circumstantial evidence linking Armstrong to Kamps and to her apartment."

    The Innocence Project became involved in Armstrong's case in 1993, working with Wisconsin attorneys Jerome Buting and Keith Belzer. More advanced DNA testing was conducted in 2001, excluding Armstrong and the victim's boyfriend as the source of the head hairs on the bathrobe belt, and finding that the semen stain used against Armstrong at trial was connected to the victim's boyfriend. Based on these results, the Wisconsin Supreme Court overturned his conviction in 2005, granting him a new trial.

    While a new trial was pending, a woman testified at a hearing that she had called Dane County Assistant District Attorney John Norsetter in 1995 to report that Armstrong's brother, Steve, confessed that he, not Ralph, was guilty of the crime, and that he feared Ralph would be exonerated by DNA and come after him if he found out Steve was the real guilty party. The woman said she described Steve's gruesomely detailed confession to Norsetter, who did not report this evidence to defense attorneys and did not pursue the lead. Steve Armstrong had disappeared shortly after the crime and never again contacted his brother Ralph. Steve died in 2005.

    In 2006, more forensic testing was done on the crime scene evidence — including mitochondrial (mtDNA) tests, an advanced technique that can develop DNA profiles from degraded samples and hair follicles. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) tests of hairs from the crime scene excluded Ralph Armstrong. Because mtDNA is inherited from one's mother, Ralph and Steve Armstrong would be expected to have the same mtDNA profile.

    Six forcibly removed pubic hairs, found on the bedspread on which the victim's body lay, were tested for mitochondrial DNA. Those tests proved they did not come from Ralph Armstrong , the victim or her boyfriend. Another semen stain was found, this time on the bathrobe belt found draped across the victim's body. Further DNA tests of the semen stain from the robe belt excluded Ralph Armstrong again, as well as the victim's boyfriend. Despite those exculpatory results, the state announced it would retry Armstrong for the crimes. Then, despite a court order requiring prosecutors to notify defense attorneys any time evidence in the case was moved or analyzed, Norsetter secretly ordered additional DNA tests. These illegal tests used up the biological evidence, preventing any further testing. Moreover, the Y-STR DNA testing Norsetter ordered in 2006 focuses on the Y chromosome and would not have distinguished genetic material between males with the same father.

    The defense did not learn about the woman's 1995 call to Norsetter until 2007. At that point, the defense argued that Norsetter's decision to order Y-DNA tests may have indicated that he was trying to get a conviction against Ralph even if his brother's indistinguishable Y-DNA was found. At a subsequent court hearing Norsetter admitted under oath that he did get a call in 1995 from a woman claiming to have heard a confession in a big case, and that it could have been about Ralph Armstrong, but his memory was vague. He admitted he never told the defense or any court because, in his opinion, the information wasn't credible enough to do so.

    Based on the destruction of evidence and the prosecutor's suppression of potentially exculpatory evidence for more than a decade, there was proof that Armstrong's due process rights had been irreparably compromised. A state circuit court judge dismissed the case against Armstrong in July 2009, saying it was clear that the prosecutor in the case had acted "in bad faith." Prosecutors announced in August 2009 they wouldn't appeal the dismissal, and Armstrong was officially cleared. As of October 2009, Armstrong was incarcerated in New Mexico on a parole violation.

    Levon Brooks
    Levon Brooks

    Incident Date: 9/15/90

    Jurisdiction: MS

    Charge:Capital Murder, Sexual Battery

    Conviction:Capital Murder, Sexual Battery r

    Sentence: Life

    Conviction Date: 1/20/92

    Exoneration Date:03/13/2008

    Sentence Served:16 Years

    Real perpetrator found?Yes

    Contributing Causes: Government Misconduct, Unvalidated or Improper Forensic Science

    Compensation? Not Yet


    Levon Brooks served 16 years in Mississippi prisons for a 1990 rape and murder of a three-year-old girl he didn't commit. In 2008, DNA testing cleared another man, Kennedy Brewer, who had been sentenced to death for a nearly identical murder that happened in the same town less than two years after the crime for which Brooks was convicted. The DNA results implicated the perpetrator of that crime, and he confessed to committing both murders, clearing Brooks.

    The exonerations of the two men, both Innocence Project clients, revealed troubling problems with autopsies and forensic oversight in Mississippi, and the underlined the shortcomings of bite mark comparison evidence.

    The Crime
    Late at night on September 15, 1990, three-year-old Courtney Smith was abducted from her Brooksville, Mississippi, home. The girl shared a bedroom with her two sisters, ages six and one. Her 26-year-old uncle was asleep in the next room when she disappeared.
    Her body was found two days later in a pond 80 yards from her house. She had been sexually assaulted and murdered.
    The Investigation
    Levon Brooks became a suspect because he was an ex-boyfriend of Smith's mother.

    Another man, Justin Albert Johnson, was also briefly a suspect in the case. His ex-wife and son lived next to the Smith residence and he had been inside the Smith house on the day of the abduction.

    Dr. Steven Hayne, a Mississippi pathologist, performed an autopsy on the victim shortly after her body was found. He determined that she had been sexually assaulted. He also found possible bite marks on her wrist and referred the case to Dr. Michael West, a forensic dentist in Mississippi who had worked with Hayne on other cases in the past.

    West determined that the marks on the victim's body were indeed from human bites, and he took dental impression samples from 12 possible suspects -- including Justin Albert Johnson but not including Levon Brooks.

    Ten days after the victim was killed, police interviews the victim's six-year-old sister. The girl's sister said she had seen the perpetrator abduct the victim and identified the perpetrator as Levon Brooks, her mother's ex- boyfriend. Based on the girl's identification, Brooks was arrested.

    On the same day, September 25, West took a sample of Brooks' teeth at the local jail. West testified at Brooks' trial that he compared Brooks' sample to the marks on the victim's body and found that two of Brooks' teeth "matched" the marks on the victim's body. He said Brooks made the marks with his two top front teeth. Brooks was charged with capital murder.

    The Trial
    Brooks was tried before a jury in Noxubee County, Mississippi, in January 1992. The victim's sister testified that she saw Brooks abduct her sister, although her testimony had several contradictions. In addition to the child's unreliable testimony, the state's case rested on the bite mark evidence presented by Dr. West, who testified that "it could be no one but Levon Brooks that bit this girl's arm."

    Brooks' defense attorneys presented an alibi defense, that he was working a club on the night of the murder and did not have an opportunity to commit the crime. The defense also challenged West's credentials and findings. After deliberating for about nine hours, the jury convicted Brooks of capital murder. He was sentenced to life in prison.

    Post-Conviction Appeals and Exoneration
    Just four months after Brooks was convicted, another young girl was abducted, raped and killed in Brooksville. The facts were startlingly similar, a three-year-old girl taken from her home at night and found in a creek. But the similarities between the cases did not end there. Police focused on Kennedy Brewer, the boyfriend of the victim's mother. Dr. Steven Hayne conducted the autopsy and said he found bite marks on the victim's body. West was called to analyze the bite marks. He confirmed that the marks were from a human bite, and determined that they came from Brewer. Based on this evidence, Brewer was convicted in 1995 and sentenced to death.

    The Innocence Project became involved in Brewer's case in 2001, consulting with Brewer's attorneys on DNA testing issues. DNA test results showed that semen from the victim's body excluded Brewer as the perpetrator of the crime and his conviction was overturned. He remained behind bars for six more years, however, awaiting a new trial. Another round of testing matched the profile of Justin Albert Johnson, who had been a suspect during the initial investigations of both Brewer's and Brooks' cases. Johnson was interviewed by law enforcement officials and he admitted to committing both murders, but adamantly denied biting either victim. Following his confession, Brewer and Brooks were both freed on February 15, 2008. Brooks was officially cleared on March 13.

    Forensic Fallout
    In the wake of the exonerations of Brewer and Brooks, the Innocence Project and several other organizations and individuals began to call for investigations into the work of Hayne and West. For years, Hayne claimed to conduct 1,200 to 1,800 autopsies a year across the state of Mississippi (six times the professional standard), earning him more than a million dollars a year.

    Hayne had served as Mississippi's chief medical examiner in the late 1980s and early 1990s, but couldn't fill the position permanently because the state required the official to be properly board-certified, which he is not. The position has been vacant for more than 15 years, however, and Hayne was essentially filling the role on a de facto basis. In August of 2008, just months after the Brewer and Brooks exonerations, the state announced that it was severing all ties with Hayne.

    Investigations into several other cases involved Hayne and West are ongoing


    Barry Gibbs
    Barry Gibbs

    Incident Date: 11/04/86

    Jurisdiction: NY

    Charge: Second-degree murder

    Conviction:Second-degree murder

    Sentence: 25 Years to Life

    Conviction Date: 03/25/88

    Exoneration Date:9/29/05

    Sentence Served:17.5 Years

    Real perpetrator found?No

    Contributing Causes: Government Misconduct, Eyewitness Misidentification, Informant / Snitch

    Compensation? Yes


    Barry Gibbs was convicted in New York City of committing a murder he didn't commit based on misconduct by a NYPD detective later convicted of arranging and committing several murders and cover-ups on behalf of an organized crime family. Gibbs served 17 years in prison before new evidence led to his release.

    The Crime
    On the afternoon of November 4, 1986, the body of an African-American woman was found lying under a blanket near a busy Brooklyn highway. She had been strangled to death.

    The Investigation and Identification
    The lead New York Police Department detective assigned to the case was Louis Eppolito.

    A witness told Eppolito that he had been jogging on the day of the crime and had seen a white man and a black woman sitting in a gray car parked by the highway. The man said he then watched the white man walk to the passenger side of the car and pull out a body, lay it on the ground and place a blanket over it. The jogger said the perpetrator noticed him after just three seconds and ran back to the driver side.

    Eppolito apparently learned that Barry Gibbs knew the victim. Gibbs voluntarily participated in a line-up and consented to a police search of his apartment. During the search, police found a pair of red jeans that matched eyewitness testimony of what the perpetrator was wearing during the crime; however, the jeans did not fit Gibbs. Police also discovered that Gibbs owned a gray car similar to the perpetrator's car but Gibbs' car was inoperable, had two flat tires, and had not been driven for a substantial amount of time.


    During the police lineup, the witness who observed the perpetrator dispose of the victim's body identified Gibbs as the perpetrator despite physical differences in stature and weight. Additionally, a park police officer told responding officers he had seen the perpetrator but was never asked to identify the suspect in a police line-up.


    An autopsy was performed on the victim's body. Testing conducted on hair samples found on the victim revealed Caucasian characteristics.


    The Trial

    The prosecution's case was based on both eyewitness testimony and snitch testimony.

    The jogger testified about seeing a white man dump the body. Another state witness was a jailhouse informant who had a very close relationship with a criminal investigator in the Department of Corrections and an extensive arrest record. The informant, who had testified for the state in several other cases, testified that he spoke to Gibbs while he was in jail awaiting trial and Gibbs admitted to killing the victim. A defense witness, who was also incarcerated with Gibbs pre-trial, offered contrary testimony that in conversations with Gibbs over a 4-month period, Gibbs always maintained his innocence. Based on the eyewitness and snitch testimony, Gibbs was convicted and sentenced to 20 years to life in prison.


    Post-Conviction Appeals and Exoneration

    Nine years after his conviction, Gibbs contacted the Innocence Project for assistance in obtaining DNA testing to prove his innocence. In response to an Innocence Project motion, a Brooklyn judge ordered the State to search for the evidence — including the caucasion hairs and rope used to strangle the victim, DNA testing on any found items. Despite repeated searches for physical or biological evidence in the case, none could be found. Some of the evidence in the case had been reported as destroyed, other items were never found. Read more about New York City's problems with evidence storage and retention here.

    Gibbs' police investigation file was also missing at the time. In 2004, after exhausting all possible searches for evidence, the Innocence Project began the process of referring the case to another project. The next year, police began investigating Eppolito, who had retired from the NYPD, for alleged ties to organized crime. In a search of Eppolito's house in Las Vegas, officers found Gibbs' police file. The Innocence Project once again began working on his case, and requested the US Attorney's office investigate Gibbs' claim of innocence. That re-investigation led to further evidence of Gibbs' innocence.


    Eppolito and another former NYPD detective have
    since been convicted of eight murders and several other charges based on evidence that they plotted and carried out murders on behalf of the Mafia.

    In 2005, the eyewitness who had testified at Gibbs' trial that he had seen the perpetrator while jogging in the area recanted his testimony. He said Eppolito had threatened his family if he didn't identify Gibbs in the lineup and again in court.


    Based on the witness's recantation, Gibbs was freed from prison in 2005 and cleared. He had served more than 17 years in prison for a murder he did not commit.

    Paul House
    Paul House

    Incident Date: 7/13/1985

    Jurisdiction: TN

    Charge: First-degree murder

    Conviction:First-degree murder

    Sentence: Death

    Year of Conviction: 1986

    Exoneration Date:05/12/099

    Sentence Served: 22 Years

    Real perpetrator found?No

    Contributing Causes: Unreliable/Limited Science, Forensic Science Misconduct, Bad Lawyering

    Compensation? Not Yet


    Paul House served 22 years on Tennessee's death row before evidence of his innocence — and the intervention of the U.S. Supreme Court — cleared him of murder and led to his release.

    The Crime
    In the summer of 1985, Carolyn Muncey was found dead near her home in rural Luttrell, Tennessee. Dressed in a nightgown and house coat, her bloodied body was found under some brush on the bank of a creek. She had been raped and beaten.

    The Arrest
    A few months before Muncey's murder, Paul House had moved into his mother's nearby home. Almost immediately after the incident, police suspected that House, an outsider with a criminal record, was responsible for Muncey's death.

    The Conviction
    At trial, two witnesses for the state testified that they had seen House wiping his hands on the night of the crime near where Muncey had been found. A pair of jeans collected from House had blood on them, and a forensic expert testified at trial that the blood matched Muncey's ABO blood type. A forensic expert also testified that that House's blood type matched the semen found on Muncey's underwear.

    In February 1986, the jury convicted House of first-degree murder, sentencing him to death.

    Post-Conviction
    While House's attorneys were appealing his conviction, several witnesses came forward with evidence that the victim's abusive husband had killed her. Two women claimed that Mr. Muncey had confessed to the crime at a party one night. A third woman saw him hitting his wife at a dance. A fourth said he had asked her to provide an alibi for him on the night his wife was killed.

    Further analysis of the blood on House's jeans cast doubt on whether the blood was actually deposited during the course of the crime. This included testimony from a former Tennessee State Medical Examiner, who stated that in his view, the the blood on the jeans showed enzyme decay — which, he testified, was consistent with blood taken at Mrs. Muncey's autopsy and transported in vials without preservative or refrigeration. The decay would not be expected to be found in blood that came in direct contact with House's pants while the victim was alive.

    Additional evidence supported the theory that blood collected at Muncey's autopsy had spilled on House's jeans after they were collected as evidence, whether accidentally or deliberately. The blood vials were not sealed, and were driven 10 hours to the FBI lab by two law enforcement officers. The blood spoiled during the trip due to heat exposure, and FBI records showed that a significant amount of blood from the autopsy vials was missing when the officers arrived at the lab.

    More exculpatory evidence came in the late 1990s, after House had spent over a decade in prison. Advanced DNA testing revealed that the semen from Muncey's underwear and nightgown belonged to her husband, not House — contrary to the testimony of an FBI expert at trial, who had incorrectly told the jury that only House's blood group antigens could have been the source of the semen stains.

    Release and Exoneration
    House's appeals, which called for his conviction to be overturned in light of the array of new evidence, was rejected by several courts before his case was heard by the U.S. Supreme Court in 2005. The Innocence Project filed a friend-of-the-court brief on his behalf in the Supreme Court. On June 12, 2006, the court ruled that any "reasonable juror" would probably not have convicted House had they been aware of the new evidence in his favor, and sent his case back to the district court in Tennessee for a full review.

    In Tennessee, U.S. District Court Judge Henry Mattice Jr. overturned House's conviction and ordered the state to either release House or to retry him within 180 days. The state appealed the decision, but lost. Bail was set at $500,000 — then reduced to $100,000. An anonymous donor paid the 10% bond, and House, who suffers from chronic multiple sclerosis and is confined to a wheelchair, was released from the Lois M. DeBerry Special Needs Facility on July 2, 2008. He had served 22 years on death row.

    Prosecutors requested permission to conduct further DNA testing in the case while House was on bail. The results, from testing conducted on a hair found at the crime scene, material from under the victim's fingernails and other items, pointed to at least one other unknown suspect. Additional investigation conducted by House's new trial team (Assistant Public Defender Dale Potter of Tennessee and Linda Kenney Baden of New York, who agreed to assist House pro bono) cast further doubt on the state's evidence against House. In light of the DNA test results and other evidence, Prosecutors dropped all charges against House on May 12, 2009.

    Walter Swift
    Ronald Cotton

    Incident Date: 09/02/1984

    Jurisdiction: MI

    Charge: 1st degree criminal sexual conduct, robbery

    Conviction:1st degree criminal sexual conduct, robbery

    Sentence: 20-40 Years

    Conviction Date: 11/10/82

    Exoneration Date: 5/21/08

    Sentence Served: 25.5 Years

    Real perpetrator found?No

    Contributing Causes: Eyewitness Misidentification, Unvalidated or Improper Forensic Science, Government Misconduct, Bad Lawyering

    Compensation? Not Yet



    Walter Swift served 26 years in Michigan prisons for rape before evidence of his innocence led to his exoneration and release in 2008. He was wrongfully convicted based in part on a highly questionable eyewitness identification and incomplete forensic testimony.

    The Crime
    On September 2, 1982, a woman was playing with her seven-month-old son in her Detroit home when an intruder grabbed her from behind. He dragged her to her upstairs bedroom, where he removed her clothing and raped her. He allowed her to cover herself with a robe before leading her downstairs to locate her purse. He took $60 from her purse, as well as her wedding band and another $100 in cash from the house. The perpetrator raped the victim again on a rug on the first floor. He then told the victim to close her eyes and fled.

    The Investigation
    When police arrived at the victim's house, they collected the robe she was wearing and the sheet from her bed. She was taken to a local hospital, where a rape kit was collected. The victim described the perpetrator as a clean-shaven African-American man between 15 and 18 years old, about 5'10'' tall, with an unusual hairstyle with very small braids.

    Eight days after the crime, the investigating officer, Janice Paavola, showed the victim several hundred photos of black men between 15 and 25 years old. The victim selected seven photos based on various characteristics in common with the perpetrator. At this time, Paavola decided that the person in the next photo the victim chose would be included in a live lineup. Walter Swift's photo happened to be the eighth she chose, saying his eyes were similar to those of the perpetrator. Paavola wrote in a 2003 affidavit that the victim did not say Swift was the perpetrator and didn't place any emphasis on his photo compared to the other seven photos. The officer "was confident that she would not identify Mr. Swift as the perpetrator in the lineup."

    Officers learned that Swift did not have braids, had a mustache and had a black eye at the time of the crime. Despite these inconsistencies, the lineup was conducted a few days later. Swift and four other men participated; they ranged in age from 20 to 34 and ranged widely in height and build. The officer told the victim that the man whose photo she chose would be included. The victim tentatively selected Swift, saying "I believe it is number 2." In her 2003 affidavit, the officer said she did not consider this a positive identification and scheduled a polygraph test for Swift to further investigate his possible role in the crime.

    Paavola scheduled the polygraph examination, but would soon learn that it had been cancelled by a sergeant and a warrant had been issued for Swift's arrest. The sergeant told Paavola that "Mr. Swift may not have done this crime but [the sergeant] was sure that he did some crime before and had gotten away with it." Based almost exclusively on the victim's questionable identification, Swift was charged with sexual assault and robbery.

    The Trial and Forensic Evidence
    Swift was tried before a jury in Detroit two months later. He was represented by a court-appointed attorney.

    The state's case focused on the victim's identification of Swift and presented an incomplete account of how the victim identified him. Most critically, during trial, the jury was led to believe that the victim was shown hundreds of photographs at the police station of men who fit her description of the perpetrator, that she selected only Walter Swift's photo out of that photo array, and that she later confirmed the selection in a live lineup. As a result of suppression by state witnesses, and defense counsel's failure to investigate, the jury never learned that the victim selected the photographs of seven other men as well and only identified Swift as the perpetrator after a highly tainted lineup.

    Strong biological evidence of Swift's innocence that existed before trial was also never presented to the jury. Prior to trial, defense counsel was provided with a report showing that Swift was a secretor (an individual whose blood group is evident from bodily fluids like semen and saliva) and that testing on semen stains from the robe and the sheet indicated that the semen stains may have been deposited by a non-secretor. Prosecutors called one of the two forensic analysts who conducted tests in the case. The analyst testified that semen was detected on the victim's robe and sheet, but that he did know whether the person who deposited the semen was a secretor. He said that the other analyst on the case had knowledge of this result. The defense did not cross-examine the analyst presented at trial, and waived the testimony of the other analyst entirely.

    Swift's attorney, however, was not solely responsible for the failure to provide the jury with complete information about the forensic analysis. A second version of the lab report, which included additional lab results, was withheld by the police and never released to the prosecution or defense. The updated report provided further evidence that the source of the semen was likely a non-secretor and therefore unlikely to have been Walter Swift.

    Swift's defense consisted mainly of an alibi. His girlfriend at the time testified that he was with her when the crime occurred. Swift's defense attorney, Lawrence R. Greene, failed to reveal serious flaws in the identification procedure, declined to cross-examine the forensic analyst who testified and did not call the other analyst as a witness. The attorney has been suspended from practicing law several times in the last decade based on misconduct and inadequate representation in other cases and his license was eventually revoked in Michigan.

    After a two-day trial, Swift was convicted. Before his sentencing, Officer Paavola visited the judge to explain that she thought he had been wrongfully convicted. Later the same week, Paavola was transferred from the Sex Crimes Unit to patrol duty. Swift was sentenced to 20 to 40 years in prison.

    Post-Conviction Appeals and Exoneration
    The Innocence Project accepted Swift's case in 1998 and began requesting searches for the biological evidence in the case. Although all evidence in the case had been lost or destroyed, the investigation began to uncover solid evidence of Swift's innocence. In addition to staff attorneys and clinic students at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, a student from Ireland named Niamh Gunn was assigned to work on the case in 2003, and she would play a significant role in Swift's exoneration.

    Gunn won a competition at her college in Ireland to work at the Innocence Project in the summer of 2003; she extended her stay as she became more involved in Swift's case and continued to work on his case for five years after returning to Ireland. In part because of her efforts, the police officer and lab analyst who worked on the case before Swift's trial supported his quest for exoneration.

    The cooperation that brought about Swift's exoneration was unprecedented. The prosecutor who originally convicted him and Janice Paavola, the former police officer who testified at his trial, filed affidavits in support of vacating his conviction. The Innocence Project presented all of the evidence it had developed in the case to Wayne County Prosecuting Attorney Kym Worthy, whose office investigated the case thoroughly. Worthy's office joined the Innocence Project on May 21, 2008, in asking a Michigan judge to vacate Swift's conviction and dismiss the indictment. He was freed that afternoon after 26 years in prison for a crime he didn't commit.

    http://www.innocenceproject.org/Content/Innocence_Project_MidAtlantic_Innocence_Project_and_Hogan_Lovells_US_
    LLP_Ask_Virginia_Appeals_Court_to_Exonerate_a_Richmond_
    Man_Who_Has_Served_Nearly_27_Years_for_Rapes_He_Didnt_Commit.php

    Innocence Project, Mid-Atlantic Innocence Project and Hogan Lovells US LLP Ask Virginia Appeals Court to Exonerate a Richmond Man Who Has Served Nearly 27 Years for Rapes He Didn’t Commit


    Attorney General and Richmond and Henrico Commonwealth Attorneys Support His Claim of Innocence

    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: February 3, 2011

    The Innocence Project, the Mid-Atlantic Innocence Project and Hogan Lovells US LLP is filing legal papers before the Virginia Court of Appeals today asking the court to exonerate a Richmond man who has been incarcerated nearly 27 years for three rapes that DNA and other evidence now show were committed by the notorious “Black Ninja” rapist.  After an extensive investigation that included DNA testing, an exhaustive review of the evidence and polygraph tests, Richmond Commonwealth’s Attorney Michael Herring and Henrico Commonwealth’s Attorney Wade Kizer are both calling for Mr. Haynesworth’s exoneration and return to freedom.  Virginia Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli has also announced that he is supporting the writ seeking a declaration of innocence.

    “This a tragic miscarriage of justice that occurred because law enforcement let the pressure of making an arrest in high profile crimes get in the way of finding the real perpetrator,” said Shawn Armbrust, director of the Mid-Atlantic Innocence Project.  “What’s particularly upsetting in this case is that after our client was arrested and behind bars, rapes matching the same MO continued, yet it didn’t occur to anyone that our client could have been innocent even though he insisted on his innocence throughout four trials.” 

    Peter Neufeld, Co-Director of the Innocence Project, which is affiliated with Cardozo School of Law, added, “Forty years of social science research—much of it available when these crimes occurred—has concluded that identifications are often unreliable, especially in cross racial crimes.  We hope this case will spur the legislature to demand that all departments across the state enact formal policies that are designed to prevent misidentification. ”

    Between January 3 and February 1, 1984, five white women were the victims of rapes or attempted rapes by a young black male in the East End of Richmond, a small area overlapping both the City of Richmond and Henrico County.  On February 5, 1984, Thomas Haynesworth, an 18-year-old Richmond resident with no prior record, was arrested after one of the victims identified him.  The other four victims later picked his photo out of a photo array. Haynesworth was eventually convicted for crimes that occurred on January 3, 30 and February 1, 1984 and sentenced to 36 years in prison.  He was acquitted of the crime that occurred on January 21, and the charges were dropped in a January 27 incident. 

    Rapes in the same general area continued throughout 1984 after Haynesworth was arrested, with more than 10 young white women being attacked by a young black male who began to refer to himself to his victims as the “Black Ninja.”  On December 19, police arrested Leon Davis, who was charged with about a dozen rapes that took place during the last nine months of 1984. Davis was eventually convicted of at least three of those crimes and sentenced to multiple life terms. 

    After five men were exonerated through DNA testing of biological evidence in the case files of the Department of Forensic Science, Gov. Mark Warner ordered a review of all the cases between 1973 and 1988 where there was evidence suitable for DNA testing.  As a result of this review, it was discovered that the semen recovered from the victim of Haynesworth’s January 3 rape conviction matched Davis, not Haynesworth. 

    At this point, the Innocence Project, the Mid-Atlantic Innocence Project and Hogan Lovells US LLP reached out to the Richmond and Henrico Commonwealth’s Attorneys to review Haynesworth’s other convictions. While there was no physical evidence for his two remaining convictions, DNA testing proved that Davis was the perpetrator in the case for which Haynesworth was acquitted.

    After additional review, the Richmond and Henrico Commonwealth’s Attorneys now agree that Haynesworth is also innocent of the other two crimes.  Haynesworth and Davis are similar in appearance – DNA evidence now proves that the victims in two of Haynesworth’s cases misidentified him as Davis.  However, Haynesworth is not quite 5’7” in height, while Davis is 5’10”.  The victims in the two cases without physical evidence described their attacker as 5’9” or 5’10”.  (Interestingly, after he was convicted, Haynesworth ran into Davis in the Richmond County Jail, and Davis asked him to appear at his trial in hopes of confusing the victim of his identity.  Haynesworth refused.)  Haynesworth also passed polygraph tests about both of the cases that were administered in the presence of the respective Commonwealth’s Attorneys.  Additionally, the MO (modus operandi) in all of the cases is strikingly similar, including:
    • Davis committed his crimes either in the early morning or early evening.

    • Davis would generally approach his victims casually on the street and then force them to a secluded area. 

    • All of Davis’ victims were white females between 15 and 30.  (According to U.S. Department of Justice data only 12% of forcible rapes are committed by perpetrators who rape women of other races. http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/ascii/SOO.TXT /)

    • Davis robbed each of his victims, usually before sexually assaulting them.

    • Davis typically engaged in the same sex acts with his victims.

    • Davis was unusually talkative during his attacks.

    • All of Davis’ attacks occurred in close proximity. The crimes that we now know he committed in the beginning of 1984 occurred within a five block radius of his then address on National Street in the East End of Richmond.  Most of his later attacks occurred further west in the Fan District and the Museum District, consistent with the fact that he married and moved to Parham Road in Henrico.  His wife worked at 2900 Kensington Avenue in Richmond, which is in the Fan District.  

    • Davis was armed during his attacks, usually with a knife. The attacker in the Henrico case used a gun but told his victim that he usually used a knife, and 36 hours later the attacker in the Richmond case matching the same description used a gun.
    In the papers that will be filed today, Haynesworth asks the court to grant him a Nonbiological Writ of Actual Innocence.  Even though his petition is supported by the Attorney General and both Commonwealth’s Attorneys now believe he is innocent, Haynesworth will likely remain incarcerated while the court decides the case.  There are no mandatory deadlines for the court to reach a decision.  

    Misidentification is the cause of 75% of the wrongful convictions that have been overturned because of DNA testing.  In 2005, the Virginia legislature passed a law requiring that each law enforcement agency in the state adopt written eyewitness identification policies, but the Virginia State Crime Commission found that, as of November 2010, at least 25% of the 134 departments across the state still did not have written identification policies and many of the departments with policies use procedures that fall short of best practices. While the Virginia State Crime Commission has vowed to continue seeking improvements, this case demonstrates why the legislature should act now to implement uniform, best practices across the state. Identification procedures that eliminate suggestion by requiring that the identification procedure be administered by an officer not assigned to the case, telling the witness that the perpetrator may not be in the lineup or photo array and asking the witness their level of confidence in the identification have proven effective in reducing wrongful convictions.  Additional information about misidentification is available at www. http://www.innocenceproject.org/fix/Eyewitness-Identification.php.

    “After five years of delay, it’s clear we need the legislature to step up and demand action.  Mistaken identifications don’t just hurt the people who are wrongly identified.  They hurt all of us because the real perpetrator goes uncaught,” said Olga Akselrod, a staff attorney with the Innocence Project.  

    Haynesworth would be the fourth person to be exonerated from the state’s review of 210 cases that occurred between 1973 and 1988 where there was sufficient evidence to conduct DNA testing.  (There is also an exoneration pending for a Newport News man before the Virginia Supreme Court.)  Funding for the review is being paid for largely through money from the federal government. 

    Download a copy of the writ filed today.

    Review a timeline of the case

    The legal team includes Hogan Lovells US LLP partner Ellen Kennedy and associates Thomas Widor and Aaron George.



    CONTACTS:  Paul Cates,pcates@innocenceproject.org
    Alana Salzberg, asalzberg@innocenceproject.org

    (Photo: Jay Paul)

    About “Conviction” The Movie

    “Conviction,” an inspiring new film about a woman’s two-decade fight to overturn her brother’s wrongful conviction, opened in select theaters October 15, 2010 and will expand to screens around the world through the month of October.

    Learn more about the true story behind the movie here.

    The film, directed by Tony Goldwyn and written by Pamela Gray, was eight years in the making. Watch an interview with Goldwyn below, see media coverage of the film, read reviews or visit imdb and Fox Searchlight for more on the making of the film.
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