Did You Know

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• I was just mindfucked

  Gunzaugin 2 days ago

• Holy Smokes!...amazing stats!

  gaiagale 2 days ago

• @DrVitoti It's not 10%, but 70~80%, I believe.

  havocking6 1 week ago

• @hopaloop :DD

  AnnaLang17 3 weeks ago

• @AnnaLang17 you must live in CERN. around my way natural selection has allowed it frequently. Half the town have the mental ability that isn't much more advanced than that of a donkey.

  hopaloop 3 weeks ago

• @hopaloop Its not necessary to ask a neurobiologist, using only 10% of our brain wouldn't make any sense from an evolutionary point of view, natural selection won't allow it.

  AnnaLang17 3 weeks ago

• Does it scare anyone else that a supercomputer that will exceed the computational capabilities of the human brain is going to be made by 2013?

  Pngcavygirl 3 weeks ago

• Wow, that's crazy and kind of scary!

  Pngcavygirl 3 weeks ago

• It means that it sucks to be American :(

  thebigbluedino 3 weeks ago

• Dude, I was totally mind fucked in this video. I had to pause it a couple times just to be sure i got the whole thing.

  Kayleneciara 1 month ago in playlist Powerful Stuff

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Jordan Maxwell - You are property of the Rothschild family

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 Ancient America  (1000 B.C. - A.D. 1500)

	Ancient America was a very different, undisturbed place before the time of the "Contact", when the European explorers came to the New World. Cut off from a retreat to their Asian homeland by the whims of the land bridge and the ice barriers, the pioneers moved deeper and deeper into their new continent. The Native Americans moved around North America as the food supply shifted from one area to another. This geographic redistribution resulted in large part from the comings and goings of the glaciers. When the glaciers expanded, flora, fauna and people were forced southward. As the glaciers retreated and melted, they watered large areas that are now arid (e.g. the Great Basin - today’s Nevada, Utah, Colorado area). These lands supported much vegetation, many animals, and presumably people. Aridity set in when the glaciers had run their course and no longer were furnishing meltwater. As the food trail dried, people probably left these areas. Population growth over the many millennia was slow, however in the American land of plenty they not only survived but flourished. As generation followed generation, they spread from the Central Plains to present-day California and to the forests of the Atlantic Coast. They trekked through Mexico and Central American jungles and reached the southernmost tip of South America, Tierra del Fuego. Above all, they learned to adapt to the many new environments the New World held for them.
	North America Before the European explorers arrived, the descendants of the prehistoric pioneers and later migrants - the Native Americans - had formed a wide variety of tribes in North America. Clearly, they were all related. But some of them were simple nomads, roaming the dry plateaus and deserts of the West, while others were forest dwellers who sustained themselves as hunters and fishermen. In the Southwest lived the farming people of the Pueblo country, inhabiting substantial cities of stone or adobe (clay). In the Four-Corners area of the present Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico states was the heartland of the Anasazi people - the "ancient ones". Their culture began taking on its distinct characteristics about 100 B.C., but it became by the time of its climax the most extensive and influential by far in the Southwest. Along the Mississippi were the villages of the Mound People who built giant earthworks atop which they worshipped their gods. By this time the Native Americans spoke many different languages, some as different from each other as Italian from English. More than 200 languages and dialects developed. There were great variations in customs and traditions from place to place and tribe to tribe.
	Mesoamerica The first major civilization of Mesoamerica (what stretched from Mexico’s central plateau south to Costa Rica) was that of the Olmecs, the enigmatic people who inhabited the jungles along Mexico’s Gulf Coast as long ago as 1200 B.C. Their rulers built impressive temples and spread their influence throughout Middle America, among them to the Maya, Toltec, Aztec, as well as other peoples far to north and south. Agriculture, as part of the milestones of cultural improvements, was invented in Mesoamerica circa 7000 B.C. to 1500 B.C. and began to spread northward. To aid in the process of human geographic distribution, agriculture arrived to North America from Mesoamerica and possibly also the Caribbean between 1000 and 2000 years ago. Areas suitable for agriculture were suitable for humans. Mesoamerica, along with the Andes region of South America, where agriculture also developed, is therefore sometimes referred to as "Nuclear America".
	South America Native Americans spread out quickly in South America. They inhabited the hot and humid jungles just like the cold Andes high above the sea level, and adopted their lifestyle perfectly to the given climate and circumstances. The most spectacular culture of the area was the Inca.

The first signs of complex society in Mesoamerica were the Olmecs an ancient Pre-Columbian civilization living in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico, in what are roughly the modern-day states of Veracruz and Tabasco. The area is about 125 miles long and 50 miles wide (200 by 80 km), with the Coatzalcoalcos River system running through the middle. These sites include San Lorenzo Tenochtitl�n, Laguna de los Cerros, Tres Zapotes, and La Venta, one of the greatest of the Olmec sites. La Venta is dated to between 1200 BCE through 400 BCE which places the major development of the city in the Middle Formative Period. Located on an island in a coastal swamp overlooking the then-active R�o Palma river, the city of La Venta probably controlled a region between the Mezcalapa and Coatzacoalcos rivers.

The Olmec domain extended from the Tuxtlas mountains in the west to the lowlands of the Chontalpa in the east, a region with significant variations in geology and ecology. Over 170 Olmec monuments have been found within the area, and eighty percent of those occur at the three largest Olmec centers, La Venta, Tabasco (38%), San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, Veracruz (30%), and Laguna de los Cerros, Veracruz (12%).

Those three major Olmec centers are spaced from east to west across the domain so that each center could exploit, control, and provide a distinct set of natural resources valuable to the overall Olmec economy. La Venta, the eastern center, is near the rich estuaries of the coast, and also could have provided cacao, rubber, and salt. San Lorenzo, at the center of the Olmec domain, controlled the vast flood plain area of Coatzacoalcos basin and riverline trade routes.

Laguna de los Cerros, adjacent to the Tuxtlas mountains, is positioned near important sources of basalt, a stone needed to manufacture manos, metates, and monuments. Perhaps marriage alliances between Olmec centers helped maintain such an exchange network.

The Olmec heartland is an archaeological term used to describe an area in the Gulf lowlands that is generally considered the birthplace of the Olmec culture. This area is characterized by swampy lowlands punctuated by low hills, ridges, and volcanoes. The Tuxtlas Mountains rise sharply in the north, along the Gulf of Mexico's Bay of Campeche. Here the Olmecs constructed permanent city-temple complexes at San Lorenzo Tenochtitl�n, La Venta, Tres Zapotes, and Laguna de los Cerros. In this region, the first Mesoamerican civilization would emerge and reign from 1400-400 BCE.

The Olmec flourished during Mesoamerica's Formative period, dating roughly from 1400 BCE to about 400 BCE. As the first Mesoamerican civilization, they laid much of the foundation for the civilizations that would follow. Their influence went beyond the heartland - from Chalcatzingo, far to the west in the highlands of Mexico, to Izapa, on the Pacific coast near what is now Guatemala, Olmec goods have been found throughout Mesoamerica during this period.

What we today call Olmec first appears within the city of San Lorenzo Tenochtitl�n, where distinctive Olmec features appear around 1400 BCE. The rise of civilization here was assisted by the local ecology of well-watered alluvial soil, as well as by the transportation network that the Coatzacoalcos river basin provided.

This environment may be compared to that of other ancient centers of civilization: the Nile, Indus, and Yellow River valleys, and Mesopotamia. This highly productive environment encouraged a dense concentrated population which in turn triggered the rise of an elite class.

It was this elite class that provided the social basis for the production of the symbolic and sophisticated luxury artifacts that define Olmec culture. Many of these luxury artifacts, such as jade, obsidian and magnetite, came from distant locations and suggest that early Olmec elites had access to an extensive trading network in Mesoamerica. The source of the most valued jade, for example, is found in the Motagua River valley in eastern Guatemala, and Olmec obsidian has been traced to sources in the Guatemala highlands, such as El Chayal and San Mart�n Jilotepeque, or in Puebla, distances ranging from 200 to 400 km away (120 - 250 miles away) respectively.

The first Olmec center, San Lorenzo, was all but abandoned around 900 BCE at about the same time that La Venta rose to prominence. A wholesale destruction of many San Lorenzo monuments also occurred circa 950 BCE, which may point to an internal uprising or, less likely, an invasion. The latest thinking, however, is that environmental changes may have been responsible for this shift in Olmec centers, with certain important rivers changing course.

Following the decline of San Lorenzo, La Venta became the most prominent Olmec center, lasting from 900 BCE until its abandonment around 400 BCE. La Venta sustained the Olmec cultural traditions, but with spectacular displays of power and wealth. The Great Pyramid was the largest Mesoamerican structure of its time. Even today, after 2500 years of erosion, it rises 34 meters above the naturally flat landscape. Buried deep within La Venta, lay opulent, labor-intensive "Offerings": 1000 tons of smooth serpentine blocks, large mosaic pavements, and at least 48 separate deposits of polished jade celts, pottery, figurines, and hematite mirrors.

It is not known with any clarity what caused the eventual extinction of the Olmec culture. It is known that between 400 and 350 BCE, population in the eastern half of the Olmec heartland dropped precipitously, and the area would remain sparsely inhabited until the 19th century.

This depopulation was likely the result of "very serious environmental changes that rendered the region unsuited for large groups of farmers", in particular changes to the riverine environment that the Olmec depended upon for agriculture, for hunting and gathering, and for transportation. Archaeologists propose that these changes were triggered by tectonic upheavals or subsidence, or the silting up of rivers due to agricultural practices.

One theory for the considerable population drop during the Terminal Formative period is suggested by Santley and colleagues (Santley et al. 1997) and proposes shifts in settlement location [relocation] due to volcanism instead of extinction. Volcanic eruptions during the Early, Late and Terminal Formative periods would have blanketed the lands and forced the Olmecs to move their settlements.

Whatever the cause, within a few hundred years of the abandonment of the last Olmec cities, successor cultures had become firmly established. The Tres Zapotes site, on the western edge of the Olmec heartland, continued to be occupied well past 400 BCE, but without the hallmarks of the Olmec culture. This post-Olmec culture, often labeled Epi-Olmec, has features similar to those found at Izapa, some 330 miles (550 km) to the southeast.

Olmec artforms emphasize both monumental statuary and small jade carvings and jewelry. Much Olmec art is highly stylized and uses an iconography reflective of the religious meaning of the artworks. Some Olmec art, however, is surprisingly naturalistic, displaying an accuracy of depiction of human anatomy perhaps equaled in the Pre-Columbian New World only by the best Maya Classic era art.

Common motifs include downturned mouths and slit-like slanting eyes, both of which can be seen in most representations of "were-jaguars" or jaquar gods. The were-jaguar motif is characterized by almond-shaped eyes, a downturned open mouth, and a cleft head. The were-jaguar supernatural incorporates the were-jaguar motif as well as other features, although various academics define the were-jaguar supernatural differently.

The most well-known aspect of shamanism in Mesoamerican religion, and in the whole of Native American shamanism, is the ability to assume the powers of animals associated with the shaman. Such animals are called nahuales, and in Olmec art the most common of these is the jaguar. In a sense, the optimal spirit would have the spirituality and intellect of man and the ferocity and strength of the jaguar, these are all combined in the shaman and his jaguar nahuale. The Jaguar Child may exemplify this combination. This is a very common representation in Olmec art, and it often includes the slitted eyes and curved mouth pronounced in this close-up.

Olmec holds a half human-half jaguar baby.

Jade figure holding jaguar baby 1150-500 BC

The Olmec culture was first defined as an art style, and this continues to be the hallmark of the culture. Wrought in a large number of mediums � jade, clay, basalt, and greenstone among others � much Olmec art, such as the Wrestler, is surprisingly naturalistic.

Other art, however, reveals fantastic anthropomorphic creatures, often highly stylized, using an iconography reflective of a religious meaning. Common motifs include downturned mouths and a cleft head, both of which are seen in representations of were-jaguars.

In addition to human subjects, Olmec artisans were adept at animal portrayals, for example, the ceramic ancient Olmec "Bird Vessel", and "Fish Vessel" dating to circa 1000 BC. Ceramics are produced in kilns capable of exceeding approximately 900� C. The only other prehistoric culture known to have achieved such high temperatures is that of Ancient Egypt.   Bird Headed Beings.

Another type of artifact is much smaller; hardstone carvings in jade of a face in a mask form. Curators and scholars refer to "Olmec-style" face masks as despite being Olmec in style, to date no example has been recovered in a archaeologically controlled Olmec context. However they have been recovered from sites of other cultures, including one deliberately deposited in the ceremonial precinct of Tenochtitlan (Mexico City), which would presumably have been about 2,000 years old when the Aztecs buried it, suggesting these were valued and collected as Roman antiquities were in Europe.

Another Olmec Mask

The small figures in this scene have been restored to the original
positions they had been found in at La Venta, Tabasco.

There is no definite answer for what this scene is enacting.

The men have elongated skulls, the result of
cranial deformation begun at an early age.

A rare depiction of a female in Olmec art, this seated figure is also unusual for her hematite mirror ornament. Her seated pose and mirror, an emblem of political and religious authority, convey her elite status. Mirrors functioned as divination tools, providing symbolic access to other realms.

This article on the Olmec figurine describes a number of archetypical figurines produced by the Formative Period inhabitants of Mesoamerica. While many of these figurines may or may not have been produced directly by the people of the Olmec heartland, they bear the hallmarks and motifs of Olmec culture.

These figurines are usually found in household refuse, in ancient construction fill, and (outside the Olmec heartland) in graves, although many Olmec-style figurines, particularly those labelled as Las Bocas- or Xochipala-style, were recovered by looters and are therefore without provenance.

The vast majority of figurines are simple in design, often nude or with a minimum of clothing, and made of local terracotta. Most of these recoveries are mere fragments: a head, arm, torso, or a leg. It is thought, based on wooden busts recovered from the water-logged El Manati site, that figurines were also carved from wood, but, if so, none have survived.

More durable and better known by the general public are those figurines carved, usually with a degree of skill, from jade, serpentine, greenstone, basalt, and other minerals and stones.

In March 2005, a team of archaeologists used NAA (neutron activation analysis) to compare over 1000 ancient Mesoamerican Olmec-style ceramic artifacts with 275 samples of clay so as to "fingerprint" pottery origination. They found that "the Olmec packaged and exported their beliefs throughout the region in the form of specialized ceramic designs and forms, which quickly became hallmarks of elite status in various regions of ancient Mexico.

In August 2005 another study, this time using petrography, found that the "exchanges of vessels between highland and lowland chiefly centers were reciprocal, or two way." Five of the samples dug up in San Lorenzo were "unambiguously" from Oaxaca. According to one of the archaeologists conducting the study, this "contradicts recent claims that the Gulf Coast was the sole source of pottery" in Mesoamerica.

The results of the INAA study were later defended in March 2006 in two articles in Latin American Antiquity. Because the INAA sample is much larger than the petrographic sample (a total of over 1600 analyses of raw materials and clays vs. approximately 20 pottery thin sections in the petrographic study), the authors of the Latin American Antiquity papers argue that the petrographic study cannot possibly overturn the INAA study.

While Olmec figurines are found abundantly in sites throughout the Formative Period, it is the stone monuments such as the colossal heads that are the most recognizable feature of Olmec culture. These monuments can be divided into four classes:

• Colossal heads
• Rectangular "altars" (more likely thrones)
• Free-standing in-the-round sculpture, such as the twins from El Azuzul or San Martin Pajapan Monument 1.
• Stelae, such as La Venta Monument 19 above. The stelae form was generally introduced later than the colossal heads, altars, or free-standing sculptures. Over time stelae moved from simple representation of figures, such as Monument 19 or La Venta Stela 1, toward representations of historical events, particularly acts legitimizing rulers. This trend would culminate in post-Olmec monuments such as La Mojarra Stela 1, which combines images of rulers with script and calendar dates.

The most recognized aspect of the Olmec civilization are the enormous helmeted heads. As no known pre-Columbian text explains them, these impressive monuments have been the subject of much speculation. Once theorized to be ballplayers, it is now generally accepted that these heads are portraits of rulers, perhaps dressed as ballplayers. Infused with individuality, no two heads are alike and the helmet-like headdresses are adorned with distinctive elements, suggesting to some personal or group symbols.

In 1939 a carving was discovered near the gigantic head with a characteristic Olmec design on one side and a date symbol on the other. This revealed a shocking truth: the Olmecs had a far greater right to be considered the mother culture. Hundreds of years earlier than anyone had imagined, simple villages had given way to a complex society governed by kings and priests, with impressive ceremonial centers and artworks. Today many find the term "mother culture" misleading, but clearly the Olmecs came first.

Other megalithic heads were discovered in the intervening years, all with African facial features. This is not necessarily to suggest that the founders or leaders of Olmec civilization came directly from Africa, since many original populations of countries like Cambodia and the Philippines have similar characteristics. These might have been brought along when the first humans entered the Americas from Asia.

Many Olmec heads had the symbol of the jaguar in different headpieces. The jaguar is a potent symbol that represents the Mesoamerican cultures. The olmec used the shaman during a sacred ritual to transform into a jaguar. They believe that the jaguar was the living and the dead. Also they thought the olmec clearly imaged that their shamans transformed on ritual occasions into a perfect structure that was very important to them. They thought that was important for the gods, ritual, and myths.

Site	Count	Designations
San Lorenzo	10	Colossal Heads 1 through 10
La Venta	4	Monuments 1 through 4
Tres Zapotes	2	Monuments A & Q
Rancho la Cobata	1	Monument 1

The heads range in size from the Rancho La Cobata head, at 3.4 m high, to the pair at Tres Zapotes, at 1.47 m. It has been calculated that the largest heads weigh between 25 and 55 short tons (50 t).

The heads were carved from single blocks or boulders of volcanic basalt, found in the Tuxtlas Mountains. The Tres Zapotes heads, for example, were sculpted from basalt found at the summit of Cerro el Vig�a, at the western end of the Tuxtlas. The San Lorenzo and La Venta heads, on the other hand, were likely carved from the basalt of Cerro Cintepec, on the southeastern side, perhaps at the nearby Llano del Jicaro workshop, and dragged or floated to their final destination dozens of miles away. It has been estimated that moving a colossal head required the efforts of 1,500 people for three to four months.

Some of the heads, and many other monuments, have been variously mutilated, buried and disinterred, reset in new locations and/or reburied. It is known that some monuments, and at least two heads, were recycled or recarved, but it is not known whether this was simply due to the scarcity of stone or whether these actions had ritual or other connotations. It is also suspected that some mutilation had significance beyond mere destruction, but some scholars still do not rule out internal conflicts or, less likely, invasion as a factor.

Almost all of these colossal heads bear the same features, flattened nose, wide lips, and capping headpiece, possible features of the Olmec warrior-kings. These characteristics have caused some debate due to their apparent resemblance to African facial characteristics. Based on this comparison, some have insisted that the Olmecs were Africans who had emigrated to the New World. However, claims of pre-Columbian contacts with Africa are rejected by the vast majority of archeologists and other Mesoamerican scholars.

Explanations for the facial features of the colossal heads include the possibility that the heads were carved in this manner due to the shallow space allowed on the basalt boulders. Others note that in addition to the broad noses and thick lips, the heads have the Asian eye-fold, and that all these characteristics can still be found in modern Mesoamerican Indians. To support this, in the 1940s artist/art historian Miguel Covarrubias published a series of photos of Olmec artworks and of the faces of modern Mexican Indians with very similar facial characteristics. In addition, the African origin hypothesis assumes that Olmec carving was intended to be realistic, an assumption that is hard to justify given the full corpus of representation in Olmec carving.

"The Grandmother", Monument 5 at La Venta

Monument 1, one of the four Olmec colossal heads at
Museo de Antropolog�a de Xalapa in Xalapa, Veracruz.

This head dates from 1200 to 900 BCE
and is 2.9 meters high and 2.1 meters wide.

Monuments were also an important characteristic of Olmec centers. Today they provide us with some idea of the nature of Olmec ideology. The colossal heads are commanding portraits of individual Olmec rulers, and the large symbol displayed on the 'helmet' of each colossal head appears to be an identification motif for that person. Colossal heads glorified the rulers while they were alive, and commemorated them as revered ancestors after their death.

Altar at La Venta

Altar 5, La Venta. The inert were-jaguar baby held by the central figure is seen by some as an indication of child sacrifice.

In contrast, its sides show bas-reliefs of humans holding quite lively were-jaguar babies.

Altars were actually the thrones of Olmec rulers. The carving on the front of the throne shows the identified ruler sitting in a niche that symbolizes a cave entrance to the supernatural powers of the underworld. That scene communicated to the people their ruler's association with cosmological power

In addition to their influence with contemporaneous Mesoamerican cultures, as the first civilization in Mesoamerica, the Olmecs are credited, or speculatively credited, with many "firsts", including the bloodletting and perhaps human sacrifice, writing and epigraphy, and the invention of zero and the Mesoamerican calendar, and the Mesoamerican ballgame, as well as perhaps the compass. Some researchers, including artist and art historian Miguel Covarrubias, even postulate that the Olmecs formulated the forerunners of many of the later Mesoamerican deities.

Although there is no explicit representation of Olmec bloodletting in the archaeological record, there is nonetheless a strong case that the Olmecs ritually practiced it. Numerous natural and ceramic stingray spikes and maguey thorns, for example, have been found at Olmec sites, and certain artifacts have been identified as bloodletters.

The argument that the Olmecs instituted human sacrifice is significantly more speculative. No Olmec or Olmec-influenced sacrificial artifacts have yet been discovered and there is no Olmec or Olmec-influenced artwork that unambiguously shows sacrificial victims (similar, for example, to the danzante figures of Monte Alb�n) or scenes of human sacrifice (such as can be seen in the famous ballcourt mural from El Tajin).

However, at the El Manat� site, disarticulated skulls and femurs as well as complete skeletons of newborn or unborn children have been discovered amidst the other offerings, leading to speculation concerning infant sacrifice. It is not yet known, though, how the infants met their deaths. Some authors have also associated infant sacrifice with Olmec ritual art showing limp were-jaguar babies, most famously in La Venta's Altar 5 (to the left) or Las Limas figure. Any definitive answer will need to await further findings.

Monument 19, from La Venta, the earliest known representation of

a feathered serpent in Mesoamerica.

It was formerly thought that the Olmec worshiped only one god, a rain deity depicted as a 'were-jaguar', but study has shown that there were at least 10 distinct gods represented in Olmec art. Present were several important deities of the later, established Meso-American pantheon, such as the fire god, rain god, corn/maize god, and the Feathered Serpent.

Olmec religious activities were performed by a combination of rulers, full-time priests, and shamans. The rulers seem to have been the most important religious figures, with their links to the Olmec deities or supernaturals providing legitimacy for their rule. There is also considerable evidence for shamans in the Olmec archaeological record, particularly in the so-called "transformation figures".

Olmec mythology has left no documents comparable to the Popul Vuh from Maya mythology, and therefore any exposition of Olmec mythology must rely on interpretations of surviving monumental and portable art and comparisons with other Mesoamerican mythologies. Olmec art shows that such deities as the Feathered Serpent and a rain supernatural were already in the Mesoamerican pantheon in Olmec times.

The feathered serpent can be found throughout Mesoamerican Mythology - also known as Quetzalcoatl, Kukulcan, Viracocha, among other gods played by the same soul in various guises. Pyramids of Mesoamerica

Divinely sanctioned authority derived from the intimate relationship between maize agriculture and the rituals performed to ensure its abundance. The earliest kings were portrayed wearing the regalia of the Maize God, embodying sacred power that guaranteed abundant crops. This richly dressed figure of an Olmec lord is one of the earliest such portrayals. Above his headband he wears the cleft mask of the Olmec Maize God.

The Man of Crops is a fertility figure in Mesoamerican mythology. Among the Olmec, gods are often depicted with a distinct cleft on the forehead, perhaps identifying this characteristic as divine. A carved celt from Veracruz shows a representation of God II, or the Maize God, growing corn from his cleft, and also shows this god with the snarling face associated with the jaguar (Coe 1972:3). He was a human man or boy who chose to give his life so that his people might grow food. The heroic Man of Crops is sometimes mentored or assisted by a god figure from the other world.

This king is dressed as the Maize God. He is seated cross-legged, in a rulership pose that goes back to the Olmec, and the foliated sign around his mouth may designate him as a lord or ruler. He holds an open bundle in his hands.

This incised maskette reveals an Olmec-style face covered with scrolled patterns on the cheek and a maize icon in the center of the forehead. Maize was a potent symbol of wealth for the Olmec.

Jaquar God of the Underworld

Some people believe that the principal deity was fundamentally an Earth god, though his power was not limited to terrestrial matters, and took the form of a jaguar. This God could have a water-earth persona. As a jaguar encompassing the forces of life or at least a dominance in its two strongest categories (with regards to Olmec life), water and earth. This deity supposedly had dominance over all things terrestrial and celestial. This God may have been half-jaguar, half-serpent, "were-jaguars". The jaguar represents the Earth Mother with the serpent representing the water, thus combining to represent life.

The Olmec image of the rain spirit appears frequently in the mythology of succeeding cultures. Invariably the rain spirit is male, though he may have a wife who shares authority over the waters. Often he is perceived as a child or a young man, sometimes as a dwarf. He may also be portrayed as a powerful rain god, with many helpers.

In Aztec and Maya traditions, the rain lord is a master spirit, attended by several helpers. His name in the Aztec language is Tlaloc, and his helpers are "tlaloque." The Maya of the Yucatan recognize Chaac and the "chacs." In the Guatemalan area, these spirits are often associated with gods of thunder and lightning as well as with rain. The rain spirits are known as Mam and the "mams" among the Mopan of Belize. In some traditions, as with the Pipil of El Salvador, the figure of the master is missing, and the myths focus on "rain children," or "rain boys." Modern Nahua consider these numerous spirits to be dwarfs, or "little people." In the state of Chiapas, the Zoque people report that the rain spirits are very old but look like boys.

The Olmecs are believed to be one of the first tribes to engage in Shamanistic rituals. The Olmec Tribe believed that the Jaquar was a rain deity and fertility diety. The Jaquar was chosen because the Olmecs believed it was the most powerful and feared animal. They also believed that the Jaquar was an Avatar of the living and the dead. The men would sacrifice blood to the jaguar, wear masks, dance, and crack whips to imitate the sound of thunder. This ritual was done in May. The Olmec also made offerings of jade figures to the jaguar. The Olmecs made numerous statues representing "Were, Jaquar " men. These men are normally shown with grimacing Jaquar facial features with Human bodies. They are believed to be men , of the Olmec tribe, that are transforming into the Jaquar. One of these transforming Shamans can be seen in the statue "Crouching figure of a Man-Jaquar".

It is an almost black, little figurine of a man rising from one knee in the ecstasy of transformation. The transformation figure shows the human and feline characteristics brilliantly fused together. The head and ears remain human , but the crown of it�s head is smooth , as if shaved. The features of it's face seem to flow into each other and the eye sockets are wide and deeply bored. Extended by incised lines above the eyes, the carved eyebrows are similar to flame eyebrows and signify the shedding of skin.

In the figurine the 'Standing figure of a Were-Jaquar' another Shaman is seen in the transformation process . This figure stands with one leg forward to counterbalance the slight torsion of the body. The arms are extended and each hand is balled into a fist, similar to a boxing stance. This Figure has almost the exact same features as the 'Crouching Figure' that represent the ecstasy of the transformation. Its hands and feet are oversized to anticipate the paws of the Jaquar.

In both figures the tortured facial features are intended to convey, not ferocity and aggressiveness, but emotional stress beyond endurance. It is precisely the sort of physically and mentally exhausting crisis, the crossing of the threshold between two worlds, to kinds of reality, if you will, that is part and practice of ecstatic Shamanism everywhere. The crossing over and transformation into the most powerful predator of the rain forest and the Savannah.

The Transformation was brought on by a series of activities which could incorporate singing or chanting to the Jaguar deity. The Shaman would dance around and chant a mantra to spirit world and would also use the rhythm of a beating. It is also believed that the Olmec would also ingest a 'mind altering' drug which would intoxicate the Shaman and make him dizzy Tobacco powder , which was also used to achieve the transformation could be inhaled directly through the nose or ground up with lime to make a chewing wad. The evidence to support this can be seen in the Hollow Figure in this statue a man is seen using a snuffing pipe made from small gourds.

The "were-jaguar " Shamans were also associated and depicted in acrobatic poses, this represents the agility of the feline. Shamans were believed to have the ability to flip backwards and transform before they had landed. There have been a number a figures found , that incorporate acrobatic poses. In the statues 'Figure with feet on head' and "vessel in the form of a contortionist". Shamans are shown in complex and complicated poses. The Shamans seems to very comfortable and achieve each pose with ease.

Olmec Glyph 900-500 BC: Dallas Museum

About 3,000 years ago, elders and leaders in farming communities of Mesoamerica established a shared vision of their world. These sages of Olmec civilization etched their creed on polished stone artifacts and then rubbed red paint into the patterns. This is a code that could be read by any sage who knew the religion. This plaque reords the story of creation. It shows the World Tree sprouting out of Creation Mountain at the Three-Stone-Place the center of the night sky, the renewed sky, the mountian and the renewed earth, and the Three-Stone-Place the hearth, the place of First Father's rebirth as Maize.

Stela from Izapa, the Olmec recognized the Tree of Life.

It confirms the tradition recorded by:

• Friar Diego de Landa that the Olmec people made twelve migrations to the New World.
• Famous Mayan historian Ixtlixochitl, that the Olmec came to Mexico in "ships of barks " and landed at Pontochan, which they commenced to populate

Another Version of the Tree of Life

The Eye of Creation and the Snake or Human DNA

The Olmec may have been the first civilization in the Western Hemisphere to develop a writing system. Symbols found in 2002 and 2006 date to 650 BCE and 900 BCE respectively, preceding the oldest Zapotec writing dated to about 500 BCE.

The 2002 find at the San Andr�s site shows a bird, speech scrolls, and glyphs that are similar to the later Mayan hieroglyphs. Known as the Cascajal Block, the 2006 find from a site near San Lorenzo, shows a set of 62 symbols, 28 of which are unique, carved on a serpentine block. A large number of prominent archaeologists have hailed this find as the "earliest pre-Columbian writing". Others are skeptical because of the stone's singularity, the fact that it had been removed from any archaeological context, and because it bears no apparent resemblance to any other Mesoamerican writing system.

There are also well-documented later hieroglyphs known as "Epi-Olmec," and while there are some who believe that Epi-Olmec may represent a transitional script between an earlier Olmec writing system and Mayan writing, the matter remains unsettled.

This is the second oldest Long Count date yet discovered. The numerals 7.16.6.16.18 translate to September 3, 32 BCE (Julian). The glyphs surrounding the date are one of the few surviving examples of Epi-Olmec script. This is one of the earliest uses of the zero concept in history.

The Long Count calendar used by many subsequent Mesoamerican civilizations, as well as the concept of zero, may have been devised by the Olmecs. Because the six artifacts with the earliest Long Count calendar dates were all discovered outside the immediate Maya homeland, it is likely that this calendar predated the Maya and was possibly the invention of the Olmecs. Three of these six artifacts were found within the Olmec heartland. But an argument against an Olmec origin is the fact that the Olmec civilization had ended by the 4th century BCE, several centuries before the earliest known Long Count date artifact.

The Epi-Olmec who unhabited the same land, and were probably descended at least in part from the Olmec, seem to have been the earliest users of the 'bar and dot' system of recording time.

Detail of Long Count Date

The low relief on this stone shows the detail from a four-digit numerical recording, read as 15.6.16.18. The vigesimal (or base-20) counting system has been used across Mesoamerica. A value of 5 is represented by a bar, and a value of 1 is represented by a dot, such that the three bars and single dot here stands for 16. The Maya would later adopt this counting system for their Long Count calendar.

The Olmec, whose name means "rubber people" in the Nahuatl language of the Aztecs, are strong candidates for originating the Mesoamerican ballgame so prevalent among later cultures of the region and used for recreational and religious purposes. A dozen rubber balls dating to 1600 BCE or earlier have been found in El Manat�, an Olmec sacrificial bog 10 kilometres east of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan. These balls predate the earliest ballcourt yet discovered at Paso de la Amada, circa 1400 BCE, although there is no certainty that they were used in the ballgame.

While the actual ethno-linguistic affiliation of the Olmec remain unknown, various hypotheses have been put forward. For example, in 1968 Michael D. Coe speculated that the Olmec were Mayan predecessors.

In 1976 linguists Lyle Campbell and Terrence Kaufman published a paper in which they argued a core number of loanwords had apparently spread from a Mixe-Zoquean language into many other Mesoamerican languages.

Campbell and Kaufman proposed that the presence of these core loanwords indicated that the Olmec generally regarded as the first "highly civilized" Mesoamerican society - spoke a language ancestral to Mixe-Zoquean. The spread of this vocabulary particular to their culture accompanied the diffusion of other Olmec cultural and artistic traits that appears in the archaeological record of other Mesoamerican societies.

Mixe-Zoque specialist S�ren Wichmann first critiqued this theory on the basis that most of the Mixe-Zoquean loans seemed to originate from the Zoquean branch of the family only. This implied the loanword transmission occurred in the period after the two branches of the language family split, placing the time of the borrowings outside of the Olmec period. However new evidence has pushed back the proposed date for the split of Mixean and Zoquean languages to a period within the Olmec era.

Based on this dating, the architectural and archaeological patterns and the particulars of the vocabulary loaned to other Mesoamerican languages from Mixe-Zoquean, Wichmann now suggests that the Olmecs of San Lorenzo spoke proto-Mixe and the Olmecs of La Venta spoke proto-Zoque.

At least the fact that the Mixe-Zoquean languages still are, and are historically known to have been, spoken in an area corresponding roughly to the Olmec heartland, leads most scholars to assume that the Olmec spoke one or more Mixe-Zoquean languages.

Little is directly known about the societal or political structure of Olmec society. Although it is assumed by most researchers that the colossal heads and several other sculptures represent rulers, nothing has been found like the Maya stelae which name specific rulers and provide the dates of their rule.

Instead, archaeologists relied on the data that they had, such as large- and small-scale site surveys. These provided evidence of considerable centralization within the Olmec region, first at San Lorenzo and then at La Venta � no other Olmec sites come close to these in terms of area or in the quantity and quality of architecture and sculpture.

This evidence of geographic and demographic centralization leads archaeologists to propose that Olmec society itself was hierarchial, concentrated first at San Lorenzo and then at La Venta, with an elite that was able to use their control over materials such as water and monumental stone to exert command and legitimize their regime.

Nonetheless, Olmec society is thought to lack many of the institutions of later civilizations, such as a standing army or priestly caste. And there is no evidence that San Lorenzo or La Venta controlled, even during their heyday, all of the Olmec heartland. There is some doubt, for example, that La Venta controlled even Arroyo Sonso, only some 35 km away. Studies of the Tuxtla Mountain settlements, some 60 km away, indicate that this area was composed of more or less egalitarian communities outside the control of lowland centers.

The wide diffusion of Olmec artifacts and "Olmecoid" iconography throughout much of Mesoamerica indicates the existence of extensive long-distance trade networks. Exotic, prestigious and high-value materials such as greenstone and marine shell were moved in significant quantities across large distances. While the Olmec were not the first in Mesoamerica to organise long-distance exchanges of goods, the Olmec period saw a significant expansion in interregional trade routes, more variety in material goods exchanged and a greater diversity in the sources from which the base materials were obtained.

Despite their size, San Lorenzo and La Venta were largely ceremonial centers, and the majority of the Olmec lived in villages similar to present-day villages and hamlets in Tabasco and Veracruz.

These villages were located on higher ground and consisted of several scattered houses. A modest temple may have been associated with the larger villages. The individual dwellings would consist of a house, an associated lean-to, and one or more storage pits (similar in function to a root cellar). A nearby garden was used for medicinal and cooking herbs and for smaller crops such as the domesticated sunflower. Fruit trees, such as avocado or cacao, were likely available nearby.

Although the river banks were used to plant crops between flooding periods, the Olmecs also likely practiced swidden (or slash-and-burn) agriculture to clear the forests and shrubs, and to provide new fields once the old fields were exhausted.

Fields were located outside the village, and were used for maize, beans, squash, manioc, sweet potato, as well as cotton. Based on archaeological studies of two villages in the Tuxtlas Mountains, it is known that maize cultivation became increasingly important to the Olmec over time, although the diet remained fairly diverse.

The fruits and vegetables were supplemented with fish, turtle, snake, and mollusks from the nearby rivers, and crabs and shellfish in the coastal areas. Birds were available as food sources, as were game including peccary, opossum, raccoon, rabbit, and in particular deer. Despite the wide range of hunting and fishing available, midden surveys in San Lorenzo have found that the domesticated dog was the single most plentiful source of animal protein.

The name "Olmec" means "rubber people" in Nahuatl, the language of the Aztec, and was the Aztec name for the people who lived in the Gulf Lowlands in the 15th and 16th centuries, some 2000 years after the Olmec culture died out. The term "rubber people" refers to the ancient practice, spanning from ancient Olmecs to Aztecs, of extracting latex from Castilla elastica, a rubber tree in the area. The juice of a local vine, Ipomoea alba, was then mixed with this latex to create rubber as early as 1600 BCE.

Early modern explorers and archaeologists, however, mistakenly applied the name "Olmec" to the rediscovered ruins and artifacts in the heartland decades before it was understood that these were not created by people the Aztecs knew as the "Olmec", but rather a culture that was 2000 years older. Despite the mistaken identity, the name has stuck.

It is not known what name the ancient Olmec used for themselves; some later Mesoamerican accounts seem to refer to the ancient Olmec as "Tamoanchan". A contemporary term sometimes used to describe the Olmec culture is tenocelome, meaning "mouth of the jaguar".

Olmec culture was unknown to historians until the mid-19th century. In 1869 the Mexican antiquarian traveller Jos� Melgar y Serrano published a description of the first Olmec monument to have been found in situ. This monument - the colossal head now labelled Tres Zapotes Monument A - had been discovered in the late 1850s by a farm worker clearing forested land on a hacienda in Veracruz.

Hearing about the curious find while traveling through the region, Melgar y Serrano first visited the site in 1862 to see for himself and complete partially exposed sculpture's excavation. His description of the object, published several years later after further visits to the site, represents the earliest documented report of an artifact of what is now known as the Olmec culture.

In the latter half of the 19th century, Olmec artifacts such as the Kunz Axe (right) came to light and were subsequently recognized as belonging to a unique artistic tradition.

Frans Blom and Oliver La Farge made the first detailed descriptions of La Venta and San Martin Pajapan Monument 1 during their 1925 expedition. However, at this time most archaeologists assumed the Olmec were contemporaneous with the Maya � even Blom and La Farge were, in their own words, "inclined to ascribe them to the Maya culture".

Matthew Stirling of the Smithsonian Institution conducted the first detailed scientific excavations of Olmec sites in the 1930s and 1940s. Stirling, along with art historian Miguel Covarrubias, became convinced that the Olmec predated most other known Mesoamerican civilizations.

In counterpoint to Stirling, Covarrubias, and Alfonso Caso, however, Mayanists Eric Thompson and Sylvanus Morley argued for Classic-era dates for the Olmec artifacts. The question of Olmec chronology came to a head at a 1942 Tuxtla Gutierrez conference, where Alfonso Caso declared that the Olmecs were the "mother culture" ("cultura madre") of Mesoamerica.

Shortly after the conference, radiocarbon dating proved the antiquity of the Olmec civilization, although the "mother culture" question generates much debate even 60 years later.

Ancient Mesoamerican sculpture uncovered in southern Mexico.   PhysOrg - February 14, 2011

This photo and drawing illustrate a recently discovered 3,000-year-old Olmec-style stone monument from Ojo de Agua, the site of an early planned settlement in what is now the southern Mexican state of Chiapas. The carved monument provides information about Olmec culture in the area and includes symbols of maize, deities or other important figures, and possible features of the natural world. With one arm raised and a determined scowl, the figure looks ready to march right off his carved tablet and into the history books. If only we knew who he was - corn god? Tribal chief? Sacred priest?

Pictures: Pyramid Tomb With Human Sacrifices Found   National Geographic - November 18, 2010
Archaeologist Lynneth Lowe and a worker clean the skull of an elite individual found in a tomb atop a three-story-tall pyramid in Chiapa de Corzo (map), Mexico. The 2,700-year-old site is the oldest known pyramid tomb in Mesoamerica, which roughly encompasses modern-day Mexico and Central America, according to archaeologists who announced the discovery today. The pyramid is a window into how and when the unique culture called the Zoque emerged from the Olmec, one of the oldest civilizations in the New World, said excavation leader Bruce Bachand. The Olmec began fanning out from their Gulf of Mexico homeland around 1200 B.C. The culture influenced many Mesoamerican civilizations to come - although to what extent is a long-standing debate among archaeologists.

Mexico�s oldest pyramid tomb found   MSNBC - May 19, 2010
Pyramid Tomb With Human Sacrifices Found   National Geographic - May 19, 2010

Archaeologist Lynneth Lowe and a worker clean the skull of an elite individual found in a tomb atop a three-story-tall pyramid in Chiapa de Corzo (map), Mexico. The 2,700-year-old site is the oldest known pyramid tomb in Mesoamerica, which roughly encompasses modern-day Mexico and Central America, according to archaeologists who announced the discovery today.

Ancient City Found in Mexico; Shows Olmec Influence National Geographic, January 26, 2007

A 2,500-year-old city influenced by the Olmecs often referred to as the Mother Culture of Mesoamerica has been discovered hundreds of miles away from the Olmecs' Gulf coast territory, archaeologists said. Located about 25 miles (40 kilometers) south of Mexico City, the ruins, called Zazacatla, are hundreds of miles from the Gulf of Mexico coast region generally associated with the Olmec.

Mexico monolith may cast new light on Mesoamerica CNN - May 8, 2006, Mexico City

A carved monolith unearthed in Mexico may show that the Olmec civilization, one of the oldest in the Americas, was more widespread than thought or that another culture thrived alongside it 3,000 years ago. Findings at the newly excavated Tamtoc archeological site in the north-central state of San Luis Potosi may prompt scholars to rethink a view of Mesoamerican history which holds that its earliest peoples were based in the south of Mexico. "It is a very relevant indicator of an Olmec penetration far to the north, or of the presence of a new group co-existing with the Olmecs," said archeologist Guillermo Ahuja, who led a government team excavating the site for the past five years. Tamtoc, located about 550 miles (885 kilometers) northeast of Mexico City, will open to the public this week, while experts including linguists, historians, ethnographers and others study findings from the site to confirm their origins.

The Olmecs are considered the mother culture of pre-Hispanic Mexico. Ruins of Olmec centers believed to have flourished as early as 1200 B.C. have been found in the Gulf Coast states of Veracruz and Tabasco, with only scattered artifacts found elsewhere. Workers restoring a canal at the site stumbled on the stone monolith. It appears to represent a lunar calendar and contains three human figures and other symbols in relief. "At 25 feet (7.6 meters) long, 13 feet (4 meters) high, 16 inches (40 centimeters) thick and weighing more than 30 tonnes, it may date to as early as 900 BC," Ahuja said. Experts will try to interpret the icons to learn more about the artists and their culture. "They are new symbols in Mesoamerica. At Tamtoc, scientists found evidence of an advanced civilization, with a hydraulic system, canals and other technology, making it the oldest and most advanced center of its time found in what later became Huasteco Indian region," Ahuja said. "It is the first and only Huasteco City we know. The 330-acre (133-hectare) complex has three plazas and more than 70 buildings and may indicate that the Olmecs migrated northward and mingled with other peoples there."

Earliest New World writing revealed, Olmec New Scientist- December 21, 2002

The discovery of a fist-sized ceramic cylinder and fragments of engraved plaques has pushed back the earliest evidence of writing in the Americas by at least 350 years to 650 BC. Rolling the cylinder printed symbols indicating allegiance to a king, a striking difference from the Old World, where the oldest known writing was used for keeping records by the first accountants. Archaeologists uncovered the cylinder and fingernail-sized fragments among debris from an ancient festival at San Andres, an Olmec town on the coastal plain of the Mexican state of Tabasco. Carbon dating of layers in the rubbish heap gave age of the artefacts.

The next-oldest writing from the region is on a monument at a site of the Zapotec culture 300 kilometres to the west. But its date is poorly constrained, to sometime between 300 BC and 200 AD. Three later cultures in the same area used similar writing, the well-known Mayan, and the lesser-known Isthmain and Oxacan. The cylinder shows two glyphs linked by lines to the mouth of a bird, giving the impression the glyphs are being spoken. One is "ajaw," meaning "king," and the other "three ajaw", a day in the sacred 260-day calendar used throughout the region for over a millennium. Later cultures used similar lines to show speech by people as well as by animals. When covered with ink or paint, the roller printed the bird and symbols on cloth or people's bodies. The date probably was the king's name, a common practice at the time."It's a kind of royal seal, used in decoration," Mary Pohl, an anthropologist at Florida State University in Tallahassee, told New Scientist. People in San Andres probably wore it "to show their fealty to the king" who resided at the main Olmec city of La Venta nearby.

The Olmec were the first American culture with a distinct ruling class, and Pohl believes they developed writing for rituals and rulers. Later Mesoamerican writing retained the links to kings and rituals, including the sacred calendar. Pohl says that writing could have originated at the start of the first Olmec culture in 1300 BC, but no evidence has survived. In contrast, Old World writing is far older and traces back to tokens placed in clay envelopes to keep account of animals or other possessions. By about 3000 BC, symbols written on tablets replaced the tokens, becoming the world's first writing.

Scientists Solve Jade Source Mystery - June 2002, World Scientist

Since the 18th century, collectors, geologists and archaeologists have sought the answer to a frustrating mystery: The ancient Olmecs fashioned statues out of striking blue-green jade, but the stone itself was nowhere to be found in the Americas. Now scientists believe they have discovered the source, a mother lode of jade in Guatemala that could tell much about ancient American civilizations and about the formation of the continent where they lived. Ever since Alexander von Humboldt began collecting jade in Latin America in the 18th century, Olmec-style statuettes and axes, crafted more than two millennia ago, had been found from Mexico to Costa Rica. But never had that kind of jade been seen naturally in any quantity in the area. Then in 1999, Russell Seitz, a geophysicist who had spent 23 years searching for the source of Olmec jade, took his fiancee to the colonial city of Antigua in central Guatemala. On the roof of a store, he found jade that was vastly different from the opaque jade he had seen in Mexico and Central America, and it was identical to the translucent blue-green stones so coveted by the Olmecs, who lived in central and southern Mexico from 1000-400 B.C.

STONE FACES INDEX

ANCIENT AND LOST CIVILIZATIONS

PYRAMIDS OF MES0AMERICA

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF ALL FILES

CRYSTALINKS HOME PAGE

PSYCHIC READING WITH ELLIE

The Olmec heartland. The yellow dots represent ancient habitation sites, while the red dots represent isolated artifact finds unassociated with any ancient town or village.

""The Wrestler", an Olmec era statuette, 1200 - 800 BCE.. Art historian George Kubler finds that "the spiraling motion of the body, the multiplicity of profile, the coherent muscles, and the expressive restraint of the work set it apart as among the great works of sculpture of all ages".^[1] Michael Coe finds it "one of the supreme examples of Olmec art".^[2]

The Olmec heartland is the southern portion of Mexico's Gulf Coast region between the Tuxtla mountains and the Olmec archaeological site of La Venta, extending roughly 80 km (50 mi) inland from the Gulf of Mexico coastline at its deepest. It is today, as it was during the height of the Olmec civilization, a tropical lowland forest environment, crossed by meandering rivers.

Most researchers consider the Olmec heartland to be the home of the Olmec culture which became widespread over Mesoamerica from 1400 BCE until roughly 400 BCE. The area is also referred to as Olman or the Olmec Metropolitan Zone.^[3]

The major heartland sites are:

• San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán
• La Venta
• Tres Zapotes
• Laguna de los Cerros - the least researched and least important of the major sites.

Smaller sites include:

• El Manatí, an Olmec sacrificial bog.
• El Azuzul, on the southern edge of the San Lorenzo area.
• San Andrés, near La Venta.

Important heartland finds not associated with any archaeological site include:

• "The Wrestler", a basalt statue found at Arroyo Sonso (see photo).
• Las Limas Monument 1, found by two children looking for somewhere to crack nuts.
• San Martín Pajapan Monument 1, found high on the slopes of San Martin Pajapan.

[edit] See also

• Olmec influences on Mesoamerican cultures

[edit] References

• Coe, Michael D. (1989) "The Olmec Heartland: Evolution of Ideology" in Robert J. Sharer and David Grove (eds), Regional Perspectives on the Olmec, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521363327.
• Diehl, Richard A. (2004) The Olmecs: America's First Civilization, Thames & Hudson, London, ISBN 978-0500285039.
• Kubler, George (1984) The Art and Architecture of Ancient America: The Mexican, Maya and Andean Peoples, Pelican History of Art, Yale University Press, ISBN 0300053258.

Olmec influences on Mesoamerican cultures

Olmec heartland

Nearly all researchers agree on a number of specific issues concerning the Olmec and the Olmec Heartland:

• The forebears of the Olmecs were indigenous to the Olmec heartland,^[3] and developed their civilization independent of other civilizations.
• The Olmec civilization arose in the Olmec heartland with the flowering of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán in the centuries before 1200 BCE.

Beyond the heartland

The major Formative Period sites in present-day Mexico which show Olmec influences in the archaeological record.

Orange-on-white pottery from Etlatongo, identified through neutron activation analysis as being made from clay from the Olmec site of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán© Jeffrey Blomster

The Olmec-influenced Painting 1 from the Juxtlahuaca cave, roughly 500 km (300 mi) west of the Olmec heartland.

While some of the hallmarks of Olmec culture, such as colossal heads or other sculptures, earthen platforms, and monolithic "altars", are to be found only within the heartland, many Olmec-style artifacts, designs, figurines, monuments, and motifs can be found in the archaeological records of sites hundreds of kilometers/miles distant. The most prominent of these sites are:

• Tlatilco and Tlapacoya, major centers of the Tlatilco culture in the Valley of Mexico, where artifacts include hollow baby-face motif figurines and Olmec designs on ceramics.
• Chalcatzingo, in the Valley of Morelos, which features Olmec-style reliefs on monuments and exposed rock.
• Teopantecuanitlan, in Guerrero, which also features Olmec-style reliefs as well as city plans with distinctive Olmec features.
• San José Mogote, in Oaxaca, which features Olmec-style pottery. San Jose Mogote is, like the larger Olmec site of La Venta, oriented 8° west of north.

Other sites showing Olmec influence include Takalik Abaj and [Monte Alto culture|Monte Alto] in Guatemala, Las Bocas in Puebla, and Zazacatla.^[4] In all these cases, the archaeological record shows Olmec-influenced objects existing alongside objects in the local tradition. Often, for example at Las Bocas, Olmec inconography will even appear on objects created in the local tradition.^[5]

The Olmec influences in these sites all post-date San Lorenzo and the cultural pathways almost exclusively flow from the Olmec heartland to these distant sites, and not in the other direction (from, say, Chalcatzingo to San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan). This apparent one-way flow has led most researchers to declare Olmecs to be the "mother culture" of Mesoamerica.

To quote perhaps the most prominent of Mesoamerican archaeologists, Michael D. Coe, "There is now little doubt that all later civilizations in Mesoamerica, whether Mexican or Maya, ultimately rest on an Olmec base."^[6] To this, Coe's student archaeologist Richard Diehl adds "While not every archaeologist agrees with Coe, ... mounting evidence ... has convinced everyone but the most die-hard opponents".^[7]

Mother culture

The concept of the Olmecs as a mother culture was first formally raised by Alfonso Caso at a 1942 conference on the "Olmec problem" in Tuxtla Gutiérrez where he argued that the Olmec were the "cultura madre" of Mesoamerica.^[8]

The proponents of the "mother culture" do not argue that the Olmec were the only contributors, but that the Olmecs first developed many of the features adopted by later Mesoamerican civilizations.

They argue that it was in San Lorenzo and the Olmec heartland that the hallmarks of the Olmec culture were first established, hallmarks that include the patio/plaza concept, monumental sculpture,^[9] Olmec iconography, archetypical Olmec figurines, and other portable art.

 Sister culture

The "sister culture" proponents, on the other hand, state that Mesoamerican cultures evolved more or less simultaneously. Major proponents of this theory include Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery, who argue that the Olmec were merely the first among equals, rather than the wellspring of cultural change.

"It is the adaptive autonomy and frequent competitive interaction of such chiefdoms that speed up evolution and eventually make useful technologies and sociopolitical strategies available to all regions.".^[10]

In a subsequent, and feisty, paper, they imply, for example, that Olmec iconography may have originated in the early Tlatilco culture.^[11]

This viewpoint is echoed by a minority of other researchers including art historian Caterina Magni who nonetheless agrees that the Olmecs bequeathed a rich heritage to later cultures.^[12] However, Magni does not agree that what is presently labelled as Olmec culture was first and foremost the product of the heartland.

"Contrary to [this] generally accepted idea, the brilliant [Olmec] culture did not originate in the Gulf coast of Veracruz and Tabasco. In truth, the varied and voluminous archaeological data shows a much more complex reality; [instead] Olmec religious and political centers emerged simultaneously throughout a vast part of Mesoamerica: from Mexico to Costa Rica."^[13]

Magni attributes these concepts to noted archaeologist Christine Niederberger^[14].

Olmec-style pottery analysis

In an effort to address questions concerning the geographic origins of Olmec artifacts — with implications concerning the geographic origins of Olmec culture — in March 2005 a team of archaeologists used instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) to compare over 1,000 Mesoamerican Olmec-style ceramic artifacts with 275 samples of clay so as to "fingerprint" the origin of that pottery. They found that "the Olmec packaged and exported their beliefs throughout the region in the form of specialized ceramic designs and forms, which quickly became hallmarks of elite status in various regions of ancient Mexico".^[15]

In August 2005 the results of another study were published. This study used petrography to analyze 20 pottery sherds, and found that five of the samples from San Lorenzo were "unambiguously" from Oaxaca. Based on this evidence, the authors concluded that the "exchanges of vessels between highland and lowland chiefly centers were reciprocal, or two way" which "contradicts recent claims that the Gulf Coast was the sole source of pottery" in Mesoamerica.^[16]

The results of the INAA study were later defended in March 2006 in two articles in Latin American Antiquity, in particular contrasting the sample size of the INAA study (roughly 1000) with the sample size of the petrography analysis (20).^[17]

 An emerging middle ground

In the early 21st century it seems that a middle ground between the mother and sister culture positions may be emerging.^[18] Pool (2007) thus concludes that while San Lorenzo emerged early as the largest the most developed polity of Mesoamerica and the earliest evidence of several of the defining traits of Mesoamerican culture is found there, the Olmecs emerge looking less like a mother culture than as a promiscuous father culture spawning offspring generously with many different mothercultures all over mesoamerica.^[19] This formulation emphasises the viewpoint that influence from the Olmec heartland merged with many local traditions creating local expressions with both Olmec and non-Olmec roots. it follows from this approach that the type and degree of Olmec influence varies greatly from location to location within Mesoamerica.^[18]

Flow of influence

If Olmec influences flowed out of the heartland in what is generally seen as a less than bilateral transfer, then how did this happen? How were the hallmarks of Olmec culture transmitted to sites hundreds of kilometers/miles distant from the heartland? Many theories have been advanced including:

• Olmec military domination,
• Olmec colonization of other regions,
• Olmec artisans travelling to other centers,
• Missionary activity,
• Conscious imitation of Olmec artistical styles by developing towns,
• Long-range trade by Olmec merchants.

There is little or no evidence to support Olmec military domination. Very little Olmec or other Early Formative era art shows war or sacrifice.^[20] No stelae have been found extolling rulers' victories, unlike the later Maya or the contemporaneous Egyptian or Hittite cultures.

Olmec colonization, that is the founding of new settlements by Olmec emigrants outside of the Olmec heartland, is unlikely. The archaeological records of Olmec-influenced sites show that each had pre-Olmec occupations as well as a significant number of indigenous artifacts created in a local tradition. The Tlatilco site, for example, is famous for its large number of female figurines, which are unlike any found at La Venta or San Lorenzo.

Although portable art, such as pottery, celts, or other items could have been transported the long distances between towns, the monumental art at Chalcatzingo or Teopantecuanitlan would need to be created locally. Therefore it is very likely that sculptors and artists familiar with or experienced in heartland architecture were commissioned to create similar ceremonial sites far from the heartland.^[21] But while this can explain how monumental Olmec-style art was created at Chalcatzingo, it does not explain why.

 Long-distance trade

Similarly long-distance trade can explain the Olmec-style artifacts found in Teopantecuanitlan, as well the jade and obsidian artifacts found in the Olmec heartland, which is far from any jade or obsidian source. But trade by itself fails to explain the widespread adoption of Olmec-influenced artifacts and styles throughout Mesoamerica or Olmec iconography found on locally-produced wares — while trade can explain the movement of objects, it does not explain the movement of ideas or styles. Therefore, according to archaeologist Jeffrey Blomster, "we have to move beyond a purely economic model . . . The fact that trade involves ceramic vessels which display iconography, representing an underlying ideology and religion synthesized by the Gulf Coast Olmec, suggests that something much deeper is at stake than simply maintaining exchange relationships."^[22]

Iconography in service to ideology

To explain the adoption of Olmec iconography and concepts throughout Mesoamerica, archaeologist F. Kent Reilly proposes a "Middle Formative Ceremonial Complex".^[23] Within the Middle Formative Ceremonial Complex, the Olmec-style artifacts are used both ritually, for example in shamanic rituals, and as a validation of the power of rulers. That is, the styles and the iconography, as well as the artifacts, were used by the rising elites in the Formative chiefdoms to authenticate or to increase their power and prestige.

This is echoed, among others, by archaeologist Giselle Canto Aguilera. Working at the Zazacatla site in Morelos, she found that the inhabitants of Zazacatla adopted Olmec styles when they changed from a simple, egalitarian society to a more complex, hierarchical one: "When their society became stratified, the new rulers needed emblems ... to justify their rule over people who used to be their equals."^[24]

Summary

Notes

References

External links

• "The Mother-Sister Controversy in Mesoamerica" - a useful survey article that finds "both factions believe pretty much the same thing — that the Olmec were first in some things in Mesoamerica and had some two-way trade with the other burgeoning societies".
• Olmec Origins in The Southern Pacific Lowlands

One of the symbols for Roman Catholic Freemasonry is the Double Cross. It may appear on the Pope's headdress or on the advertisement for the American Lung Association or even in the EXXON sign. This may imply that we've been double-crossed. Is the Shell gas station symbol really a shell? Or is it the SUN rising in the East? The Panorama Mall in California uses an almost identical symbol and it is surely not a shell, but the SUNRISE. The flag of El Salvador and Nicaragua both are a symbol of the triangle or pyramid with the eye in the peak or capstone as well as the sun rising. The flag for Germany is the Masonic compass symbol. Look at the America On-line symbol. A Current Affair T.V series. The next time you are driving on the freeway and you see an exit sign with gas station displays that offer you a choice between Citgo or Shell, ask yourself whether you are really looking at a pyramid and a sun rising in the east. And now, back to the most popular conspiracy question : Who did kill JFK? If you still think it was Lee Harvey Oswald and you believe the lone assassin theory or if you are stuck in a cave somewhere building a wheel that is shaped like a square then consider these important historical facts : The assassination took place in Dealey Plaza, site of the first Masonic temple in Dallas. Dallas is located just south of the 33rd degree of latitude. The 33rd degree is the highest degree one can achieve in Freemasonry. Shakespeare's MacBeth is a "Killing of the King" drama. MacBeth, who killed his King in accordance with a witch's plot and was himself later killed, parallels the JFK assassination and the sequence of Oswald being killed by Ruby. "Mason Road" in Texas, connects to the "Mason No El Bar" and the Texas / New Mexico "Land of Enchantment" border. This connecting line is on the 32nd degree.

When the 32nd degree line of latitude is traced west into the "Land of Enchantment", it becomes situated midway between Deming and Columbus. Slightly to the north of the town of Columbus are the "Tres Hermanas" (Three Sisters) mountains. The Three Sisters are found approx. 32 miles between Deming and Columbus and are a minute and some seconds south of the 32nd degree line. When this line is traced further to the west, it passes the ghost town of Shakespeare at a distance south of the town that is roughly equivalent to the distance which the 32nd degree line passes north of the three sisters mountains. Both Shakespeare and the three sisters relate to MacBeth. When this 32nd degree line is traced some distance further west, into Arizona, it crosses an old trail which meanders north of a ghost town, which was once the town of Ruby. The trail itself was called Ruby Road. Ruby Road twists north into the area of 2 mountain peaks known as Kennedy and Johnson Mountains. The New Orleans CIA (who provided security) station's headquarters were in a Masonic temple. And last but not least, Mason Lyndon Johnson appointed Mason Earl Warren to investigate Kennedy's death. 33rd degree Mason, Gerald Ford was instrumental in suppressing what little evidence of a conspiratorial nature reached the commission. Responsible for supplying information to the commission was 33rd degree Mason J. Edgar Hoover and former CIA director and Mason Allen Dulles was responsible for most of his Agency's information to the panel. There IS NO need to wonder whether there is a conspiracy going on, the fact is AMERICA IS ONE BIG LIVING CONSPIRACY.
The 2000 year old Reich of the NEW WORLD ORDER is HERE and NOW. We are about to start 1996. The more that this sort of information gets out to the public, the faster the crackdown and grab for power becomes. The government is not as dumb as most people believe, it only appears to be on the surface. How many more police do we need? The Fraternal Order of Police is a Masonic Order. You will understand this the next time they put you through the 3rd DEGREE, and offer you 3 SQUARE meals a day. How much more power do we want to give them? Current Gun Control Legislation is taken almost word for word from gun control laws passed in Nazi Germany under Adolph Hitler. There have been many Executive Orders and Public Laws passed giving tremendous powers to the president to declare National Emergencies, suspend the Constitution, and round up large groups of people, and the power to use converted and shut down MILITARY BASES AS LABOR BOOT CAMPS ( CONCENTRATION CAMPS), has been handed to the Pentagon. This will be sold to us as immigration control, drug trafficker punishment and so forth.
In Europe today, the National I.D. Card (Smartcard) has already been issued. In Singapore, you are required to carry it by law. It will soon arrive in America and it will be pushed using Health-Care reform or Immigration Control as a means to sell it to the public. This card will store all of the necessary information on you and more.
There was a particular type of wood that magicians used to make their wands from. It was the wood from the Holly plant. Hollywood today is where the Mason Magicians of the silver screen wave their hypnotic magic wands over our eyes and fool us with ILLUSIONS. If you remember the T.V. series "Get Smart", there were the bad guys called CHAOS and the good guys called CONTROL. GET SMART .
 Yes, it’s time for all of us to get smart!
A LITTLE MORE HISTORY
Today the majority of Americans pay taxes because when they get a job their employer requests that they fill out either: Internal Revenue Service Form W-2, Form W-4, or Form 1099, which, as a direct result, withholds taxes from their paychecks for their labor. [The majority doesn’t have a clue as to why they are paying these taxes in the first place.]
It has been affirmed that labor is a fundamental, unalienable right, protected by the United States Constitution. Why? Because the only commodity or resource we can directly possess and control is our time. When we trade our time for a substance, (wages, items, property, and the like) it is a fair exchange and EXEMPT FROM ALL TAXATION! This fundamental right is not supposed to be taxed.
THERE IS NO LAW THAT ALLOWS FOR OR REQUIRES THE TAXATION OF A LIVING MAN’S WAGES IN WHICH HE HAS TRADED FOR HIS TIME/LABOR!! THE I.R.S. cannot produce this for anyone to see because it does not exist! If you doubt this, ask them to produce the specific law…they won’t because they can’t! They may produce the tax code, which in simple terms applies to corporations and income (corporate profit) but they cannot show you the law that requires a sovereign individual pay a tax on his earnings!
It is presumed that everyone is expected to know the law. It has been long held that, ignorance of the Law is not an excuse or a defense. The well established maxim that: "He who falls to assert his rights - HAS NONE!", unequivocally establishes that just as a closed mouth never gets fed, "a matter must be expressed to be resolved."
When it comes to dealing with lawyers, government, and the Internal Revenue Service (which is not an agency of the United States Government, but a private foreign-owned corporation) withholding and keeping knowledge from the people is nothing new. It is a common business tactic that has been going on from the beginning of its inception. It will, most likely continue as long as we rely upon lawyers and government to do that which we ourselves should be doing.
In order to find the answer as to why your labor is being taxed, when the Constitution says it is not supposed to be, It is necessary to understand how government exists and operates. To accomplish this requires a quick review back in history to the time of the War Between the States.
The People of this Nation lost their true Republican form of government. On March 27, 1861 seven southern States walked out of Congress leaving the entire legislative Branch of Government without quorum. The Congress of the Constitution was dissolved for inability to disband or re-convene. The Republican form of Government, which the People were guaranteed - ceased to exist. Out of necessity to operate the Government, President Lincoln issued Executive Order No. 2. in April 1861, reconvening the Congress at gunpoint in Executive, emergency, martial-law-rule jurisdiction. Since that time there has been no “‘de jure” (sanctioned by law) Congress. Everything functions under “color of law” (the appearance or semblance, without emergency, i.e. law of necessity) the "law of necessity" means no law whatsoever, as per such maxims of law as: "Necessity knows no law" [(the law of forbidding killing is voided when done in self-defense)]. "In time of war laws are silent." Cicero.
To establish the underlying debt of the Government to the Bankers, to create corporate entities that are legally subject to the jurisdiction which they exist, and to create the jurisdiction itself correctly, the so-called (fraudulent and unratified) Fourteenth Amendment was proclaimed and passed in 1868. This was a cestui que trust (operation in law) incorporated in a military, private, International, commercial, de facto jurisdiction created by, and belonging to, the Money Power, existing within the emergency of the War Powers, the only operational jurisdiction since the dissolution of Congress in 1861.
Through the 14th Amendment, an artificial person-corporate entity-franchise entitled "citizen of the United States” was born into private, corporate limited liability. Section 4 of the 14th Amendment states: "The validity of the Public Debt of the United States (to the Bankers) ... shall not be questioned."
Within the above-referenced private jurisdiction of the International Bankers, the private and foreign owned "Congress" formed a corporation, commercial agency, and Government for the "District of Columbia" on February 21, 1871, Chapter 62, 16 Stat. 419. This corporation was reorganized June 11, 1878, Chapter 180, 20 Stat. 102, and re-named "United States Government." This corporation privately trade marked the names: "United States," "U.S.," "US," "U.S.A.," "USA" and "America." When the United States declared itself a municipal corporation, it also created what is known as a cestui que trust to function under by implementing the Federal Constitution of 1871, and incorporating the previous United States Constitutions of 1787 and 1791 as amended, as by-laws. Naturally, as the grantor of the trust, this empowered the United States Government to change the terms of the trust at will.
As evidenced under the Federal Constitution of 1871, the 14th Amendment, the People of the United States, without their consent, were declared "Citizens" and granted "Civil Rights." These so-called civil rights are nothing more than mere privileges. Privileges which government licenses, regulates, and can re-interpret to suit it's purposes at any time for any reason. The Federal Corporate Government also conveniently somehow forgot to disclose to the People that the term "Citizen” with which they have made every living and breathing inhabitant a “subject”, was defined in law as a "Vessel" engaged in commerce.
In 1912, when the bonds, that were keeping the US Government afloat, and, were owned by the Bankers, came due, the Bankers refused to re-finance the debt, and the colorable, martial-law-rule Congress was compelled to pass, the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. This Act surrendered constitutional authority to create, control, and manage the entire money supply of the United States to a handful of private, mostly-foreign bankers. This placed exclusive creation and control of the money within the private, commercial, foreign, and military jurisdiction of 1861, into corporate limited liability. America converted from United States Notes to Federal Reserve Notes, beginning with the passage of The Federal Reserve Act of 1913. Federal Reserve Banks were incorporated in 1914, and, in 1916, began to circulate their private, corporate Federal Reserve Notes as "money" alongside the nations “de jure” currency, the United States Notes. Whereas United States Notes were actually warehouse receipts for deposits of gold and silver in a warehouse (bank), thus representing wealth (substance, portable land; the money of sovereigns), the new flat money (Federal Reserve Notes) amounted to "bills for that which was yet to be paid," i.e. for what was owed! For the new "benefit" of being able to carry around U.S. Government debt instruments (Federal Reserve Notes) in our wallets instead of Gold Certificates or Silver Certificates, we agreed to redeem the newly issued Federal Reserve Notes in gold and also to pay interest for their use in gold ONLY! Essentially, the Fed issued paper with pretty green ink on it and we agreed to give them gold in exchange for the "privilege" of using it. Such was the bargain. Through paying interest to the Federal Reserve Corporation in gold, the US Treasury became progressively depleted of its gold. America's gold certificates, coin, and bullion were continually shipped off to the coffers of various European Banks and Power Elite. In 1933, when the Treasury was drained and the debt was larger than ever (a financial condition known as "Insolvency"), President Roosevelt proclaimed the bankruptcy of the United States. Every 14th Amendment "citizen of the United States" was pledged as an asset to finance the Chapter 11 re-organization expenses and pay interest in perpetuity to the CREDITORS (Federal Reserve Bankers) and the "national debt", ("which shall not be questioned").
On March 9, 1933, Congress passed the Amendatory Act (also known as the Emergency Banking Relief Act) to the Trading with the Enemy Act (originally passed on October 6, 1917) at a time when the United States was not in a shooting war with any foreign foe and included the People of the United States as the enemy. At the conference of Governors held on March 6, 1933, the Governors of the 48 States of the Union accommodated the Federal Bankruptcy of the United States Corporation by pledging the faith and credit of their State to the aid of the National Government.
Senate Document 43 of the 73rd Congress, 1st Session (1933) did declare that ownership of ALL PROPERTY is in the STATE and individual so-called ownership is only by virtue of government, i.e. law amounting to "mere-user” only; and individual use of all property is subordinate to the necessities of the United States Government. Under House Joint Resolution 192 of June 5, 1933, Senate Report No. 93549, and Executive Orders 6072, 6012 and 6246, the Congress and President Roosevelt officially declared bankruptcy of the United States Government. |
Regardless of the cause or reason, what many American's either do not understand and/or have failed to seriously grasp, is that by the use of Federal Reserve Notes; (which Is not Constitutional Money defined under Article I Section 10 of the United States Constitution), the People of the United States since 1933, have not had any Constitutionally lawful way to pay their debts. They therefore have not had any way to buy or own property. The People, for the benefits granted to them by a bankrupt corporate Government, discharge their debts with limited liability using Federal Reserve Notes. They have surrendered, by way of an unconscionable contract, their individual Rights under the Constitution, in exchange for mere privileges!
A review of countless United States Supreme Court decisions since the 1938, landmark case, Erie Railroad v. Tompkins, (304 U.S. 64-92) clearly establishes that only the State has Constitutional Rights, not the People. The People have been pledged to the bankruptcy of 1933. The federal law administered in and by the United States is the private commercial "law" of the CREDITORS. That, due to the bankruptcy, every "citizen of the United States" is pledged as an asset to support the bankruptcy, must work to pay the insurance premiums on the underwriting necessary to keep the bankrupt government in operation under Chapter II Bankruptcy (Reorganization). That upon the declared Bankruptcy, Americans could operate and function only through their corporate colored, State created, ALL-CAPITAL-LETTERS-NAME, - that has no access to sovereignty, substance, rights, and standing in law. The Supreme Court also held the "general (Universal) common law" no longer is accessible and in operation in the federal courts based on the 1933, bankruptcy, which placed everything into the realm of private, colorable law merchant of the Federal Reserve CREDITORS. To take this to a different level and not only explain why you pay taxes, but also why you do not own the house you live in, the car you drive, or own anything else you think you've bought and paid for etc. The State Government and its CREDITORS own It all. If you think you own your home just because you believe you paid it using those Federal Reserve Notes, just like everything else you possess by permission of Government, simply stop paying your taxes, (user-fees), (licenses) and see just how long Government and the CREDITORS allow you to keep it before they come to take it away from you.
How can all this really be? Why haven't you been told all of this before now? Ignorance of the law is no excuse. Every man is deemed (required) to know the law. Government expects you to know the law, and holds you fully accountable for doing so. Ignoring these facts will not protect you. The majority of American's have been given a Public Education to teach them only what the Public, i.e. government (CREDITORS) wants them to know. It is and always has been each individual’s personal responsibility, duty and obligation to learn and know the law.
What this breaks down to is this: Back in 1933, when the United States went into bankruptcy because it could no longer pay its debts it pledged the American People themselves without their consent as the asset to keep the government afloat and operating. Because government no longer had any way to pay its debts with substance, was bankrupt, it lost its sovereignty and standing in law. Outside and separate from Constitutional Government, to continue to function and operate, it created an artificial world consisting of artificial entities. This was accomplished by taking everyone's proper birth given name and creating what is called a "fiction in law," by way of an acronym, i.e. a name written in ALL-CAPITAL-LETTERS to interact with. A name written in ALL-CAPITAL-LETTERS is not a sentient, flesh and blood human being. It is a corporation, fiction or deceased person. Government as well as all corporations, including the Internal Revenue Service cannot deal interact with you or interact with you via your proper name given you at birth, only through your ALL-CAPITAL-LETTERS-NAME!
Another little tidbit of knowledge which has been conveniently kept from the People is this; When the Several united States signed the treaty with Great Britain ending the Revolutionary War, it was a concession that ALL COMMERCE would be regulated and contracted through British Attorney's known as Esquires only.
This condition and concession still exists today. No attorney or lawyer in the United States of America has ever been "licensed" to practice law (they've exempted themselves) as they are a legal fiction "person" and only an "ADMITTED MEMBER" to practice in the private franchise club called the BAR (which is itself an acronym for the British Aristocratic Regency), as such are un-registered foreign agents, and so they are traitors. Esquires (Unconstitutional Title of honor and nobility = Esquires), foreign non-citizens (aliens) who are specifically prohibited from ever holding any elected Public Office of trust whatsoever! Article I, Section 9, clause 8, states: "No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatsoever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State."
As a direct result, attorneys and lawyers cannot and do not represent you in your proper birth or given name. Attorneys and lawyers re-present corporations, artificial persons, and fictions in law - ONLY!
What the majority in this country fail to recognize is this: because of the bankruptcy and having been pledged as an asset to the National Government's debt, this makes all citizens DEBTORS under Chapter 11. DEBTORS in bankruptcy having lost their solvency - have NO RIGHTS nor STANDING IN LAW and are at the mercy of the CREDITORS.
All courts today sit and operate as Non-Constitutional, Non-Article Three Legislative Tribunals administering the bankruptcy via their "statutes," ("codes.") All Courts are Title 11 Bankruptcy Courts where these statutes are, in reality, "commercial obligations” being applied for the "benefit" or "privilege" of discharging debts with limited liability of the Federal Reserve-monopoly, colorable-money Federal Reserve Notes (debt Instruments).
This means every time you end up before a court - not only do you NOT have any standing in law to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, YOU HAVE NO CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS! Why? Because you are a DEBTOR under the bankruptcy and in addition to having contracted away your rights in exchange for benefits and privileges; you do not have one single shred of evidence to establish otherwise.
In bankruptcy ONLY CREDITORS have rights! In a nutshell, as a DEBTOR, it is impossible for you to access Constitutional Rights, they are reduced to mere privileges which are licensed, regulated, and can be altered, amended and changed to meet whatever the particular or special needs of government for whatever whim. If taking away your home, your car, taxing your labor, or locking you up for violating any of the Sixty MILLION plus legislatively created DEBTOR codes and statutes they have on the books today happens to meet the needs of government - it really doesn't take a rocket scientist to realize who the loser will be!
--------
B. IS THERE REALLY A REAL REMEDY?
Is there really a real remedy to what has been done? Quite simply, Yes! There is one way and one way only you can protect yourself, your family, and property from this public obligation.
In bankruptcy ONLY CREDITORS have rights! In a nutshell, as a DEBTOR, it is impossible for you to access Constitutional Rights, they are reduced to mere privileges which are licensed, regulated, and can be altered, amended and changed to meet whatever the particular or special needs of government for whatever whim. If taking away your home, your car, taxing your labor, or locking you up for violating any of the Sixty MILLION plus legislatively created DEBTOR codes and statutes they have on the books today happens to meet the needs of government - it really doesn't take a rocket scientist to realize who the loser will be!
--------
B. IS THERE REALLY A REAL REMEDY?
Is there really a real remedy to what has been done? Quite simply, Yes! There is one way and one way only you can protect yourself, your family, and property from this public obligation.
In bankruptcy ONLY CREDITORS have rights! In a nutshell, as a DEBTOR, it is impossible for you to access Constitutional Rights, they are reduced to mere privileges which are licensed, regulated, and can be altered, amended and changed to meet whatever the particular or special needs of government for whatever whim. If taking away your home, your car, taxing your labor, or locking you up for violating any of the Sixty MILLION plus legislatively created DEBTOR codes and statutes they have on the books today happens to meet the needs of government - it really doesn't take a rocket scientist to realize who the loser will be!
--------
B. IS THERE REALLY A REAL REMEDY?
Is there really a real remedy to what has been done? Quite simply, Yes! There is one way and one way only you can protect yourself, your family, and property from this public obligation.
In bankruptcy ONLY CREDITORS have rights! In a nutshell, as a DEBTOR, it is impossible for you to access Constitutional Rights, they are reduced to mere privileges which are licensed, regulated, and can be altered, amended and changed to meet whatever the particular or special needs of government for whatever whim. If taking away your home, your car, taxing your labor, or locking you up for violating any of the Sixty MILLION plus legislatively created DEBTOR codes and statutes they have on the books today happens to meet the needs of government - it really doesn't take a rocket scientist to realize who the loser will be!
--------
B. IS THERE REALLY A REAL REMEDY?
Is there really a real remedy to what has been done? Quite simply, Yes! There is one way and one way only you can protect yourself, your family, and property from this public obligation.
In bankruptcy ONLY CREDITORS have rights! In a nutshell, as a DEBTOR, it is impossible for you to access Constitutional Rights, they are reduced to mere privileges which are licensed, regulated, and can be altered, amended and changed to meet whatever the particular or special needs of government for whatever whim. If taking away your home, your car, taxing your labor, or locking you up for violating any of the Sixty MILLION plus legislatively created DEBTOR codes and statutes they have on the books today happens to meet the needs of government - it really doesn't take a rocket scientist to realize who the loser will be!
--------
B. IS THERE REALLY A REAL REMEDY?
Is there really a real remedy to what has been done? Quite simply, Yes! There is one way and one way only you can protect yourself, your family, and property from this public obligation.

The only unbreakable contract in existence in the world today is a UCC-I Financing Statement. [See Appendix Attachment No. I, Copy of UCC-I Financing Statement.]
Only through filing a UCC-I Financing Statement and Accepting For Value your Birth Certificate and executing a lien upon the governmentally created ALL-CAPITAL-LETTERS-NAME by you in your proper Birth given Name as the Secured Party, and listing anything and everything you own, will own, or possibly ever could own, as collateral in the Security Agreement, can you effectively and permanently remove yourself from the status of a DEBTOR to that of a CREDITOR, and actually own property, have access to enforceable Constitutional Rights. By filing a UCC-I Financing Statement, you become an actual CREDITOR with standing in law and acquire the ability to stake a claim upon which relief can be granted, and not have the fruits of your labor taxed Simply following up the UCC-I Financing Statement with a Public Notice and Declaration/Depositum Declaration, can you, as a CREDITOR, acquire and access actual Original Jurisdiction Constitutional rights that can be enforced.
Without a UCC-I Financing Statement, everything you have is pledged and owned by the State. You merely are the user of the property and must use that property in strict compliance with all the rules and regulations established by the State. If acquiring actual Original Jurisdiction Constitutional Rights and having the ability to own property free from government controls, and the ability to earn a living without taxation - interests you, you have nothing to lose and everything to gain by executing that document without delay!
Only through filing a UCC-I Financing Statement and Security Agreement and then executing a Public Notice and Declaration/Depositum Declaration is it possible for anyone to legally access Constitutional Rights.
To try and break this down even further: Few people truly understand the words “slave and slavery.” The biggest benefit in filing a UCC-I Financing Statement is that you will no longer be a slave. The fact is, most dictionaries fail to provide an accurate definition of the words "slave and slavery." Even Webster's 1828 edition of the English language dictionary fails in its attempt to define the true meaning of the word “slavery”: "Slave: a person who is wholly subject to the will of another." Slavery is not a matter of being totally 100% subject to the will of another. Any person, who is to any degree involuntarily subject to the will of another, is still a slave. There are no degrees of slavery. The second part of the 2nd definition of slave provided by Webster's 1828 Edition is: "One, who surrenders himself to any power whatsoever," which is closer to the real point.
The Uniform Commercial Code [UCC] governs ALL commercial transactions in the United States. Any "person" including government corporations, agencies, etc. involved in the "sales of goods, commercial paper, bank deposits and collections, letters of credit, bulk transfer, warehouse receipts, bills of lading, investment securities, and secured transactions" is governed by the UCC. The A form of Uniform Commercial Code is adopted by all States.
To comply with the Uniform Commercial Code in your state, a UCC-I Financing Statement must be filed with the Secretary of State, by any "person" who makes a claim against any other "person" in the area of commerce. All government agencies, (city, county, state and federal), operate in commerce and all of them, including the Internal Revenue Service, are private corporations. All Courts operate in commerce. All Banks operate in commerce. All "Corporations operate in commerce and all of these "entities" exist financially because WE are their collateral. They borrow on our "credit."
At one time, our currency was backed by or given substance by gold or silver. It has been thought by many, since the United States took the substance of gold and silver away, that Federal Reserve Notes were simply worthless paper, backed by nothing at all. That is not correct! Today, real people, United States Citizen's, you, me, your children, etc. back Federal Reserve Notes, much the same way that gold and silver did in the past. In other words, the living, breathing people guarantee or provide the substance for ALL money that is created. The Federal Reserve Bank clearly states: "Federal Reserve Notes are backed by the Full faith and credit of the American People." Blind Faith sets forth that YOU trust THEM. Who? None other than the Federal Reserve! Credit means something is due you! The Federal Reserve uses our credit to create ALL money. All of the money created belongs to the American People and the deceit of the Public and private corporations is so complete, they create it, charge it to us as a debt and then tack interest to it on top of that!
How did the American People become collateral for the debt instruments known as Federal Reserve Notes? It was given to the Federal Reserve by a corporation called the United States, the very same corporation that created the Federal Reserve.
As discussed previously, in 1933, when President Roosevelt declared a national emergency because the United States could no longer pay its debts. At least that was the spin given to the American People. All of the subsidiary States agreed to support the declared bankruptcy by "pledging" the energy of their "citizens." Their assets consisted only of State Citizens. The States in turn used the Birth Certificates to pledge the State Citizen as collateral to keep Government afloat. That is how the American People became collateral for the Federal Reserve Notes and so-called debts. The American People became warehouse receipts, like a warehouse full of any type of valuable goods. All of this, however, was a major fraud. Neither the Internal Revenue Service nor any other entity like Government files a UCC-I Financing Statement Into the Commercial Registry with the Secretary of State. If they did, they would instantly become subject to all the regulations of the Uniform Commercial Code. The Internal Revenue Service has done very nicely by bluffing and intimidation, as all others mentioned, by operating under "Public Policy" where there is in reality "No Law" at all!
The State Citizen is drawn "into commerce" when their Birth Certificate is registered and sent to the Commerce Department in Washington, D.C. This is where the American People became warehouse receipts upon which all of the money printed and circulated is created and guaranteed. In short, the American People became the collateral for all debts. They "The People" allegedly are "Government" property!
Government is a "fiction" and an artificial person and deals with us as a fiction or artificial persons only as stated before. To take this still to another level, let's use an example to explain and use the name of John Henry: Smith. When John Henry: Smith was born, his parents gave him the Christian name of John Henry and he shared the name of Smith with all the other members of his family. He was born a living, breathing being. When his Birth Certificate was sent to the Department of Commerce, it was registered and the Government, because it was bankrupt, turned his "real name" into a fiction. His new fictional name became JOHN H. SMITH or John H. Smith. His ALL-CAPITAL-LETTERS NAME was registered as a corporation at the Puerto Rico Department of State Corporations (Departamento de Estado - Division de Corporaciones) P.O. BOX 3271, SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO, 00904-3271, making him liable for taxes. He is now a fiction or artificial person; a non-living, non-breathing "person." It is a "strawman" (Lat. stramineus homo) or "fiction" which government brings all its so-called charges against and NEVER against the real person. Just like "yours," his driver's license now reads JOHN H. SMITH or John H. Smith. When he signs a 1040 Tax Form, he dutifully fills out the form as John H. Smith and then signs his name "under penalty of perjury, " thereby admitting he will be responsible for all the taxes of John H. Smith, a fiction in law, corporation. Look at your drivers license and see who it is issued to. How can government use a form of our name and turn it into a fiction (corporation) without our permission? They can't, we sign our name to all of their forms, which is purely voluntary "permission-in-ignorance." In short, we do it to ourselves!
However, for those who wish to control and own this fiction and prohibit government corporations, including the Internal Revenue Service from making so- called charges against it, a remedy is available: to do this by executing a UCC- 1 Financing Statement! John Henry, Smith would simply do what Government and the Internal Revenue Service does not do: File your UCC-1 Financing Statement into the Commercial Registry with the Secretary of State and claim EVERYTHING related to JOHN H. SMITH or any derivative name, corporate fiction; i.e.: the Birth Certificate and Social Security Card and Number. The living, breathing, real person then owns and controls the fictitious entity, including all contracts related to the Birth Certificate and Social Security Number. Thusly, the real John H. Smith secures all rights, interest and title in the fictitious entity. Now, government and the Internal Revenue Service has to deal with John Henry: Smith but they cannot!, because he is no longer subject to government control.
Every living breathing person who has a Social Security Number ALSO HAS an Employer Identification Number (yes, there are exceptions). The Internal Revenue Service calls the Social Security Number our Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN). Never do they mention our Employer Identification Number (EIN). What, "you are not an employer, so how could you possibly have an EIN?" But you do! We are all employers and every one of us has an EIN. If you apply for a new Social Security Card (not a new number), on the backside of the card written In Red is your Employer Identification Number. Government workers are all employees. EVERY SINGLE ONE OF THEM! GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES WORK FOR US!, WE ARE THEIR EMPLOYER!
That is why, when you read the Tax Code to find the definition of "employee," under Title 26 United States Code, at Section 3401(c), the term "employee" specifically includes officers and employees, whether elected or appointed, of the United States, a State (Federal State), Territory, or any other political subdivision thereof, or the District of Columbia, or any agency or instrumentality of any one or more of the foregoing. EVERY ONE OF THEM ARE EMPLOYEES – WE, THE AMERICAN PEOPLE, ARE THE EMPLOYER. Write to the Bureau of Vital Statistics in the Capital of the State where you were born and request a copy of your Birth Certificate. REQUEST THE LONG FORM (Certified Copy). Never mind that you have a copy right now. More likely than not it came from the County in which you were born. The number assigned to your Birth Certificate by the Vital Statistics Office is of primary importance when executing your UCC-I Financing Statement.
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C. RELIEF FROM TAXES AND ALL OTHER COMMERCIAL OBLIGATIONS ARE AS SIMPLE AS A UCC-I FILING AND COMMERCIAL PROCESS AWAY!
What can filing a UCC-I Financing Statement do for you besides everything described thus far? Let's throw a few more examples onto the table to explain. As previously stated, the only real thing in the United States, is the American People. Corporations are fictions - DEAD ENTITIES! Let's use a fiction called GENERAL MOTORS for our explanation. Since the inception of GENERAL MOTORS which was originally created by another corporate fiction we call government, they have borrowed into existence countless billions of Federal Reserve Notes. Today GENERAL MOTORS proudly calls themselves one of the largest corporations (a fiction) in the world! It is taught that stockholders of GENERAL MOTORS "own" GENERAL MOTORS. The real truth is the American People own everything produced by GENERAL MOTORS - free and clear. Isn't it interesting this fiction charges us the American People for what already belongs to us - and then to add more insult to injury - they tack on a little interest to boot!
When Internal Revenue sends a letter or Notice to the fiction JOHN H. SMITH and says "Our records indicate you owe $15,000.00," John Henry: Smith, who has filed a UCC-I Financing Statement now has multiple options as to how he chooses to deal with this matter. John Henry: Smith knows full well he must respond to the PRESENTMENT he's just received from Internal Revenue in a timely manner. Depending on the Notice or Presentment he's received he has either ten (10) days or thirty (30) days to respond. If he does not know what his time frame is to respond in is, to play it safe, it would be best for him to respond before the ten (10) days expires. John Henry: Smith knows that if he doesn't respond, after the allotted time.
If he fails to respond. Internal Revenue will enter a Default Judgment against him. Because he failed to object to the bill or ask any questions about it, having defaulted, the amount can lawfully be collected from him. John Henry: Smith also knows that you never argue the amount of deficiency in any tax case. If you are not required to file, you should not care whether they say you owe fifteen thousand dollars or one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. If you are not required to file, the amount doesn't matter. You never argue the amount because that is a fact issue.
The reason for this is, usually when you receive a Notice of Deficiency; it is for some unworldly amount. The Internal Revenue Service wants you to run in and argue about the amount. The minute you say "I don't owe that much," you have just agreed that you owed something and conceded jurisdiction. One of the proper methods is to immediately write the Internal Revenue Service a letter notifying them their Presentment is dishonored by you and you have reserved all rights under the Uniform Commercial Code at UCC 1-207. This normally should be all that is required. If this doesn't make the matter disappear then John Henry: Smith can exercise option No. 2 and can "Accept the $15,000.00 for Value" and the so-called debt is extinguished. Why? How Is that possible? Because every "real" American has a corresponding offsetting "credit" for all debt claimed against his Strawman or fiction.
Real folks all across America are filing UCC-I Financing Statements and ridding themselves of the debt and fraud of this beast system called by many as government and their created fictions. It has been established, "Lawyers and Attorneys have written well over Sixty Million Codes and Statutes to confound and confuse the American People and enslave them." None of these Codes or Statutes apply to any living, breathing, people who claim their heritage through what God has preserved. The fact that many Americans are filing UCC-I Financing Statements and commercially liberating themselves has caused major alarms to go off with Government and the CREDITORS. In an attempt to slow down this mass exodus, the Secretary of State's Offices after July 1, 2001, will accept no more signature filings. This means, if you, as a flesh and blood human being, have not filed your UCC-I Financing Statement before July 1 2001, your ability to remove yourself from that status of a DEBTOR with mere privileges to the status of a CREDITOR with enforceable Rights, is subject to become considerably more difficult to achieve. Therefore, he who hesitates, is lost - just as the old saying goes: "Snooze, you lose!"
After filing your UCC-I Financing Statement, it can be used by the real person to obtain what is known as a "Security Interest" in the fiction (aka Strawman) whom the Internal Revenue Service uses to force, intimidate, threaten and compel the real flesh and blood person to pay what are called taxes. Under the Uniform Commercial Code, a Financing Statement is used under Article IX to reflect a Public Record that there is a Security Interest or claim to the goods in question to secure a debt. The Financing Statement is filed by the Security Holder (real person) with the Secretary of State, or similar public body, and as a result becomes Public Record. As a party with ownership of the fiction or (Strawman), you become the Secured Party with ALL RIGHTS, INTEREST, AND TITLE in the fiction's Birth Certificate, Social Security Number, Driver's License, Automobile, Certificates of Title, Credit Cards, Loans, Property, Taxes, etc., etc.!
So what did it cost the moneychangers to enslave the American People? Nothing! The same is true for freedom; "For thus saith the Lord, Ye have sold yourselves for naught (nothing), and ye shall be redeemed without money." Isaiah 52nd Chapter, 4th verse 1.
1) BAIT and SWITCH vs. CONTRACT ACCEPTANCE
Every contract consists of both an offer and acceptance. In every contract there is an Offeror and Acceptor. The offer being the tale and the acceptor the head. Under contract law, title to whatever is offered transfers instantaneously upon acceptance, not upon payment like many seem to think. Payment, a consideration, is merely incidental. Attorney's and Lawyers who write every contract used by corporations, including Government Corporations, know that the acceptor of the contract is in charge or what is known as the Holder in Due Course. Holder in Due Course is defined as: "Title Holder of the contract." Thus, whenever you see any advertisement in the paper by a New Car Dealer offering you a new car at a certain price, and you’re attracted by what is offered, you run right down to the car dealer and without knowing it become the victim of the oldest game of bait and switch in existence! Here is how the real shakedown works: After name to a contract, which in doing so, makes you the Offeror and the dealership the acceptor of that offer. It works the same identical way in every retail sale in the country, including Real Estate. You lose, because the seller is the Holder of the contract and in charge. That is the reason why you only get a carbon or photocopy of the contract. They keep the original contract and original signatures and obediently enter the property into commerce as the lawyers intended. It is a diabolical scheme! Whenever a Government Corporation sends you a letter, indictment or anything else charging that you violated some statute or code or that you owe some sort of tax or fine, think of that as an offer by the Government. For example: let's say you receive a bill for property taxes. This is an offer by the tax office just like the new car dealer. There are several options that you have when you get the bill. The number one option which most people take is to write out a check for the amount due. A check of course, is a debt instrument. Thus you are making a counter-offer to the tax collector, which they of course will accept, but the debt HAS NOT been extinguished. It is simply added to the PUBLIC DEBT. Once again, you have become the victim of a bait and switch!
Let’s use the same example as we've previously discussed and this time, let’s use a different tactic. Remember that the acceptor is in charge. This time let’s simply accept the "tax bill" for Value with the "right of chargeback." When you examine your property tax bill, you find out it is made out to a name (purportedly yours) in all capital letters. Which as you've already discovered is not you! It is a fiction created by the government. If you've done your homework, you've obtained a certified copy of your Birth Certificate from the Bureau of Vital Statistics in the State where you were born and have filed your UCC-I Financing Statement. NOW YOU OWN ALL RIGHTS, TITLE AND INTEREST IN THAT ALL CAPITAL LETTER NAME CHARACTER, INCLUDING ALL CONTRACTS, MORTGAGES AND PLEDGES. YOU'RE NOW IN CHARGE OF ANYTHING YOU WANT TO DO WITH THE FICTION.

It works the same way with Internal Revenue Service. They send the fiction a "tax bill" for $20,000.00. You as the owner of the fiction, Accept their presentment for Value, place a value of $20,000,000.00, for example on it and notify whoever sent you the presentment that you now want a copy of their fiduciary tax return. You can request this because all of the money created uses your credit/labor as collateral. The amount you use is up to you. Only you can personally determine what value to place upon this trespass and violation of your property.
2) ADVANTAGES OF UTILIZING THE "AFFIDAVIT DENYING EXISTENCE OF CORPORATION!"
The words "Specific Negative Averment" which is what an "Affidavit Denying Existence of Corporation" really amounts to are taken verbatim out of Rule 9(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which in the Rule provides and describes exactly how to challenge corporate existence solvency, and capacity to sue and be sued.
The term "Averment" comes from the root word "aver": to declare or assert; to set out distinctly and formally; to allege. An averment is a positive declaration or affirmation of fact, especially an allegation. It is submitted in the form of an affidavit so as to invoke the superior credibility and power that comes with having unlimited commercial liability. As an honest, forthright, openly and fully by affidavit. Others with hidden agendas and skeletons in the closet need to hide behind their corporate mothers’ skirts of only limited liability. They are too terrified of being held personally accountable for anything to step up to the commercial plate and swear out an affidavit stating anything.
Executing the "Affidavit Denying Existence of Corporation" requires the receiving/served party to respond by affidavit, both written in longhand in red ink and notarized in red ink and sent to you via the Notary Public, and further requires that they prove:
a) All of the various fictitious, non-existent, undefined assemblages of all-capital-letters, e.g. "INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE," etc. legally exist, i.e. are solvent, have standing in law, and can be present in a court; and
b) Each has a proven contractual nexus with all the others, including the artificial person represented by the corrupted, all-capital-letter version of your true name.
Failure to accomplish the above in the manner prescribed in the affidavit establishes on the record his/her/their confession and consent of judgment that none of those entities exist. That there is no enforceable contract. You are not required to become involved in an imaginary dispute between non-existent entities!
It is crucial to realize, that the only way we can survive as a civilization is to cause truth to prevail. If history be our teacher, since it is so often stated: "History repeats itself and those who fail to learn from History, are doomed to repeat it," is forever present. Any society functioning on lies, i.e. data contrary to the way things actually are and function, will fail. As It is, mankind on this planet is hell bent for dissolution and disappearance as a living species. This is no exaggeration. When thoughts, words, and deeds of billions of people are increasingly wrong, erroneous, and false, the natural cause/effect consequences of such futile efforts to violate the laws of existence self-function to assert their own integrity. All that is false and contrary to the truth of man's basic nature and the nature of life eventually self-destructs as a consequence.
Establishing truth in situations requires exposing the actual nature of everything that is proffered. The entire system thrives and ravages the world because people accept the surface appearance of things at face value without looking for the underlying cause and exposing the truth of the matter so it can be recognized and understood. Reality's game is "truth or consequences." The consequence of acting contrary to truth begets ruin
It is therefore essential to neutralize both of the ways people are damaged by the systematic war being waged against them by their so-called "Public Servants": the commercial process and the "legitimacy" in the Law of Nations of War as a valid activity of nation States.
In certain circumstances, in compliment and simultaneously with the Affidavit Denying. existence of Corporation, the "Accepted For Value" UCC Commercial Process and whatever other affidavits might be deployed, the "Affidavit Denying Existence of Corporation" is essential to neutralize the commercial aspect of the war, and the Affidavit, "Bill of Peace" is used to expose the naked aggression of the systematic war being waged under color of law.
Anyone who wants to deal with you who will "NOT COME CLEAN" and be honest, sincere, and well intentioned, is self-confessing to be:
a) Disregarding the truth and acting on lies, deceit, bad faith, and absence of full disclosure, and thereby announcing to you by their actions (and failures to act) that they are an aggressor, criminal con artist with no authority, and an enemy. Since no contract can be formed without genuine agreement - free consent and mutual meeting of the minds based on full disclosure, good faith, and truth no contract can result from your interaction with them other than the criminal contract formed unilaterally by them via their assault upon you. This further voids all and every basis upon which to require you to do anything they say or to have anything to do with them.
b) Acting on their own, with no legitimate authority whatsoever, and are therefore personally_liable_in unlimited-commercial-liability capacity, i.e. NAKED!
Upon your opponents failure to answer or rebut your Affidavit of Specific Negative Averment and Execute your Bill of Peace a Notice of Default and Stipulation is thereby executed, served upon them and recorded in the Public Record.
3) ACCEPTANCE FOR VALUE?
Once the "real, live, flesh and blood- Individual has filed a UCC-I Financing Statement with Security Agreement in place and taking "all rights, title and interest" in the ALL-CAPITAL-LETTERS FICTION, ASSEMBLAGE, ARTIFICIAL PERSON (that very so-called name may be spelled with a first name, middle initial and last name) or "Strawman/Woman" when a "person (agency or other public or private corporation)" submits a letter or form suggesting that you (when its really the fiction) are being charged with a debt, taxes or whatever, a personalized letter is sent to the person who signed the letter or form or a person responsible for the letter or form being sent to the fiction.
That letter explains that you (the real deal) "Accept the Charge for Value." This basically tells them you hold title to the FICTION and anything .connected to the FICTION, it gives them NOTICE that they have committed a "Trespass against your property ... Your Rights!" It sets in stone that you are "the Holder-in-Due-Course." This is a banking/securities term and requires a quick refresher definition:
“In every contract there must be an offer, acceptance and a consideration. Corporations specialize in bait-and-switch tactics to protect themselves in every contractual arrangement. Such as, when you see a home you like, the real estate agency may have "offered" the home for sale through various advertisements. This is an offer. You look at the home and like it and the price is right. You tell the real estate agent "Yes, I'll take it ! "At that point you have become the acceptor of the contract and of course the home and price is the consideration. From a legal standpoint, this contract Is completed. The offer, acceptance and consideration are completed right then. The acceptor is the 'one "in charge." That at the moment, could be you. Then comes the old switch-a- ignorance of the law is any excuse or defense) then requires you to fill out a FORM in which you make an Offer and They the Seller become the Acceptor! The bait and switch is complete. That simple. You have now "voluntarily" become a DEBTOR -"forever," even if you paid cash for the place or latter pay of the mortgage. Why? Why can't you pay it off? YOU CANNOT EXTINGUISH DEBTS WITH A DEBT INSTRUMENT (I.e. FEDERAL RESERVE NOTES)! -<[Debt + Debt ? Debt; Credit + Credit ? Credit, neither satisfy or cancel the obligation of payment and do not constitute payment!]&Mac221;-.”
You have voluntarily made someone else the Holder in Due Course of the property. They accepted the instrument (contract) FOR VALUE. They now own the property. "All parts of the contract, including the deed are now "recorded in the property records. Look at your deed. It will have the, "FICTIONS" written in all capital letters. All we really do is add to the so-called National Debt whenever you-pay those taxes and make that counteroffer, with the debt, however, not changing and remaining the same whenever you purchase anything in this manner. So when you receive a Notice of Property-taxes on your home, the taxing authority is really making you an "offer." When you pay the taxes you are inking a counter-offer, because your payment will not extinguish the debt or cancel it out. They will accept your counter-offer, however, but the debt will still be there.
By the way, the Notice of Property Tax due will be made out to your FICTION! Keep these things in mind when you purchase 'a home, land, auto, "etc. You make the contract.! Make the seller the Offeror and yourself (the real person with your; name spelled correctly) the acceptor of the offer. This puts you officially in charge! Make gold and/or silver a part of the consideration to extinguish the debt. You will be the Holder in Due Course. YOU keep the original contract and give the Offeror a copy. Do not record-the contract unless you want to give up the allodial title to the property. Recordings is not required and the original, contract by itself is all you need to prove and establish ownership.
Now with this explanation covered, lets move to the person who wrote the letter charging that you owed something. After filing the UCC-1 Financing Statement and acquiring a Certified copy of it with Security Agreement, you are now the Holder in Due Course of the property known as the FICTION or (Strawman) and any contract associated with him or her! Think of the letter as an OFFER and rather than making a counter-offer by paying, you now Accept the offer for Value. By Accepting' for Value, you are saying, "I am the Holder in Due Course" and ... because you have become the ACCEPTOR of the offer, guess Who is in charge? You are in charge and the Offeror has trespassed upon you and your PROPERTY! As the Secured Party or owner of the PROPERTY and Holder in Due Course, you now can set a value on the trespass. So if the Offeror has made the charge that your PROPERTY owes $25,000.00, you can Accept the offer For Value and set a value on it literally for any amount you choose! For discussion purposes, let's put a value on it for $250,000.00. You are going to tell this person to charge the $250,000.00, to your Personal Treasury Account and provide your Employer Identification number for the Account Number to be charged. This will be directed to the Secretary of the Treasury in Washington, D.C. The person has three days in under the Truth-in-Lending-Act to do what has been ordered. In addition, you are going to request that this person send you his/her Fiduciary Tax Return, which would show they have filed and paid taxes on the $250,000.00.
They won't respond, so ten (10) days later you send a Second Request and at the same time send a letter and a Non-Negotiable Bill of Exchange ordering the Secretary to "Charge Back" the $250,000.00, in which the Secretary will be directed to credit the "other side" of his ledger for use by the Republic. When enough folks do this Re-Public – credits will eventually be in excess of the Public Sides Debits!
All of this is done in accordance with Uniform Commercial Code, UCC-3-419 and the Non-Negotiable Bill of Exchange In accord with House Joint Resolution (HJR-192) and will discharge the Public Debt.
The Secretary of the Treasury also only has three (3) days to complete his side of this Order. For he also is required to operate within the Banking Regulation Z, 72 Hour period regulation guideline governing retail agreements, as codified at: 15 U.S.C. §§ 1601 et seq. Basically you are done. By Accepting everything the (government or any corporation) brings your way for Value - there is no argument - no fight.
Remember everything is a "charge" from every Government corporation or so called private corporation. A "Charge" is basically to IMPOSE a burden, duty, obligation, or lien.
In criminal law, to "charge" is to indict or formally accuse. Everything centers around a DEBTOR being charged and the CREDITOR making the accusation. To IMPOSE means to levy 'or exact, to lay as a burden, tax, duty or charge. Remember that ALL CHARGES are brought forth against a FICTION and if you (the real deal) owns all rights, title and interest in the FICTION, ALL CHARGES CAN BE DISCHARGED by you, the real person, on the other side of being "charged," which is all a court of equity can do (all courts are courts of equity - bankruptcy), is to make a "claim." A claim means a demand as one's own or as one's right. A FICTION,i.e., a public or private corporation, cannot make a claim against a real person. Only a real person can make a claim against a real person Corporations are FICTIONS and have no right to make claims.
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D. NOW YOU CAN TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE BENEFITS OF UCC-1 FINANCING STATEMENT AND HAVING THE SECURITY AND PROTECTION OF AN UNBEATABLE SECURITY AGREEMENT IN PLACE TO PROTECT YOU, YOUR FAMILY, POSSESSIONS, PROPERTY AND WAGES.
S.O.S.S./COMMERCIAL CLAIMS PROCESSING AGENCY offers one of the most comprehensive Security Agreements available today. This Security Agreement* is NON-DISCHARGEABLE by ANY Title II Bankruptcy Court, and is fully 100% transferable to any Heir or Assign. This Security Agreement carries a fully functionable Fidelity Bond and Indemnity Clause. The collateral covered is as extensive of coverage available!
S.O.S.S./COMMERCIAL CLAIMS PROCESSING AGENCY offers UCC-I Forms, Special Notices, Acceptance for Value Commercial Process Assistance, personalized service with processing, copying, typing, filing, Certified Document Custodian Service and Assistance, Process of Service Services in ALL STATES regardless where, you live
S.O.S.S./COMMERCIAL CLAIMS PROCESSING AGENCY provides prompt professional support services for all your COMMERCIAL affairs and needs.
S.O.S.S./COMMERCIAL CLAIMS PROCESSING AGENCY'S PROFESSIONAL PROCESS CONSULTANTS provide valuable and accurate information for educational enlightenment, and enrichment to empower you with "the knowledge" and assurance that in every commercial matter, the proceedings transpire only under the following terms and conditions:
1. ALL participants must be limited-liability corporations (persons, artificial persons)
2. Proceedings occur only with the express consent of all involved persons;
3. Each corporation must prove solvency in order to go to court;
4. Each corporation, as a limited liability person, must be insured and bonded (underwritten) to provide the stakes at risk in the dispute that are subject to claim in the event of losing the matter;
5. Your "Affidavit Denying Existence of Corporation" and, "Bill of Peace" are processed and serviced upon the parties with Notice that: "NO" summary or equity proceeding can conclude with any genuine issues of material fact in dispute:
6. No civil proceeding can commence until all criminal elements are exposed and resolved; and,
7. No facts exist to be set Into evidence or rendered subject to dispute until all the underlying principles of issue in dispute have been clarified
S.O.S.S./COMMERCIAL CLAIMS PROCESSING AGENCY provides full Secretarial, Research, and other professional support services at a reasonable rate. To maintain and prevail against any summary or equity proceeding (which is all there is today in all of the system's colorable, general-equity, privately owned, limited-liability, military, bankruptcy courts). Other Specialized Services include, but are not necessarily limited to:
1. Besides a variety of documents, photocopying, mailing, filing, recording, executing/processing/stamping all paperwork “ACCEPTED FOR VALUE," Notary Services for certification of your Unlimited Commercial Liability true, correct, and complete, all filing certified filed in the Commercial Claim Registry;
2. Complete Assistance with credentials properly prepared In your true name (In upper-and-lower-case letters) to give everyone Notice of your "Unlimited Commercial Liability."
3. Whenever you experience any encounter with the system, assistance with immediate Notices to all parties of your unlimited Commercial Liability using seven (7) point affidavits, "for and on the record," in which they are unequivocally noticed and told:
Liability;
b) That you are unlimited in undertaking all lawful and commercially just means to protect your life, rights, and property;
c) You have no requirement to be bonded;
d) You cannot be made subject to any limited liability proceeding without your consent, and you do not consent;
e) You must exhaust your commercial remedies prior to accessing any tax-financed court system to resolve any possible dispute;
f) Everything is under oath via affidavit certified and sworn on your unlimited commercial liability true, correct, complete, and everyone who is a party of the proceeding must be similarly sworn in or withdraw;
g) Failure to Withdraw or be sworn in self-impeaches and self-invalidates all of that person's testimony and credibility establishing fatal defects which terminates the case, and constitutes a mistrial and reversible error, so that anything done thereafter by such person constitutes legal and commercial violations which are actionable;
h) The insurance policy and bond of every judge and attorney involved limit them to dealing only with limited-liability corporate persons and forecloses them from being able to deal in any manner with unlimited-liability being such as you;
i) Since everyone in an equity or summary process must expressly consent to the proceedings and you expressly do not consent, they are barred from involving you in any such proceeding;
j) If they insist, they are required to prove identify, authority, liability limits, and solvency by furnishing you a copy of their bond and insurance policy;
k) They are foreclosed from undertaking any such proceeding with genuine issues of material fact unresolved, and the issue of your unlimited-commercial-liability standing is a fundamental issue inasmuch as it is legally impossible-for you to be in their court, or for any matters involving you to even commence, so long as they are in limited liability and you are under unlimited commercial liability; and,
l) Since no civil matters can commence until all possible criminal elements are resolved, conduct and inquiry of everyone who might want to induce or compel you to participate if anything you say can be used against you in any possible criminal proceeding, and if so to provide Notice that you exercise your right Secured by the Fifth Article In Amendment to remain silent.
1. Upon filing your UCC-I Financing Statement and Security Agreement and opening your Personal Treasury Account, S.O.S.S./COMMERCIAL CLAIMS PROCESSING AGENCY offers Tax Relief Assistance Programs by assisting you with the following documents:
a) Freedom of Information/Privacy Act Request to establish/prove your (Strawman)/LEGAL FICTION has in fact been registered in Puerto Rico as a corporation; b) Public Notice and Declaration The Law Does Not Permit Impossibilities, to access Original Jurisdiction Constitutional Rights;
c) Certified Demand for Proof of Jurisdiction;
d) Affidavit in Support of Proof of Jurisdiction;
e) Memorandum with Points and Authorities;
f) Demand for "Employee" definition;
g) Certificate/Affidavit of Non Revenue Taxable Occupation;
h) Withholding Exemption Certificate;
i) Demand for Full Payment of Wages and Cease Desist Withholding
j) Demand for Refund for past three (2) years taxes erroneously paid;
k) Accepted for Value and Exempt from Levy and Request of Employee Identification Number and Copy of 1099 OID;
l) State Income Tax Affidavit for Relief from State Income Taxes in those States where applicable.
Regrettably, performance is mandatory and failure to act immediately to remedy this matter is an unacceptable option or excuse.
If actually owning that home you live in, the car you drive, and anything and everything else you possess, if having access to Original Jurisdiction Constitutional Rights and its protections and if having the full fruits of your labor interests you . . . The time to act is now! Tomorrow may very well be too late.
Leaving the Matrix – SOVEREIGNTY
Okay. You have some foundation and hopefully, this information fell into “fertile soil” of the mind. In order, to simplify all that you have read, all you may have heard, and/or watched let’s cut to the chase. How do we get out of this matrix that these evil elements have maneuvered us into?
You should now have a simple and basic understanding of the UCC-1 and the remedy. So, let’s start the process of getting you out of the system. Please keep in mind that this process will dramatically change your entire life, so start with a changed perspective. You are a living, breathing, soul filled being! You are the divine creation and are the Sovereign in this country. No President, government agent, senator, congressman, judge, cop, etc., has ANY AUTHORITY over you as the Sovereign! So, let’s let them know that you know what they have been hiding from you.
A series of documents will need to be completed in a specific manner and subsequently forwarded to specific parties via specific means. Attention to every minute detail will make the difference of whether or not your process is completed without unnecessary encumbrance. So, please pay close attention.
Although some of this may seem laborious, maybe even a little slow, it is important for you to have clear in your mind some basics. To that end, I will provide examples and simple definitions that will help you complete the paperwork, so that you can complete this process entirely on your own. If you need assistance, of course, we make that available. So, onward we go….
CORPORATE NAME/FICTION: This is the name that was created from your Certificate of Live Birth (Birth Certificate) for you as a corporate entity. It appears on presentments, such as ID’s, bills, certificates, licenses, and the like. This is the name of the DEBTOR. Here are some examples:
JOHN WILLIAM SMITH DAVID RONALD TYSON, JR.
REBECCA AMY WILLIAMS
LIVING PERSON NAME: This is your name as it needs to be presented to these yo-yo’s as the Secured Party and Sovereign:
John-William: Smith David-Ronald, Jr.: Tyson
Rebecca-Amy: Williams
Practice and get used to this presentation of your name so that it becomes second nature. Reprogram your computer (your mind)!
The attached packet has all of the documents, their descriptions, and the process for completing everything required for you to become Sovereign! Follow every step and complete every page as presented with your relevant information.
Many hours of research and experience have gone into refining this process, so bear this in mind as you proceed! You are to be the beneficiary of hundreds of peoples hard work and effort. So, just paint by numbers.
Your Reality controls Fiction
Once you have gained your Sovereignty you will find that there are laws that apply to the Sovereign and ones that don’t. As a Sovereign, you are under the jurisdiction of the Constitution and the Law of God. You no longer serve the “authorities” that have previously lorded over you.
I would say that if you look at this like the game of “Monopoly”. Most of us have either played or observed the game or both. If we take a look at the dynamics of this scenario it will become a little more clear and hopefully, easier for you to understand how to play to win.
In order to participate in the game you must first have a “license” to play. In the game of “Monopoly” you need a token. We either select the race car, the thimble, the boot, or what have you. By accepting the token you have also agreed to abide by the rules set in the game. Everyone is then issued the predetermined amount of currency in various denominations and we then begin rolling the dice and going around the board, waiting for our turn and strategizing how best to succeed in the game.
Keep in mind that as long as things are not going bad for us in the game, the game is fun to play. When we suffer the wrath of the various pitfalls of the game, getting sent to “jail”, drawing a card that says that we owe extra “taxes”, or have to pay rent on a property that has a “Hotel”, and our precious paper currency begins to dwindle the game starts to “suck”. Why?
Because we don’t like to lose? WRONG! Because we are at the mercy of the “dice”, rules, and “players” who don’t seem to give a care about our plight! We have gotten emotionally involved in a game that is nothing more than a game. It is not life…It is not really us that endures the good or the bad in the game. It is simply the experience of our token! The token has no reaction to anything! You, as the living soul can get up and walk away at any point and time that you choose. No matter how hard you wish or try, you can NEVER become the token. You are only the supervisor of the token. This is a very important distinction to make. You are Sovereign and the token is at the mercy of the game, but more importantly, the token is at YOUR MERCY.
Throughout the entire playing of the game you have had complete control over your token. You could have thrown the token into the trash, melted it…or whatever YOU CHOOSE! That would also lead us to conclude that if you want to continue or not continue to play the game that is also the Sovereign’s choice. We choose to subject ourselves to the rules of the game and the game itself. WE ARE NOT VICTIMS!
Guess what? That is the same for this life. A few people have gotten together and structured a “game” which we have been playing without our knowledge. It’s just like “Monopoly” in very many ways. We believe, like in the game, we can have a plan for success or for the sheer enjoyment of the game, but the “roll of the dice” can change things without rhyme or reason.
How many people have we seen that have suffered from the negative effects of the game that these few evil folks have contrived and we have unwittingly been playing? I am referring to people that have suffered from stress related illnesses, heart attacks, strokes, depression, divorces, violence, drug abuse, and even suicides! The contrived game which we live through is much worse than most could begin to even imagine. The people that run this game want us all to accept without question that we are our token, the corporate fiction they created for us, and that we are at the mercy of the whims of the game!
Well, we already know the history. We know that “they” did this and how “they” did it. Now, as you have notified them you are aware that you are Sovereign and not the token they created, you can begin to rethink your relationship with your token and the game and use this to your advantage.
There are several key processes that can help you win the game. Don’t completely walk away from the game. Just, play to win!!
There are processes like Acceptance for Value (A4V), Administrative Process, the “Black Debit Card”, land patents, etc. that provide a Sovereign remedy to situations within the game. Unfortunately, I do not have the time to address this all here. This is just the intro…Sovereignty 101, if you will. You will want the freedom and peace that these processes make available to the Sovereign.
In closing, I would like to state that I humble myself in honor of the men and women who have strived and fought to defend and bring forth these simple truths to us all.
Stay tuned for the sequel – CHECKMATE – HOW THE SOVEREIGN WINS THE GAME!