http://listverse.com/2009/02/14/top-10-most-powerful-families-in-history/

"Rothschilds...
are the guardians of the papal treasure."

-Encyclopedia Judaica, 1901–1906, Vol. 2, p.497

Read Full Story Below of the Rothchilds and other powerful families in world

In France, the word "Rothschild" was throughout the 19th and 20th centuries a synonym for seemingly endless wealth, neo-Gothic styles, Byzantine splendour, grand manners and epicurean glamour.^[46] The family also has lent its name to "le goût Rothschild," a suffocatingly glamorous style of living whose decorative elements include neo-Renaissance palaces, extravagant use of velvet and gilding, vast collections of armour and sculpture, a sense of Victorian horror vacui, and the highest masterworks of art. Le goût Rothschild has much influenced interior designers such as Robert Denning, Vincent Fourcade, and others.

"Yes, my dear fellow, it all amounts to this: in order to do something first you must be something. We think Dante great, and he had a civilisation of centuries behind him; the House of Rothschild is rich and it has required much more than one generation to attain such wealth. Such things all lie much deeper than one thinks."

—Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, October 1828^[47]

Some of the most powerful families in history

A week ago I removed a list (something I very seldom do) which had caused quite a stir; it was a list of the most powerful families. This new list is designed to replace the original and to give a broader view of some of the most powerful historic families while not excluding royal houses (who dominate this list as one would expect). Let us hope this is received better than the original (which I should add, was not without its merits).

The Rothschild family (often referred to simply as the Rothschilds), is an international banking and finance dynasty of German Jewish origin that established operations across Europe, and was ennobled by the Austrian and British governments. The family’s rise to international prominence began with Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812 – pictured above), whose strategy for future success was to keep control of their businesses in family hands, allowing them to maintain full discretion about the size of their wealth and their business achievements. Mayer Rothschild successfully kept the fortune in the family with carefully arranged marriages between closely related family members. Nathan Mayer Rothschild started his London business, N. M. Rothschild and Sons in 1811 at New Court in St Swithin’s Lane, City of London, where it still trades today. In 1818, he arranged a £5 million loan to the Prussian government, and the issuing of bonds for government loans formed a mainstay of his bank’s business. He gained a position of such power in the City of London that by 1825–6 he was able to supply enough coin to the Bank of England to enable it to avert a market liquidity crisis.

In the toss-up between including the Plantagenets or the Tudors, the Plantagenet’s won because much of the development of the English culture and political system (which remains to this day) arose under their rule. Under the Tudors, the Church of England was formed and some say a golden age occurred, but the significance of the Plantagenet line is far greater (and furthermore, Henry VIII was descended matrilineally from the Plantagenet family anyway). The House of Plantagenet was a royal house founded by Henry II of England, son of Geoffrey V of Anjou. The Plantagenet kings first ruled the Kingdom of England in the 12th century. In total, fifteen Plantagenet monarchs, including those belonging to cadet branches, ruled England from 1154 until 1485. A distinctive English culture and art emerged during the Plantagenet era, encouraged by some of the monarchs who were patrons of the “father of English poetry”; Geoffrey Chaucer. The Gothic architecture style was popular during the time, with buildings such as the Westminster Abbey and York Minster remodeled in that style. There was also lasting developments in the social sector, such as John I of England’s signing of the Magna Carta (pictured above). This was influential in the development of common law and constitutional law. Political institutions such as the Parliament of England and the Model Parliament originate from the Plantagenet period, as do educational institutions including the University of Cambridge and Oxford.

The Nehru-Feroz Gandhi family is an Indian political family which has been dominant in the Indian National Congress for most of India’s early independent history. Three members of the family (Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, his daughter Indira Gandhi and her son Rajiv Gandhi) have been Prime Minister of India, two of whom (Indira and Rajiv Gandhi) have been assassinated. A fourth member of the family, Sonia Gandhi, is currently Congress President, while her and Rajiv’s son, Rahul Gandhi, is the youngest member of the family to enter active politics when he contested and won a seat in the lower house of the Parliament of India in 2004. The Nehru-Feroz Gandhi family is not related to Indian independence leader Mohandas Gandhi. The Nehru-Gandhis are the most prominent example of the tradition of dynastic leadership in Asian democratic countries.

Genghis Khan (pictured above) was the founder, Khan (ruler) and Khagan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, the largest contiguous empire in history.
He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed “Genghis Khan”, he started the Mongol invasions and raids of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. During his life, the Mongol Empire eventually occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia. Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ogedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons. He died in 1227 after defeating the Tanguts. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at a location unknown. His descendants went on to stretch the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering and/or creating vassal states out of all of modern-day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asian countries, and substantial portions of modern Eastern Europe and the Middle East.

These two families are combined in one item as they were two of the most important families in Ancient Rome and eventually joined together to form the Julio-Claudian Dynasty that provided the most famous emperors: Caligula, Augustus (pictured above), Claudius, Tiberius, and Nero. These five emperors ruled the Roman Empire from 27 BC to AD 68, when the last of the line, Nero, committed suicide. These five rulers were linked through marriage and adoption into the familial gens Julio and gens Claudia. Julius Caesar is sometimes inaccurately seen as its founder, although he was not an emperor and had no Claudian connections; Augustus is the more widely accepted founder. The reigns of the Julian-Claudian emperors bear some similar traits: All came to power through indirect or adopted relations. Each expanded the territory of the Roman Empire and initiated massive construction projects. They were generally loved by the common people, but were resented by the senatorial class – a sentiment reflected by ancient historians. Ancient historians describe the Julio-Claudians as self-aggrandizing, mad, sexually perverse and tyrannical.

“Zhu” was the family name of the emperors of the Ming Dynasty. The first Ming Emperor, Hongwu (Zhu Yuanzhang – pictured above) opted to use the name Ming for the dynastic name. Ming means “Brilliant”. The Ming Dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, “one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history,” was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Hans. Although the Ming capital Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng, which was itself soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty (the last Chinese imperial family), regimes loyal to the Ming throne (collectively called the Southern Ming) survived until 1662. Ming rule saw the construction of a vast navy and a standing army of one million troops. There were enormous construction projects, including the restoration of the Grand Canal and the Great Wall and the establishment of the Forbidden City in Beijing during the first quarter of the 15th century. Estimates for the late-Ming population vary from 160 to 200 million. The Ming dynasty is often regarded as both a high point in Chinese civilization as well as a dynasty in which early signs of capitalism emerged.

The House of Habsburg was an important royal house of Europe and is best known as supplying all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors between 1452 and 1740, as well as rulers of Spain and the Austrian Empire. Originally from Switzerland, the dynasty first reigned in Austria, which they ruled for over six centuries, but a series of dynastic marriages brought Burgundy, Spain, Bohemia, Hungary and other territories into the inheritance. The dynasty is named after their seat of origin, the Habsburg Castle in the Swiss Canton of Aargau. The dynasty’s motto is “Let others wage wars, but you, happy Austria, shall marry”, which indicates the talent of the Habsburgs to have their members intermarry into other royal houses, to make alliances and inherit territory. Empress Maria Theresa (pictured above) is recognized quite notably for it and is sometimes referred to as the ‘Great-Grandmother of Europe’.

The Ptolemaic dynasty was a Hellenistic Macedonian royal family which ruled the Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt for nearly 300 years, from 305 BC to 30 BC. Ptolemy, one of the seven bodyguards who served as Alexander the Great’s generals and deputies, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander’s death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as “Soter” (saviour). The Egyptians soon accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt. Ptolemy’s family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII (pictured above), known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt.

The Mèdici family was a powerful and influential Florentine family from the 13th to 17th century. The family had three popes (Leo X – pictured above, Clement VII, and Leo XI), numerous rulers of Florence (notably Lorenzo the Magnificent, patron of some of the most famous works of Renaissance art) and later members of the French and English royalty. Like other signore families they dominated their city’s government. They were able to bring Florence under their family’s power, allowing for an environment where art and humanism could flourish. They led the birth of the Italian Renaissance along with the other great signore families of Italy such as the Visconti and Sforza families of Milan, the Este of Ferrara, and the Gonzaga of Mantua. The Medici Bank was one of the most prosperous and most respected in Europe. There are some estimates that the Medici family were for a period of time the wealthiest family in Europe. From this base, they acquired political power initially in Florence and later in wider Italy and Europe.

The Capetian dynasty is the largest European royal house. It includes any of the direct descendants of Hugh Capet of France. King Juan Carlos of Spain and Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg are members of this family, both through the Bourbon branch of the dynasty. Over the course of the preceding centuries, Capetians spread throughout Europe, ruling every form of provincial unit from kingdoms to manors. Besides being the most numerous royal family in Europe, it also is one of the most incestuous, especially in the Spanish Monarchy. Many years have passed since the Capetian monarchs ruled a large part of Europe, however they still remain as kings, as well as other titles. Currently two Capetian monarchs still rule in Spain and Luxembourg. In addition, seven pretenders represent exiled dynastic monarchies in Brazil, France, Spain, Portugal, Parma and Two Sicilies. The current legitimate senior family member is Louis Alfonso (pictured above), the Duke of Anjou, who also holds the Legitimist claim to the French throne. Overall, dozens of branches of the Capetian dynasty still exist throughout Europe.

Notable Omissions: Merovingians, Qin family, Bhutto family, Tudors, Romanovs, Stuarts, House of Orange, Berenguer family, Kennedy family, Vanderbilt family

Rothschild family

"I have not the nerve for his operations. They are well-planned, with great cleverness and adroitness in execution – but he is in money and funds what Napoleon was in war." —Baron Baring on Nathan Rothschild^[16]

Ethnicity	Ashkenazi Jewish
Current region	Monaco, Luxembourg, France, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, United Kingdom, Cayman Islands

Place of origin Frankfurt am Main

Origins

The family's rise to European prominence began in 1744, with the birth of Mayer Amschel Rothschild in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, the son of Amschel Moses Rothschild (born circa 1710),^[6] a money changer, who had traded with the Prince of Hesse. Born in the ghetto (called "Judengasse" or Jewish Alley) of Frankfurt, Mayer developed a finance house and spread his empire by installing each of his five sons in European cities to conduct business. The new kind of international firm the Rothschilds created was impervious to local attack. In 1819, anti-Semitic violence broke out in many parts of Germany. The Hep-Hep riots included an assault on the Rothschild house in Frankfurt, but the Rothschild fortune, being distributed widely, remained intact.^[7] Another essential part of Mayer Rothschild's strategy for future success was to keep control of their businesses in family hands, allowing them to maintain full discretion about the size of their wealth and their business achievements. About 1906, the Jewish Encyclopedia noted: "The practice initiated by the Rothschilds of having several brothers of a firm establish branches in the different financial centers was followed by other Jewish financiers, like the Bischoffsheims, Pereires, Seligmans, Lazards, and others, and these financiers by their integrity and financial skill obtained credit not alone with their Jewish confrères, but with the banking fraternity in general. By this means Jewish financiers obtained an increasing share of international finance during the middle and last quarter of the nineteenth century. The head of the whole group was the Rothschild family...". It also states: "Of more recent years, non-Jewish financiers have learned the same cosmopolitan method, and, on the whole, the control is now rather less than more in Jewish hands than formerly."^[8]

Following a royal and aristocratic technique, which also was copied later by business dynasties such as the Du Pont family,^[9] Mayer Rothschild successfully kept the fortune in the family with carefully arranged marriages, including between first or second cousins, although by the later 19th century, almost all Rothschilds had started to marry outside the family, usually into the aristocracy or other financial dynasties.^[9] His sons were:

• Amschel Mayer Rothschild (1773–1855): Frankfurt, died childless, passed to sons of Salomon and Calmann
• Salomon Mayer Rothschild (1774–1855): Vienna
• Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836): London
• Calmann Mayer Rothschild (1788–1855): Naples
• Jakob Mayer Rothschild (1792–1868): Paris

The Rothschild coat of arms contains a clenched fist with five arrows symbolizing the five sons of Mayer Rothschild, a reference to Psalm 127: "Like arrows in the hands of a warrior". The family motto appears below the shield, in Latin, Concordia, Integritas, Industria, (Harmony, Integrity, Industry).^[10] The German family name means "Red Shield". Today, it would be spelled "Rotschild", and is pronounced approximately ROT-shillt in German, not wroth(s)-child as it is in English. The surname "Rothschild" is not uncommon in Germany, and the vast majority of the bearers of the name are unrelated to this family. Moreover, the German surnames "Rothschild" and "Rothchild" are not related to the Protestant surname "Rothchilds" from the United Kingdom.

Families by country:

• Rothschild banking family of Naples
• Rothschild banking family of England
• Rothschild banking family of Austria
• Rothschild banking family of Germany
• Rothschild banking family of France
• Rothschild banking family of Switzerland

Origins

The family's rise to European prominence began in 1744, with the birth of Mayer Amschel Rothschild in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, the son of Amschel Moses Rothschild (born circa 1710),^[6] a money changer, who had traded with the Prince of Hesse. Born in the ghetto (called "Judengasse" or Jewish Alley) of Frankfurt, Mayer developed a finance house and spread his empire by installing each of his five sons in European cities to conduct business. The new kind of international firm the Rothschilds created was impervious to local attack. In 1819, anti-Semitic violence broke out in many parts of Germany. The Hep-Hep riots included an assault on the Rothschild house in Frankfurt, but the Rothschild fortune, being distributed widely, remained intact.^[7] Another essential part of Mayer Rothschild's strategy for future success was to keep control of their businesses in family hands, allowing them to maintain full discretion about the size of their wealth and their business achievements. About 1906, the Jewish Encyclopedia noted: "The practice initiated by the Rothschilds of having several brothers of a firm establish branches in the different financial centers was followed by other Jewish financiers, like the Bischoffsheims, Pereires, Seligmans, Lazards, and others, and these financiers by their integrity and financial skill obtained credit not alone with their Jewish confrères, but with the banking fraternity in general. By this means Jewish financiers obtained an increasing share of international finance during the middle and last quarter of the nineteenth century. The head of the whole group was the Rothschild family...". It also states: "Of more recent years, non-Jewish financiers have learned the same cosmopolitan method, and, on the whole, the control is now rather less than more in Jewish hands than formerly."^[8]

Following a royal and aristocratic technique, which also was copied later by business dynasties such as the Du Pont family,^[9] Mayer Rothschild successfully kept the fortune in the family with carefully arranged marriages, including between first or second cousins, although by the later 19th century, almost all Rothschilds had started to marry outside the family, usually into the aristocracy or other financial dynasties.^[9] His sons were:

• Amschel Mayer Rothschild (1773–1855): Frankfurt, died childless, passed to sons of Salomon and Calmann
• Salomon Mayer Rothschild (1774–1855): Vienna
• Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836): London
• Calmann Mayer Rothschild (1788–1855): Naples
• Jakob Mayer Rothschild (1792–1868): Paris

The Rothschild coat of arms contains a clenched fist with five arrows symbolizing the five sons of Mayer Rothschild, a reference to Psalm 127: "Like arrows in the hands of a warrior". The family motto appears below the shield, in Latin, Concordia, Integritas, Industria, (Harmony, Integrity, Industry).^[10] The German family name means "Red Shield". Today, it would be spelled "Rotschild", and is pronounced approximately ROT-shillt in German, not wroth(s)-child as it is in English. The surname "Rothschild" is not uncommon in Germany, and the vast majority of the bearers of the name are unrelated to this family. Moreover, the German surnames "Rothschild" and "Rothchild" are not related to the Protestant surname "Rothchilds" from the United Kingdom.

Families by country:

• Rothschild banking family of Naples
• Rothschild banking family of England
• Rothschild banking family of Austria
• Rothschild banking family of Germany
• Rothschild banking family of France
• Rothschild banking family of Switzerland

The Napoleonic Wars

The Rothschilds already possessed a very significant fortune before the start of Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), and the family had gained preeminence in the bullion trade by this time.^[11] From London in 1813 to 1815, Nathan Mayer Rothschild was instrumental in almost single-handedly financing the British war effort, financing the shipment of bullion to the Duke of Wellington's armies across Europe, as well as arranging the payment of British financial subsidies to their Continental allies. In 1815 alone, the Rothschilds provided £9.8 million (£634m in 2008 value)^[12] in subsidy loans to Britain's continental allies.^[13]

The brothers helped co-ordinate Rothschild activities across the continent, and the family developed a network of agents, shippers and couriers to transport gold across war-torn Europe. The family network was also to provide Nathan Rothschild time and again with political and financial information ahead of his peers, giving him an advantage in the markets and rendering the house of Rothschild still more invaluable to the British government. In one instance, the family network enabled Nathan to receive in London the news of Wellington's victory at the Battle of Waterloo a full day ahead of the government's official messengers.^[11]

The basis for the Rothschild's most famously profitable move was made after the news of British victory had been made public. Nathan Rothschild calculated that the future reduction in government borrowing brought about by the peace would create a bounce in British government bonds after a two year stabilisation, which would finalise the post-war re-structuring of the domestic economy.^[13][14][15] In what has been described as one of the most audacious moves in financial history, Nathan immediately bought up the government bond market, for what at the time seemed an excessively high price, before waiting two years, then selling the bonds on the crest of short bounce in the market in 1817 for a 40% profit. Given the sheer power of leverage the Rothschild family had at its disposal, this profit was an enormous sum.^[13]

Contrary to stories emanating from an article about the family in a late nineteenth-century magazine with decidedly antisemitic undertones,^{[citation needed]} Rothschild's first concern on this occasion was not the potential financial advantage on the market which the knowledge would have given him; he and his courier immediately took the news to the government.^[11] It is believed that this is a myth that originated in a partisan French pamphlet in 1846 and was embellished by John Reeves in 1887 in The Rothschilds: the Financial Rulers of Nations.^{[citation needed]} It was then repeated in later popular accounts, such as that of Morton.^[14][15]

Nathan Mayer Rothschild initially started his business in Manchester England in 1806, and gradually moved it to London, where in 1809 he acquired the location at 2 New Court in St. Swithin's Lane, City of London,^[11] where it operates today; he established N. M. Rothschild and Sons in 1811. In 1818, he arranged a £5 million loan to the Prussian government, and the issuing of bonds for government loans formed a mainstay of his bank’s business. He gained a position of such power in the City of London that by 1825–6 he was able to supply enough coin to the Bank of England to enable it to avert a market liquidity crisis.

International High Finance

In 1816, four of the brothers were each elevated to the hereditary nobility by Austrian Emperor Francis I; moreover, a fifth brother, Nathan, was elevated in 1818. All of them were granted the Austrian title of baron or Freiherr on 29 September 1822. As such, some members of the family used "de" or "von" Rothschild to acknowledge the grant of nobility. In 1885, Nathan Mayer Rothschild II (1840–1915) of the London branch of the family, was granted the hereditary peerage title Baron Rothschild in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

Rothschild family banking businesses pioneered international high finance during the industrialisation of Europe and were instrumental in supporting railway systems across the world and in complex government financing for projects such as the Suez Canal. The family bought up a large proportion of the property in Mayfair, London. Major businesses directly founded by Rothschild family capital include Alliance Assurance (1824) (now Royal & SunAlliance); Chemin de Fer du Nord (1845); Rio Tinto Group (1873); Société Le Nickel (1880) (now Eramet); and Imétal (1962) (now Imerys). The Rothschilds financed the founding of De Beers, as well as Cecil Rhodes on his expeditions in Africa and the creation of the colony of Rhodesia. From the late 1880s onwards, the family controlled the Rio Tinto mining company.

The Japanese government approached the London and Paris families for funding during the Russo-Japanese War. The London consortium's issue of Japanese war bonds would total £11.5 million (at 1907 currency rates).^[17]

After amassing huge fortunes, the name Rothschild became synonymous with extravagance and great wealth, and the family was renowned for its art collecting, for its palaces, as well as for its philanthropy. By the end of the century, the family owned, or had built, at the lowest estimates, over 41 palaces, of a scale and luxury perhaps unparalleled even by the richest Royal families.^[13] The soon to be British Prime Minister Lloyd George claimed, in 1909, that Lord Nathan Rothschild was the most powerful man in Britain.^[3][18]

In 1901, with no male heir to take it on, the Frankfurt House closed its doors after more than a century in business. It was not until 1989 that they returned when N M Rothschild & Sons, the British investment arm, plus Bank Rothschild AG, the Swiss branch, set up a representative banking office in Frankfurt.

French branches

There are two branches of the family connected to France. The first was son James Mayer de Rothschild (1792–1868), known as "James", who established de Rothschild Frères in Paris. Following the Napoleonic Wars, he played a major role in financing the construction of railroads and the mining business that helped make France an industrial power. James' sons Gustave de Rothschild and Alphonse James de Rothschild continued the banking tradition and was the guarantor of the 5 billion in reparations^[19] demanded by the occupying Prussian army in the 1870s Franco-Prussian War.^{[citation needed]} Ensuing generations of the Paris Rothschild family remained involved in the family business, becoming a major force in international investment banking. The Rothschilds have since led the Thomson Financial League Tables in Investment Banking Merger and Acquisition deals in the UK, France and Italy.

James Mayer de Rothschild's other son, Edmond James de Rothschild (1845–1934) was very much engaged in philanthropy and the arts, and was a leading proponent of Zionism. His grandson, Baron Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild, founded in 1953 the LCF Rothschild Group, a private bank. Since 1997, Baron Benjamin de Rothschild chairs the group. The group has €100bn of assets in 2008 and owns many wine properties in France (Château Clarke, Château des Laurets), in Australia or in South Africa.

In 1961, the 35 year old Baron Edmond purchased the company Club Med, after he had visited a resort and enjoyed his stay.^[20][21] His interest in Club Med was sold off by the 1990s. In 1973, he bought out the Bank of California, selling his interests in 1984 before it was sold to Mitsubishi Bank in 1985.

The second French branch was founded by Nathaniel de Rothschild (1812–1870). Born in London he was the fourth child of the founder of the British branch of the family, Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836). In 1850, Nathaniel Rothschild moved to Paris, ostensibly to work with his uncle, James Mayer Rothschild. However, in 1853 Nathaniel acquired Château Brane Mouton, a vineyard in Pauillac in the Gironde département. Nathaniel Rothschild renamed the estate, Château Mouton Rothschild and it would become one of the best known labels in the world. In 1868, Nathaniel's uncle, James Mayer de Rothschild acquired the neighboring Chateau Lafite vineyard. By 1980, Guy de Rothschild's business had an annual turnover of 26 billion francs (in the currency rates of 1980).^[22] But then the Paris business suffered a near death blow in 1982 when the Socialist government of François Mitterrand nationalized and renamed it Compagnie Européenne de Banque.^{[needs citation]} Baron David de Rothschild, then 39, decided to stay and rebuild, creating a new entity Rothschild & Cie Banque with just three employees and $1 million in capital. Today, the Paris operation has 22 partners and accounts for a significant part of the global business.

Austrian branch

In Vienna, Salomon Mayer Rothschild established a bank in the 1820s and the family became admired and respected citizens. The Austrian Rothschilds were elevated to nobility by the Austrian emperor for their services. The crash of 1929 brought problems, and Baron Louis von Rothschild attempted to shore up the Creditanstalt, Austria's largest bank, to prevent its collapse. Nevertheless, during World War II they had to surrender their bank to the Nazis and flee the country. Their Rothschild palaces, a collection of vast palaces in Vienna built and owned by the family, were confiscated, plundered and destroyed by the Nazis. The palaces were famous for their sheer size, and for their huge collections of paintings, armour, tapestries, statues (some of which were restituted to the Rothschilds by the Austrian government in 1999). All family members escaped the Holocaust, some of them moving to the United States, and only returning to Europe after the war. In 1999, the government of Austria agreed to return to the Rothschild family some 250 art treasures looted by the Nazis and absorbed into state museums after the war.

Naples branch

The C M de Rothschild & Figli bank arranged substantial loans to the Papal States and to various Kings of Naples plus the Duchy of Parma and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. However, in the 1830s, Naples followed Spain with a gradual shift away from conventional bond issues that began to affect the bank's growth and profitability. The Unification of Italy in 1861, with the ensuing decline of the Italian aristocracy who had been the Rothschild's primary clients, eventually brought about the closure of their Naples bank, due to declining forecasts for long-term business sustainability. In the early 19th century, the Rothschild family of Naples built up close relations with the Vatican Bank, and the association between the family and the Vatican continued into the 20th century.
"Rothschilds... are the guardians of the papal treasure."

-Encyclopedia Judaica, 1901–1906, Vol. 2, p.497

Jewish Identity and Positions on Zionism

Jewish solidarity in the family was not homogeneous. Some Rothschilds were supporters of Zionism, while other members of the family opposed the creation of the Jewish state. Some believed it would encourage anti-Semites to question the existing national identities of assimilated Jews around the rest of the world.^[19] In 1917 Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild was the addressee of the Balfour Declaration to the Zionist Federation,^[23] which committed the British government to the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people. Later, Lord Victor Rothschild was against granting asylum or even help to Jewish refugees during the Holocaust.^[19]

After the death of James Jacob de Rothschild in 1868, Alphonse Rothschild, his oldest son, who took over the management of the family bank, was the most active in support for Eretz Israel.^[24] The Rothschild family archives show that during the 1870s the family contributed nearly 500,000 francs per year on behalf of Eastern Jewry to the Alliance Israélite Universelle.^[25] Baron Edmond James de Rothschild, James Jacob de Rothschild's youngest son was a patron of the first settlement in Palestine at Rishon-LeZion, and bought from Ottoman landlords parts of the land which now makes up present-day Israel. In 1924, he established the Palestine Jewish Colonization Association (PICA), which acquired more than 125,000 acres (22,36 km²) of land and set up business ventures.^[26] In Tel Aviv, he has a road, Rothschild Boulevard, named after him as well as various localities throughout Israel which he assisted in founding including Metulla, Zikhron Ya'akov, Rishon Lezion, and Rosh Pina. A park in Boulogne-Billancourt, Paris, the Parc Edmond de Rothschild (Edmond de Rothschild Park) is also named after its founder.^[27] The Rothschilds also played a significant part in the funding of Israel's governmental infrastructure. James A. de Rothschild financed the Knesset building as a gift to the State of Israel^[28] and the Supreme Court of Israel building was donated to Israel by Dorothy de Rothschild.^[29] Outside the President's Chamber is displayed the letter Mrs. Rothschild wrote to the then current Prime Minister Shimon Peres expressing her intention to donate a new building for the Supreme Court.^[30]

Interviewed by Haaretz in 2010, Baron Benjamin Rothschild, a Swiss-based member of the banking family, said that he supported the peace process: "I understand that it is a complicated business, mainly because of the fanatics and extremists – and I am talking about both sides. I think you have fanatics in Israel... In general I am not in contact with politicians. I spoke once with Netanyahu. I met once with an Israeli finance minister, but the less I mingle with politicians the better I feel." On the subject of religious identity, he stated that he held an open-minded attitude: "We do business with all kinds of countries, including Arab countries[...] My oldest daughter's boyfriend is a Saudi. He is a great guy and if she will want to marry him, she can."^[31]

Modern business

Since the end of the 19th century, the family has taken a low-key public profile, donating many of their most famous estates, as well as vast quantities of art, to charity, keeping full anonymity about the size of their fortunes, and eschewing conspicuous displays of wealth.^[32] The family once had one of the largest private art collections in the world, and a significant proportion of the art in the world's public museums are Rothschild donations which were sometimes, in the family tradition of discretion, donated anonymously.^[33]

Since 2003, Rothschild investment banks have been controlled by Rothschild Continuation Holdings, a Swiss-registered holding company (under the chairmanship of Baron David René de Rothschild). Rothschild Continuation Holdings is in turn controlled by Concordia BV, a Dutch-registered master holding company. Rothschild et Cie Banque controls Rothschild banking businesses in France and continental Europe, while Rothschilds Continuation Holdings AG controls a number of Rothschild banks elsewhere, including N M Rothschild & Sons in London.^[34] Twenty percent of Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG was sold in 2005 to Jardine Strategic, which is a subsidiary of Jardine, Matheson & Co. of Hong Kong. In November 2008, Rabobank Group, the leading investment and commercial bank in the Netherlands, acquired 7.5% of Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG, and Rabobank and Rothschild entered into a co-operation agreement in the fields of Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) advisory and Equity Capital Markets advisory in the food and agribusiness sectors.^[35] It was believed that the move was intended to help Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG gain access to a wider capital pool, enlarging its presence in East Asian markets.^[36]

Paris Orleans S.A. is an investment banking and holding company, founded in 1838, and registered in France. It has over 2000 employees. The company has offices in France, the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands, Switzerland, North America, Asia, Australia, and other European countries. Directors of the company include Eric de Rothschild, Robert de Rothschild, and Count Philippe de Nicolay.^[37] A London investment bank, N M Rothschild & Sons does most of its business as a mergers and acquisitions advisor. In 2004, the investment bank withdrew from the gold market, a commodity the Rothschild bankers had traded in for two centuries.^[19] In 2006, it ranked second in UK M&A with deals totalling $104.9 billion.^[38] In 2006, it publicly recorded a pre-tax annual profit of £83.2 million with assets of £5.5 billion.^[39]

One member of the (non-winemaking) Paris branch of the family, Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild (1926–1997) founded the LCF Rothschild Group, based in Geneva, with €100 billion in assets, which today extends to 15 countries across the world. Although this Group is primarily a financial entity, specialising in asset management and private banking, its activities also cover mixed farming, luxury hotels, and yacht racing. The LCF Rothschild Group's committee is currently being chaired by Benjamin de Rothschild, Baron Edmond's son.

Rothschild family banks include, amongst others, Compagnie Financière Edmond de Rothschild, RIT Capital Partners, St James's Place Capital, Banque privée Edmond de Rothschild, La Compagnie Benjamin de Rothschild S.A., and COGIFRANCE.

During the 19th century, the Rothschilds controlled the Rio Tinto mining corporation, and to this day, Rothschild and Rio Tinto maintain a close business relationship. The Rothschild family also owns many wine estates: their estates in France include Château Clarke, Château de Ferrières, Château des Fontaines, Château Lafite, Château de Laversine, Château des Laurets, Château Malmaison, Château de Montvillargenne, Château Mouton Rothschild, Château de la Muette, Château Rothschild d'Armainvilliers, Château Rothschild, Boulogne-Billancourt. They also own wine estates across North America, South America, South Africa and Australia.

In 1980, Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild resigned from N M Rothschild & Sons and took independent control of Rothschild Investment Trust (now RIT Capital Partners, one of the UK's largest investment trusts.) He went on to found J. Rothschild Assurance Group (now St James's Place Capital) with Sir Mark Weinberg in 1991.^[40] In December 2009, Jacob Rothschild invested $200 million of his own money in a North Sea Oil company. He also currently chairs another Rothschild family investment trust, RIT Capital Partners, which has reported assets of $3.4 billion in 2008.^[41][42] In January 2010, Nathaniel Philip Rothschild bought a substantial share of the Glencore mining and oil company's market capitalization. He is also buying a large share of the aluminium mining company United Company RUSAL.^[43]

The family also owns some shares of the British weekly, The Economist^[44]

In late 2010, Baron Benjamin Rothschild said that the family had been unaffected by the financial crisis of 2007–2010, due to their conservative business practices: "We came through it well, because our investment managers did not want to put money into crazy things." He added that the Rothschilds were still a small-scale, traditional family business, and took greater care over their clients investments than American companies, adding: "The client knows we will not speculate with his money".^[31]

Cultural references

In the words of the Daily Telegraph: "This multinational banking family is a byword for wealth, power – and discretion... The Rothschild name has become synonymous with money and power to a degree that no other family has ever matched."^[45]

The story of the Rothschild family has been featured in a number of films. The 1934 Hollywood film titled The House of Rothschild, starring George Arliss and Loretta Young, recounted the life of Mayer Amschel Rothschild. Excerpts from this film were incorporated into the National Socialist (Nazi) propaganda film Der ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew) and another German film Die Rothschilds (also called Aktien auf Waterloo) was directed by Erich Waschneck in 1940. A Broadway musical entitled The Rothschilds, covering the history of the family up to 1818, was nominated for a Tony Award in 1971. Nathaniel Mayer ("Natty") Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild appears as a minor character in the historical-mystery novel Stone's Fall, by Iain Pears. The Rothschild name is mentioned by Aldous Huxley in his novel Brave New World, among many names of historically affluent persons, scientific innovators, and others. The character, named Morgana Rothschild, played a relatively minor role in the story. The name Rothschild used as a synonym for extreme wealth inspired the song "If I Were a Rich Man", which is based on a song from the Tevye the Dairyman stories, written in the Yiddish as Ven ikh bin Rotshild, meaning "If I were a Rothschild".

In France, the word "Rothschild" was throughout the 19th and 20th centuries a synonym for seemingly endless wealth, neo-Gothic styles, Byzantine splendour, grand manners and epicurean glamour.^[46] The family also has lent its name to "le goût Rothschild," a suffocatingly glamorous style of living whose decorative elements include neo-Renaissance palaces, extravagant use of velvet and gilding, vast collections of armour and sculpture, a sense of Victorian horror vacui, and the highest masterworks of art. Le goût Rothschild has much influenced interior designers such as Robert Denning, Vincent Fourcade, and others.

"Yes, my dear fellow, it all amounts to this: in order to do something first you must be something. We think Dante great, and he had a civilisation of centuries behind him; the House of Rothschild is rich and it has required much more than one generation to attain such wealth. Such things all lie much deeper than one thinks."

—Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, October 1828^[47]

Conspiracy theories

Over more than two centuries,^[14][15] the Rothschild family has frequently been the target of conspiracy theories.^[48][49][50] These theories take differing forms, such as claiming that the family belongs to the Illuminati,^[51] controls the world's wealth and financial institutions,^[52][53] or encouraged wars between governments. Discussing this and similar views, the historian Niall Ferguson wrote: "As we have seen, however, wars tended to hit the price of existing bonds by increasing the risk that a debtor state would fail to meet its interest payments in the event of defeat and losses of territory. By the middle of the 19th century, the Rothschilds had evolved from traders into fund managers, carefully tending to their own vast portfolio of government bonds. Now having made their money, they stood to lose more than they gained from conflict. The Rothschilds had decided the outcome of the Napoleonic Wars by putting their financial weight behind Britain. Now they would sit on the sidelines."^[54]

Prominent descendants of Mayer Amschel Rothschild

This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

Prominent lineal descendants of Mayer Amschel Rothschild include amongst many others:

• Major Alexander Karet, (1905–1976)^[55][56]
• Prince Alexandre Louis Philippe Marie Berthier, (1883–1918), died fighting in World War I
• Albert Salomon von Rothschild (1844–1911), the once majority shareholder of Creditanstalt
• Alfred Charles de Rothschild (20 July 1842 – 31 January 1918)
• Alice Charlotte von Rothschild (1847–1922) close friend of Queen Victoria
• Aline Caroline de Rothschild (1885–1909), French socialite
• Lady Aline Caroline Cholmondeley (1916–)^{[citation needed]}
• Alphonse James de Rothschild (1827–1905)
• Amschel Mayor James Rothschild (1955–1996, Paris), patron of motor racing
• Anthony Gustav de Rothschild (1887–1961), horse-breeder
• Anthony James de Rothschild (born 1977)
• Anselm von Rothschild (1803–1874), Austrian banker
• Anselm Alexander Carl de Rothschild (1835–1854)^{[citation needed]}
• Sir Anthony de Rothschild, 1st Baronet (1810–1876)
• Lady Barbara Marie-Louise Constance Berry (born 1935)
• Ariane de Rothschild
• Benjamin de Rothschild (born 1963, Paris)
• Béatrice Ephrussi de Rothschild (1864–1934)
• Bethsabée de Rothschild (1914–1999)
• Carl Mayer von Rothschild (1788–1855)
• Charlotte de Rothschild
• Charlotte Henriette de Rothschild (born 1955), British opera singer
• Charlotte von Rothschild(1818–84)
• Charles Rothschild (1877–1923), banker and entomologist
• Charles Gregoire de Rothschild (Born 1944), banker
• David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley (1960–), Lord Great Chamberlain of England
• David Mayer de Rothschild (b. 1978), billionaire^[57] British adventurer and environmentalist
• David René de Rothschild (born 1942)
• Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild
• Edouard Etienne de Rothschild, (born 1957)
• Édouard Alphonse James de Rothschild (1868–1949) financier and polo player
• Edmond James de Rothschild (1845–1934)
• Edmund Leopold de Rothschild (1916–2009)
• Elie de Rothschild (1917–2007)
• Emma Rothschild (born 1948)
• Esther de Rothschild (born 1979)
• Evelina de Rothschild(1839–66)
• Evelyn Achille de Rothschild (1886–1917), died fighting for the British army in World War I
• Sir Evelyn de Rothschild (born 1931), banker
• Guy de Rothschild (1909–2007)
• Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild (1839–1898)
• Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery née Hannah Rothschild (1851–1890)
• Henry Herbert, 7th Earl of Carnarvon, (1924–2001)
• Henri James de Rothschild (1872–1946)^{[citation needed]}
• Duke Hélie Marie Auguste Jacques Bertrand Philippe, (1943), 10th Duke of Noailles
• Henriette Rothschild (1791–1866) married Sir Moses Montefiore (1784–1885)
• Hugh Cholmondeley, 6th Marquess of Cholmondeley (1919–90), Lord Great Chamberlain of England
• Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild, (born 1936), investment banker
• James Armand de Rothschild (1878–1957)
• James Mayer Rothschild (1792–1868)
• Lady Lavinia Anne Alix de Rothschild, of the Rothschild and Borghese family
• Marie-Hélène de Rothschild (1927–94), French socialite
• Mayer Amschel de Rothschild (1818–1874)
• Neil Primrose, 7th Earl of Rosebery (1929–)
• Neil James Archibald Primrose (1882–1917), MP, killed fighting in World War I
• Nelly Rachel de Rothschild (born 1947)
• Baroness Nica de Koenigswarter (née Baroness Pannonica Rothschild) (1913–1988), patron of bebop and jazz writer, known as "the Jazz baroness"
• Baron Léon Lambert (1929–1987), Belgium art collector^{[citation needed]}
• Leopold de Rothschild (1845–1917)
• Leopold David de Rothschild (1927–)
• Lionel Nathan Rothschild (1808–1879)
• Louis Nathaniel de Rothschild (1882–1955)
• Miriam Louisa Rothschild (1908–2005), famous entomologist and zoologist
• Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild of the United Kingdom (1868–1937)
• Nathaniel de Rothschild (1812–1870)
• Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836)
• Nathan Mayer Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild of the United Kingdom (1840–1915)
• Nathaniel Charles Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild of the United Kingdom (born 1936)
• Nathaniel Robert de Rothschild (1946), French financier
• Nathaniel Mayer Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild of the United Kingdom (1910–1990)
• Nathaniel Philip Rothschild (born 1971), a co-chairman of Atticus Capital, a £20 billion hedge fund^[58]
• Nathaniel Anselm von Rothschild (1836–1905), Austrian socialite
• Sir Philip Sassoon, 3rd Baronet (1888–1939), British First Commissioner of Works and Under-Secretary of State for Air
• Count Philippe de Nicolay (born 1955), of the House of Nicolay, a great-grandson of Salomon James de Rothschild, he is a director of the Rothschild group.^[37]
• Philippe de Rothschild (1902–1988), vintner
• Philippine de Rothschild (born 1935), vintner
• Jacqueline Rebecca Louise de Rothschild, born 6 November 1911, chess and tennis champion
• Harry Primrose, 6th Earl of Rosebery (1882–1974) Earl of Roseberry
• Raphael de Rothschild (1976–1997)
• Richard Rothschild (born 1990)
• Salomon James de Rothschild, (1835–1864)
• Lady Serena Dunn Rothschild, (born 1935)
• Lady Sybil Grant (1879–1955), British writer
• Sybil Cholmondeley, Marchioness of Cholmondeley, (1894–1989)
• Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild
• Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, zoologist
• Zachary Ryan de Rothschild (born 1997)

Prominent marriages into the family include, amongst many others:

This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

• Maurice Ephrussi (1849–1916), of the Ephrussi banking dynasty^[59]
• Ben Goldsmith (1980–), son of financier James Goldsmith
• Anita Patience Guinness (1957), of the Guinness family, married Amschel Mayor James Rothschild^[60]
• Cora Guggenheim (1873–1956), of the Guggenheim family, married Louis F. Rothschild (1869–1957)
• Abraham Oppenheim (1804–1878), of the Oppenheim Family, married Charlotte Beyfus (1811–1887)
• Elisabeth de Rothschild (1902–1945), (born Pelletier de Chambure), the only member of the Rothschild family to die in the holocaust.
• Antoine Agénor Armand (1879–1962), of the Naples Rothschild lines, married Comtesse Élaine Greffulhe, daughter of Princess Élisabeth de Caraman-Chimay
• Count François de Nicolay (1919–1963), of the House of Nicolay, married Marie-Hélène Naila Stephanie Josina van Zuylen van Nyevelt
• Aline Caroline de Rothschild (1865–1909) married Sir Edward Sassoon, 2nd Baronet, of Kensington Gore (1856–1912), of the Sassoon family
• Antoine Alfred Agénor, 11th Duc de Gramont, (1851–1921), who married Marguerite de Rothschild in 1878
• Dorothy de Rothschild (1895–1988), on her death she left the largest probated estate in Britain
• George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon married Almina Victoria Maria Alexandra Wombwell, the illegitimate daughter of Alfred de Rothschild
• Pauline de Rothschild (1908–1976), fashion designer and translator of Elizabethan poetry
• Lady Irma Pauahi Wodehouse (1897), of the Wodehouse family^[61]
• Prince Louis Philippe Berthier, (1836–1911)
• Jeanne de Rothschild (1908–2003), actress
• Princess Sophie de Ligne (1957–), of the House of Ligne, married Philippe de Nicolay (born 1955), a director of the Rothschild group,^[37] and the great-grandson of Salomon James de Rothschild
• Liliane de Rothschild (1916–2003) art collector
• Princess Olimpia Anna Aldobrandini, of the House of Borghese and the House of Bonaparte, married David Rene de Rothschild.^[61]
• Richard Francis Roger Yarde-Buller, 4th Baron Churston of Churston Ferrers and Lupton, (1910–1991), married Olga Alice Muriel Rothschild
• Serena Dunn Rothschild (b. 1935), grand-daughter of Sir James Hamet Dunn, 1st Baronet
• Lynn Forester de Rothschild (born 1954), business woman
• Carola Warburg Rothschild (1894–1987), philanthropist, born into the Warburg family^[62]
• Edward Maurice Stonor (1885–1930), son of Francis Stonor, 4th Baron Camoys^{[citation needed]}
• Lady Pamela Wellesley Grant, (born 1912), great-great-grand-daughter of The Duke of Wellington, married Lieutenant Charles Robert Archibald Grant, great-great-grandson of Mayer Amschel de Rothschild
• Baroness Rozsika Edle von Wertheimstein^[5]
• Count Etienne van Zuylen van Nijevelt of the House of Van Zuylen van Nijevelt – married Baroness Hélène de Rothschild (1863–1947).^[63]
• Baron Sigismund von Springer (1873–1927), married Baroness Valentine Noémi von Rothschild (1886–1969), after whom the asteroid 703 Noëmi is named
• In 1943 Baron Elie Robert de Rothschild (1917–), married Lady Liliane Elisabeth Victoire Fould-Springer, grand-aunt of actress Helena Bonham Carter^[64]

See Also

• Ascott House
• Avenue Foch
• Bethmanns and Rothschilds
• Cecil John Rhodes
• Château Lafite-Rothschild
• Château Mouton Rothschild
• De Beers
• House of Medici
• Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild
• Hotel Lambert
• Napoleonic Wars
• Old Money
• Palais Rothschild
• Rothschild (Fabergé egg)
• Rothschild properties in and around Buckinghamshire
• Rockefeller family
• Rio Tinto Mining Group
• The House of Rothschild (1934 film), addresses Rothschild roles in the Napoleonic era
• Vaux-de-Cernay Abbey
• Wallenberg family

Notes

1. ^ The House of Rothschild: Money's prophets, 1798–1848, Volume 1, Niall Ferguson, 1999
2. ^ The House of Rothschild: Money's prophets, 1798–1848, Volume 1, Niall Ferguson, 1999, introduction
3. ^ ^{a b c} The House of Rothschild: Money's prophets, 1798–1848, Volume 1, Niall Ferguson, 1999, page 481-85
4. ^ The Independent, UK: The Rothschild story: A golden era ends for a secretive dynasty
5. ^ ^{a b} The secret life of the Jazz Baroness, From The Times 11 April 2009, Rosie Boycott
6. ^ Pohl, Manfred: Rothschild, Mayer Amschel. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 22. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2005, S. 131–133. (German)
7. ^ Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews, p.317.
8. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia c.1906 Finance
9. ^ ^{a b} Go Ahead, Kiss Your Cousin by Richard Conniff, From the August 2003 issue, published online 1 August 2003
10. ^ "Concordia, Integritas, Industria – The Rothschilds – LCF Rothschild Group". Lcf-rothschild.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
11. ^ ^{a b c d} Victor Gray and Melanie Aspey, "Rothschild, Nathan Mayer (1777–1836)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edition, May 2006. Accessed 21 May 2007.
12. ^ http://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ppoweruk/
13. ^ ^{a b c d} The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World, (London 2008), page 78.
14. ^ ^{a b c} Victor Rothschild – "The Shadow of a Great Man" in Random Variables, Collins, 1984.
15. ^ ^{a b c} *Ferguson, Niall. The World's Banker: The History of the House of Rothschild. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998, ISBN 0-297-81539-3
16. ^ Philip Ziegler, The Sixth Great Power: Barings, 1726–1929, (London 1988), pp.94f
17. ^ Richard Smethurst, "Takahasi Korekiyo, the Rothschilds and the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1907". Retrieved 4 September 2007.
18. ^ A History of the Jews, Paul Johnson (London 2004), page 319-20
19. ^ ^{a b c d} Vallely, Paul (16 April 2004). "The Rothschild story: A golden era ends for a secretive dynasty". London: The Independent. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
20. ^ Faith, Nicholas (4 November 1997). "Obituary: Baron Edmond de Rothschild". The Independent (UK). Retrieved 29 March 2009.
21. ^ Gilbert Trigano, a Developer of Club Med, Is Dead at 80 By JOHN TAGLIABUE Published: 6 February 2001
22. ^ RPT-French banker Guy de Rothschild dies aged 98 Reuters, Thu 14 Jun 2007 12:26 pm EDT
23. ^ Balfour Declaration. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 August 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
24. ^ Aharonson, Ran (2000). Rothschild and early Jewish colonization in Palestine. Israel: The Hebrew university Magnes Press, Jerusalem. p. 53. ISBN 0-7425-0914-1.
25. ^ Aharonson, Ran (2000). Rothschild and early Jewish colonization in Palestine. Israel: The Hebrew university Magnes Press, Jerusalem. p. 54. ISBN 0-7425-0914-1.
26. ^ Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel, vol. 2, "Rothschild, Baron Edmond-James de," p.966
27. ^ Greenwood, Naftali. "The Redeemers of the Land". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
28. ^ "James Armand de Rothschild on the Knesset web site". Knesset.gov.il. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
29. ^ "Dorothy de Rothschild, 93, Supporter of Israel" (obituary), The New York Times, 13 December 1988. Retrieved 19 June 2008.
30. ^ The Presidents Chamber, Tour of Supreme Court, The Judicial Authority. http://elyon1.court.gov.il/eng/home/index.html.
31. ^ ^{a b} Family values, Haaretz, Magazine, 11:15 05.11.10, By Eytan Avriel and Guy Rolnik
32. ^ The Rothschilds: Portrait of a Dynasty, By Frederic Morton, page 11
33. ^ The Rothschilds: Portrait of a Dynasty, By Frederic Morton, page 11-13
34. ^ "Paris-Orléans". Paris-orleans.com. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
35. ^ See: http://www.rabobank.com/content/news/news_archive/020-RothschildandRabobankestablishglobalfoodandagricooperation.jsp
36. ^ "Rothschild sells 7.5% stake to Rabobank". FT Alphaville. 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
37. ^ ^{a b c} People: Paris Orleans S.A. (PROR.PA)Reuters Finance
38. ^ "League tables". Rothschild.com. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
39. ^ Annual Report of N M Rothschild & Sons Limited for the year ended 31 March 2006.
40. ^ Peippo, Kathleen (2000). "St. James's Place Capital, plc , International Directory of Company Histories , Find Articles at BNET.com". Findarticles.com. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
41. ^ Rothschild backs North Sea oil trio From The Sunday Times 6 December 2009
42. ^ "RIT Capital Partners". Miranda.hemscott.com. 28 October 2003. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
43. ^ Bloomberg Businessweek, Glencore May Expand to Rival BHP, Rothschild Says 6 January 2010, Simon Casey
44. ^ http://freze.it/EconomistOwners The Economist Group ownership
45. ^ Daily Telegraph,The Rothschilds: They prefer to let their money do the talking, William Langley, Published: 9:59 pm BST 25 Oct 2008
46. ^ The Rothschilds: Portrait of a Dynasty, By Frederic Morton (1998), page 5
47. ^ Ferguson, ch.1
48. ^ The Rough Guide to Conspiracy Theories, James McConnachie, Robin Tudge Edition: 2 – 2008
49. ^ Levy, Richard S. (2005). Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice. ABC-CLIO. p. 624. ISBN 1851094393.
50. ^ Poliakov, Leon (2003). The History of Anti-semitism: From Voltaire to Wagner. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 343. ISBN 0812218655.
51. ^ Makow PhD, H: Illuminati: The Cult that Hijacked the World, BookSurge Publishing, 2008, ISBN 1-4392-1148-5
52. ^ Brustein, William (2003). Roots of hate. Cambridge University Press. p. 147. ISBN 0521774780.
53. ^ Perry, Marvin (2002). Antisemitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 117. ISBN 0312165617.
54. ^ The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World, (London 2008), page 91.
55. ^ Morton, Fredreric (1962)The Rothschilds; A Family Portrait, Secker & Warburg;London, UK
56. ^ Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage-96th Ed-1938
57. ^ Eco-warrior sets sail to save oceans from 'plastic death'The Observer, Sunday 12 April 2009, Robin McKie
58. ^ The Rothschilds and their 200 years of political influence By Andy McSmith, Thursday, 23 October 2008, The Independent
59. ^ Grand fortunes: dynasties of wealth in France, (Algora Publishing, 1998), By Michel Pinçon, Monique Pinçon-Charlot, Andrea Lyn Secara, page 124
60. ^ Young love will cement marriage of Britain's top three dynasties Ingrid Mansell, The Times 21 April 2003
61. ^ ^{a b} 1.[S37] Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 3, page 3416. Hereinafter cited as Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition.
62. ^ Carola W. Rothschild, Ex-Girl Scout Official NY Times, Published: Tuesday, 1 September 1987
63. ^ Baron Etienne van Zuylen van Nijevelt van de Haar and baroness Hélène de Rothschild
64. ^ Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 3, page 3416. Hereinafter cited as Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition.

• Niall Ferguson: The House of Rothschild: Money's Prophets, 1798–1848 (ISBN 0-14-024084-5)
• Niall Ferguson: The House of Rothschild: The World's Banker, 1849–1998 (ISBN 0-14-028662-4)
• Frederic Morton: The Rothschilds: Portrait of a Dynasty (ISBN 1-56836-220-X)
• Amos Elon: Founder: A Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time, 1996. (ISBN 0-670-86857-4)
• Egon Caesar Conte Corti: Rise of the House of Rothschild, B. Lunn (translator), Books for Business 2001 (reprint of 1928 translation published by Gollancz), ISBN 978-0894990588, Amazon.co.uk searchable online view
• Joseph Valynseele & Henri-Claude Mars, Le Sang des Rothschild, L’Intermédiaire des Chercheurs et Curieux, Paris, 2004 (ISBN 2-908003-22-8)
• Derek A. Wilson: Rothschild: A Story of Wealth and Power (ISBN 0-233-98870-X)

Documentary film

• Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World – The early history of the Rothschild's family business feature in the second of a four part series by Niall Ferguson, aired on Channel Four

External Links

history

• Family website
• Rothschild Archive

finance

• Rothschild - Investment bank of English Rothschild
• Paris Orléans - Investment bank of French Rothschild
• Rothschild Private Banking & Trust - Private banking branch of English Rothschild
• Edmond de Rothschild Group - Swiss private banking group of French Rothschild

wine

• Domaines Barons de Rothschild (Château Lafite Rothschild)
• Baron Philippe de Rothschild SA (Château Mouton Rothschild)
• Compagnie Vinicole Baron Edmond de Rothschild (Château Clarke)

house and gardens

• Waddesdon Manor
• Exbury Gardens
• Château de Ferrières
• Ascott House

foundation

• The Edmond de Rothschild Fundations
• Miriam Rothschild and John Foster Human Rights Trust

Rothschild Zionist promise to the British, to take America into the war

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Rothschilds murder history World News Shock www.USAWeeklyNews.com Exclusive The Great American Novel                 The Film    You will never view the world again the same .......                            after seeing  The Great American Novel       A must see film.....there is no doubt that  everyone in the world will demand that the film The Great American Novel is shown in their town ...NYTToday  to organise The Great American Novel too be shown in your town please email mailbox@TheGreatAmericanNovel.info www.TheGreatAmericanNovel.info An INL News Limited Production          www.INLNews.com     You will find more about    The Great American Novel at           www.INLNews.com      www.USAWeeklyNews.com      www.USAWeekendNews.com 1917: The Rothschilds order the execution by the Bolsheviks they control, of Tsar Nicholas II and his entire family in Russia, even though the Tsar had already abdicated on March 2.  This is both to get control of the country and an act of revenge for Tsar Alexander I blocking their world government plan in 1815 at the Congress Of Vienna, and Tsar Alexander II siding with President Abraham Lincoln in 1864. It is extremely important for them to slaughter the entire family including women and children in order to make good on the promise to do so made by Nathan Mayer Rothschild in 1815.  It is designed to show the world what happens if you ever attempt to cross the Rothschilds. As a result of Germany's offer of peace the Rothschild war machine goes into overdrive in America, spreading propaganda which leads to President Wilson under the instructions of American Zionist leader and Supreme Court Justice, Louis Dembitz Brandeis, reneging on his promise to the electorate and taking America into the first world war on April 6. As per the Rothschild Zionist promise to the British, to take America into the war, they decide they want something in writing from the British to prove that they will uphold their side of the bargain.  The British Foreign Secretary, Arthur James Balfour therefore drafts a letter which is commonly known as the, "Balfour Declaration," which is reprinted below. Foreign Office November 2nd, 1917 Dear Lord Rothschild, I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet. His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation. Yours sincerely, Arthur James Balfour The House of Rothschild David Allen Rivera No other name has become more synonymous with the Illuminati than the Rothschilds. It is believed that the Rothschild family used the Illuminati as a means to achieving their goal of world-wide dominance. Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1743-1812) was born in Frankfurt-on-the-Main in Germany, the son of Moses Amschel Bauer, a banker and goldsmith. Their name was derived from the 'red shield' ('rotschildt') that hung over the door of their shop, and had been the emblem of revolutionary Jews in Eastern Europe. A few years after his father's death, he worked as a clerk in a Hanover bank, which was owned by the Oppenheimers. He became a junior partner, and soon left to take over the business started by his father in 1750. He bought and sold rare coins, and later succeeded in buying out several other coin dealers. In 1769, he became a court agent for Prince William IX of Hesse-Kassel, who was the grandson of George II of England, a cousin to George III, a nephew of the King of Denmark, and a brother- in-law to the King of Sweden. Soon Rothschild became the middleman for big Frankfurt bankers like the Bethmann Brothers, and Rueppell & Harnier. After expanding his business to antiques, wineries, and the importing of manufactured materials from England, the Rothschild family began to amass a sizable fortune. Prince William inherited his father's fortune upon his death in 1785, which was the largest private fortune in Europe. Some of this money had come from Great Britain paying for the use of 16,800 Hessian soldiers to stop the revolution in America, because the money was never given to the troops. In 1804, the Rothschilds secretly made loans to the Denmark government, on behalf of Prince William. In June, 1806, when Napoleon's troops pushed their way into Germany, Prince William fled to Denmark, leaving his money with Mayer Rothschild. History tells us that Rothschild secretly buried William's ledgers, which revealed the full extent of his wealth, a list of debtors and the interest required from them, and 600,000 pounds ($3,000,000), to keep Napoleon from confiscating it. Buderus von Carlhausen ( Carl Buderus), the Treasury official who handled William's finances, was given 'power of attorney,' and he in turn made Rothschild his chief banker, responsible for collecting the interest on the royal loans. Napoleon announced that all debts being paid to Prince William, were to go to the French Treasury, and offered a 25% commission on any debts that he would collect. Rothschild refused. Developing circumstances soon allowed the Rothschilds to formulate a plan which would guarantee them the financial control of Europe, and soon the world. It began with taking advantage of the outcome of the Battle of Waterloo, which was fought at La-Belle-Alliance, seven miles south of Waterloo, which is a suburb of Brussels, Belgium. Early in the battle, Napoleon appeared to be winning, and the first secret military report to London communicated that fact. However, upon reinforcements from the Prussians, under Gebhard Blucher, the tide turned in favor of Wellington. On Sunday, June 18, 1815, Rothworth, a courier of Nathan Rothschild, head of the London branch of the family, was on the battlefield, and upon seeing that Napoleon was being beaten, went by horse to Brussels, then to Ostende, and for 2,000 francs, got a sailor to get him to England across stormy seas. When Nathan Rothschild received the news on June 20, he informed the government, who did not believe him. So, with everyone believing Wellington to be defeated, Rothschild immediately began to sell all of his stock on the English Stock Market. Everyone else followed his lead, and also began selling, causing stocks to plummet to practically nothing. At the last minute, his agents secretly began buying up the stocks at rock-bottom prices. On June 21, at 11 PM, Wellington's envoy, Major Henry Percy showed up at the War Office with his report that Napoleon had been crushed in a bitter eight hour battle, losing a third of his men. This gave the Rothschild family complete control of the British economy, and forced England to set up a new Bank of England, which Nathan Rothschild controlled. However, that wasn't the only angle he used to profit from the Battle of Waterloo. Mayer Amschel Rothschild sent some of William's money to his son Nathan in London, and according to the Jewish Encyclopedia: "Nathan invested it in 800,000 pounds of gold from the East India Company, knowing it would be needed for Wellington's peninsula campaign. He made no less than four profits: (1) on the sale of Wellington's paper (which he bought at 50¢ on the dollar); (2) on the sale of gold to Wellington; (3) on its repurchase; and (4) on forwarding it to Portugal. This was the beginning of the great fortune." After Napoleon's defeat, Prince William returned to resume his rule. Buderus was made a Baron, and the Rothschilds were the richest bankers in Europe. In 1817, France, in order to get back on their feet again, secured loans from a French banking house in Ouvrard, and from the Baring Brothers in London. The Rothschilds saw their chance to get a firm grip on the French economy, and on October, 1818, Rothschild agents began buying huge amounts of French government bonds, which caused their value to increase. On November 5th, they were dumped on the open market, creating a financial panic as their value declined. Thus, the Rothschilds gained control of France. Mayer Rothschild had established banks in England, France, and Germany. His sons, who were made Barons of the Austrian Empire, were set up to continue and expand his banking empire. Amschel Mayer Rothschild (1773-1855, who in 1838 said: "Permit me to issue and control the money of a nation, and I care not who makes its laws.") was in charge of the bank in Frankfurt, Germany, which was known as M. A. Rothschild and Sons (which closed in 1901, after the deaths of Mayer Karl and his brother, Wilhelm Karl- the sons of Karl Mayer Rothschild). Salomon Mayer Rothschild (1774-1855) was the head of the bank in Vienna, Austria, known as S. M. Rothschild and Sons (which was closed during World War II after the Nazi occupation). Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777-1836, who once said: "I care not what puppet is placed upon the throne of England to rule the Empire on which the sun never sets. The man who controls Britain's money supply controls the British Empire, and I control the British money supply.") was the head of the bank in London, England, which was known as N. M. Rothschild and Sons (and has occupied the same premises since 1809, at 2 New Court, St. Swithin's Lane in London, near the Bank of England and Stock Exchange). Karl Mayer Rothschild (1788-1868 ) was the head of the bank in Naples, Italy (closed in 1861). James Mayer Rothschild (1792-1868) was in charge of the bank in Paris, France, which was known as Messieurs de Rothschild Freres (whose name was changed to La Banque Rothschild in 1967). This was the beginning of the House of Rothschild, which controlled a fortune estimated to be well over $300,000,000. Soon the Rothschilds spanned Europe with railroads, invested in coal and ironworks, financed England's purchase of the Suez Canal, paid for oil exploration in Russia and the Sahara Desert, financed the czars of Russia, supported Cecil Rhodes' diamond operations, aided France in creating an empire in Africa, financed the Hapsburg monarchs, and saved the Vatican from bankruptcy. In this country, through their American and European agents, they helped finance Rockefeller's Standard Oil, Carnegie Steel, and Harriman's Railroad. Werner Sombart, in his book The Jews and Modern Capitalism, said that from 1820 on, it was the "age of the Rothschild" and concluded that there was "only one power in Europe, and that is Rothschild." In 1913, the family fortune was estimated to be over two billion dollars. After Mayer Rothschild died on September 19, 1812, his will spelled out specific guidelines that were to be maintained by his descendants: 1) All important posts were to be held by only family members, and only male members were to be involved on the business end. The oldest son of the oldest son was to be the head of the family, unless otherwise agreed upon by the rest of the family, as was the case in 1812, when Nathan was appointed as the patriarch. 2) The family was to intermarry with their own first and second cousins, so their fortune could be kept in the family, and to maintain the appearance of a united financial empire. For example, his son James (Jacob) Mayer married the daughter of another son, Salomon Mayer. This rule became less important in later generations as they refocused family goals and married into other fortunes. 3) Rothschild ordered that there was never to be "any public inventory made by the courts, or otherwise, of my estate...Also I forbid any legal action and any publication of the value of the inheritance." American and British Intelligence have documented evidence that the House of Rothschild, and other International Bankers, have financed both sides of every war, since the American Revolution. Financier Haym Salomon, who supported the patriots during the American Revolution, then later made loans to James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and James Monroe, was a Rothschild agent. As explained earlier, during the Napoleonic Wars, one branch of the family funded Napoleon, while another financed Great Britain, Germany, and other nations. Their boldest maneuver came prior to the Civil War. The Rothschilds operate out of an area in the heart of London, England, the financial district, which is known as 'The City', or the 'Square Mile.' All major British banks have their main offices here, along with branch offices for 385 foreign banks, including 70 from the United States. It is here that you will find the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange, Lloyd's of London, the Baltic Exchange (shipping contracts), Fleet Street (home of publishing and newspaper interests), the London Commodity Exchange (to trade coffee, rubber, sugar and wool), and the London Metal Exchange. It is virtually the financial hub of the world. Positioned on the north bank of the Thames River, covering an area of 677 acres or one square mile (known as the "wealthiest square mile on earth"), it has enjoyed special rights and privileges that enabled them to achieve a certain level of independence since 1191. In 1215, its citizens received a Charter from King John, granting them the right to annually elect a mayor (known as the Lord Mayor), a tradition that continues today. Both E. C. Knuth, in his book Empire of the City, and Des Griffin, in his book Descent into Slavery, stated their belief that 'The City' is actually a sovereign state (much like the Vatican), and that since the establishment of the privately owned Bank of England in 1694, 'The City' has actually become the last word in the country's national affairs, with Prime Minister, Cabinet, and Parliament becoming only a front for the real power. According to Knuth, when the queen enters 'The City,' she is subservient to the Lord Mayor (under him, is a committee of 12-14 men, known as 'The Crown'), because this privately-owned corporation is not subject to the Queen, or the Parliament. There seems to be little doubt that the Rothschilds continue to influence the world economy, and it is known that they are squarely behind the movement to unite all the western European nations into a single political entity, which is just another step towards one-world government. Current Headlines Visible Origami: Practising the Presence of the Ineffable Divine Les Visible sent this in this morning with a note: “This might be too esoteric for your audience but I send it on in any case because I was compelled to (grin).” We leave readers to decide if it's too arcane. Ed. More ... 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It is very large; 67 megabytes:RothschildsTimeline.ppt    If you don't have PowerPoint, get a free PowerPoint viewer from Microsoft here.    Hitchcock has this Rothschild history available as a paper book in the UK:    www.theSynagogueOfSatan.com    The book is sold in the USA by Texe Marrs here.    We  also have an interview with Hitchcock at this page. Definition of Zionism:    an organization of Jews whose goal is to create a nation for Jews. Definition of Judaism:    Jews collectively who practice a religion based on the Torah and the Talmud.    The Rothschilds have been in control of the world for a very long time, their tentacles reaching into many aspects of our daily lives, as is documented in the following timeline.  However, before you jump to the timeline, please read this invaluable introduction which will tell you who the Rothschilds are as oppose to who they claim to be.    The Rothschilds claim that they are Jewish, when in fact they are Khazars.  They are from a country called Khazaria, which occupied the land locked between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which is now predominantly occupied by Georgia.  The reason the Rothschilds claim to be Jewish is that the Khazars under the instruction of the King, converted to the Jewish faith in 740 A.D., but of course that did not include converting their Asiatic Mongolian genes to the genes of the Jewish people.    You will find that approximately 90% of people in the world today who call themselves Jews are actually Khazars, or as they like to be known, Ashkenazi Jews.  These people knowingly lie to the world with their claims that the land of Israel is theirs by birthright, when in actual fact their real homeland is over 800 miles away in Georgia.    So, next time you hear an Israeli Prime Minister bleating about the so-called persecution of the Jews, consider this, every Prime Minister of Israel has been an Ashkenazi Jew.  Therefore when all these Prime Ministers have curried favour with the West for their re-establishment of a Jewish homeland, they have knowingly and deliberately lied to you, as they were never from that region, and they well know it, because it is they who call themselves Ashkenazi Jews.    The Book of Revelation, Chapter 2, Verse 9, states the following which would appear to be about these Ashkenazi Jews:        "I know thy works, and tribulation and poverty, (but thou art rich) and I know the blasphemy of them which say they are Jews, and are not, butare the synagogue of Satan."    The most wealthy bloodline in the world bar none and the leader of the Ashkenazi Jews in the world today is the Rothschild family.  As you will see in the timeline, the Rothschilds have obtained this position through lies, manipulation and murder.  Their bloodline also extends into the Royal Families of Europe, and the following family names:  Astor; Bundy; Collins; duPont; Freeman; Kennedy; Morgan; Oppenheimer; Rockefeller; Sassoon; Schiff; Taft; and Van Duyn.    However, these are not the only bloodlines to worry about.  You are probably aware of the centuries old pratice undertaken by many Ashkenazi Jews whereby they would change their name, in order for them to appear part of the dominant race of the country in which they lived, so as they could obtain influential positions in that country, which they would then exploit to serve their real masters elsewhere. There is plenty of evidence to prove the Rothschilds continue that deceptive tradition.    Furthermore the Rothschilds are known to sire many children secretly that they can put into positions of power when required. This started with the very first man who took the name Rothschild, who had a secret sixth son.  Finally, remember the world is a diverse place, I could if I wanted change my name to Rothschild, or any of the names listed above, and that would not make me part of this family anymore than converting to Judaism in 740 A.D. will make these Ashkenazis Jewish.    Please, therefore, do not automatically assume someone you see with the name Rothschild or any of the names listed above are part of the Rothschild criminal network.  Furthermore and most importantly, the majority of Ashkenazi Jews are innocent and not part of this network.  Check the facts out for yourself first, this article is designed to inform people who the enemy is, not single out people of a particular race or people with a particular surname, who may have nothing to do with this Rothschild criminal network.    1743: Mayer Amschel Bauer, an Ashkenazi Jew, is born in Frankfurt, Germany, the son of Moses Amschel Bauer, a money lender and the proprietor of a counting house.    Moses Amschel Bauer places a red sign above the entrance door to his counting house. This sign is a red hexagram (which geometrically and numerically translates into the number 666) which under Rothschild instruction will end up on the Israeli flag some two centuries later.    1753: Gutle Schnaper, an Ashkenazi Jew (future wife of Mayer Amschel Bauer), born to respected merchant, Wolf Salomon Schnaper.    1760: During this decade Mayer Amschel Bauer works for a bank owned by the Oppenheimers' in Hanover, Germany.  He is highly successful and becomes a junior partner. Whilst working at the bank he becomes acquainted with General von Estorff.    Following his father's death, Bauer returns to Frankfurt to take over his father's business. Bauer recognises the significance of the red hexagram and changes his name from Bauer to Rothschild, after the red hexagram or sign signifying 666 hanging over the entrance door ("Rot," is German for, "Red," "Schild," is German for, "Sign").    Now Mayer Amschel Rothschild, he discovers that General von Estorff is now attached to the court of Prince William IX of Hesse-Hanau, one of the richest royal houses in Europe, which gained its' wealth by the hiring out of Hessian soldiers to foreign countries for vast profits (a practice that continues today in the form of exporting, "peacekeeping," troops throughout the world).    He therefore makes the General's re-acquaintance on the pretext of selling him valuable coins and trinkets at discounted prices. As he plans, Rothschild is subsequently introduced to Prince William himself who is more than pleased with discounted prices he charges for his rare coins and trinkets, and Rothschild offers him a bonus for any other business the Prince can direct his way.    Rothschild subsequently becomes close associates with Prince William, and ends up doing business with him and members of the court.  He soon discovers that loaning money to governments and royalty is more profitable than loaning to individuals, as the loans are bigger and are secured by the nation's taxes.    1769: Mayer Amschel Rothschild is given permission by Prince William to hang a sign on the front of his business premises declaring that he is, "M. A. Rothschild, by appointment court factor to his serene highness, Prince William of Hanau."    1770: Mayer Amschel Rothschild draws up plans for the creation of the Illuminati and entrusts Ashkenazi Jew, Adam Weishaupt, a Crypto-Jew who was outwardly Roman Catholic, with its organization and development.  The Illuminati is to be based upon the teachings of the Talmud, which is in turn, the teachings of Rabbinical Jews.  It was to be called the Illuminati as this is a Luciferian term which means, keepers of the light.    Mayer Amschel Rothschild marries Gutle Schnaper.    1773: Amschel Mayer Rothschild born, the first of Mayer Amschel Rothschild’s sons. He like all his brothers who follow him, will enter the family business at the age of 12.    1774: Salomon Mayer Rothschild born.    1776:  Adam Weishaupt officially completes his organisation of the Illuminati on May 1 of this year.  The purpose of the Illuminati is to divide the goyim (all non-Jews) through political, economic, social, and religious means.  The opposing sides were to be armed and incidents were to be provided in order for them to:  fight amongst themselves; destroy national governments; destroy religious institutions; and eventually destroy each other.    Weishaupt soon infiltrates the Continental Order of Freemasons with this Illuminati doctrine and establishes lodges of the Grand Orient to be their secret headquarters.  This was all under the orders and finance of Mayer Amschel Rothschild and the concept has spread and is followed within Masonic Lodges worldwide to the present day.    Weishaupt also recruits 2,000 paid followers including the most intelligent men in the field of arts and letters, education, science, finance,and industry.  They were instructed to follow the following methods in order to control people.        1)  Use monetary and sex bribery to obtain control of men already in high places, in the various levels of all governments and other fields of endeavour. Once influential persons had fallen for the lies, deceits, and temptations of the Illuminati they were to be held in bondage by application of political and other forms of blackmail, threats of financial ruin, public exposure, and fiscal harm, even death to themselves and loved members of their families.        2)  The faculties of colleges and universities were to cultivate students possessing exceptional mental ability belonging to well-bred families with international leanings, and recommend them for special training in internationalism, or rather the notion that only a one-world government can put an end to recurring wars and strife. Such training was to be provided by granting scholarships to those selected by the Illuminati.        3)  All influential people trapped into coming under the control of the Illuminati, plus the students who had been specially educated and trained, were to be used as agents and placed behind the scenes of all governments as experts and specialists.  This was so they would advise the top executives to adopt policies which would in the long-run serve the secret plans of the Illuminati one-world conspiracy and bring about the destruction of the governments and religions they were elected or appointed to serve.        4)  To obtain absolute-control of the press, at that time the only mass-communications media which distributed information to the public, so that all news and information could be slanted in order to make the masses believe that a one-world government is the only solution to our many and varied problems.    1777: Nathan Mayer Rothschild born.    1784:  Adam Weishaupt issues his order for the French Revolution to be started by by Maximilien Robespierre in book form.  This book was written by one of Weishaupt's associates, Xavier Zwack, and sent by courier from Frankfurt to Paris.  However en route there, the courier is struck by lightning, the book detailing this plan discovered by the police, and handed over to the Bavarian authorities.    As a consequence, the Bavarian government orders the police to raid Weishaupt's masonic lodges of the Grand Orient, and the homes of his most influential associates.  Clearly, the Bavarian authorities were convinced that the book that was discovered was a very real threat by a private group of influential people, to use wars and revolutions to achieve their political ends.    1785:  The Bavarian government outlaw the Illuminati and close all the Bavarian lodges of the Grand Orient.    Mayer Amschel Rothschild moves his family home to a five storey house in Frankfurt which he shares with the Schiff family.    1786:  The Bavarian government publish the details of the Illuminati plot in a document entitled, "The Original Writings of The Order and Sect of The Illuminati."  They then send this document to all the heads of church and state throughout Europe, but sadly their warning is ignored.    1788: Kalmann (Carl) Mayer Rothschild Born.    1789:  Due to the European ignorance of the Bavarian government's warning, the Illuminati's plan for a French Revolution succeeded from this year to 1793.  This revolution was a bankers' dream, it established a new constitution and passed laws that forbade the Roman Church from levying tithes (taxes) and also removed its exemption from taxation.    1790: Mayer Amschel Rothschild states,        "Let me issue and control a nation's money and I care not who writes the laws."    1791: The Rothschilds get, "control of a nation's money," through Alexander Hamilton (their agent in George Washington’s cabinet) when they set up a central bank in the USA called the First Bank of the United States. This is established with a 20 year charter.    1792: Jacob (James) Mayer Rothschild born.    1796: Amschel Mayer Rothschild marries Eva Hanau.    1798: John Robison publishes a book entitled, "Proofs of a Conspiracy Against All the Religions and Governments of Europe Carried on in the Secret Meetings of Freemasons, Illuminati and Reading Societies."  In this book, Professor Robison of the University of Edinburgh, one of the leading intellects of his time, who in 1783 was elected general secretary of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, gave details of the whole Rothschild Illuminati plot.    He advised how he had been a high degree mason in the Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, and had been invited by Adam Weishaupt to Europe, where he had been given a revised copy of Weishaupt's conspiracy. However, although he pretended to go along with it, Professor Robison did not agree with it and therefore published his aforementioned book.  The book included details of the Bavarian government's investigation into the Illuminati and the French Revolution.    That same year on July 19th, David Pappen, President of Harvard University, lectured the graduating class on the influence illuminism was having on American politics and religion.    At the age of 21, Nathan Mayer Rothschild leaves Frankfurt for England, where with a large sum of money given to him by his father, he sets up a banking house in London.    1800: Salomon Mayer Rothschild marries Caroline Stern.    1806: Napolean states that it is his,        "object to remove the house of Hess-Cassel from rulership and to strike it out of the list of powers."    On hearing this, Prince William IX of Hesse-Hanau, flees Germany, goes to Denmark and entrusts his fortune valued at $3,000,000 at that time to Mayer Amschel Rothschild for safekeeping.    Nathan Mayer Rothschild marries Hannah Barent Cohen the daughter of a wealthy London merchant.    1808: Nathan Mayer Rothschild has his first son born Lionel Nathan de Rothschild.    1810: Sir Francis Baring and Abraham Goldsmid die. This leaves Nathan Mayer Rothschild as the remaining major banker in England.    Salomon Mayer Rothschild goes to Vienna, Austria and sets up the bank, M. von Rothschild und Söhne.    1811: The charter for the Rothschilds Bank of the United States runs out and Congress votes against its renewal.  Nathan Mayer Rothschild is not amused and he states,        "Either the application for renewal of the charter is granted, or the United States will find itself involved in a most disastrous war."    However the United States stands firm and the Charter is not renewed, which causes Nathan Mayer Rothschild to issue another threat,        "Teach those impudent Americans a lesson. Bring them back to colonial status."    1812: Backed by Rothschild money, and Nathan Mayer Rothschild's orders, the British declare war on the United States. The Rothschilds plan was to cause the United States to build up such a debt in fighting this war that they would have to surrender to the Rothschilds and allow the charter for the Rothschild owned First Bank of the United States to be renewed.    Mayer Amschel Rothschild dies. In his will he lays out specific laws that the House of Rothschild were to follow: all key positions in the family business were only to be held by family members; only male members of the family were allowed to participate in the family business, this included a reported sixth secret bastard son (It is important to note that Mayer Amschel Rothschild also has five daughters, so today the spread of the Rothschild Zionist dynasty without the Rothschild name is far and wide, and Jews believe the mixed offspring of a Jewish mother is solely Jewish); the family was to intermarry with it’s first and second cousins to preserve the family fortune (of the 18 marriages by Mayer Amschel Rothschild’s grandchildren, 16 were between first cousins - a practice known today as inbreeding); no public inventory of his estate was to be published; no legal action was to be taken with regard to the value of the inheritance; the eldest son of the eldest son was to become the head of the family (this condition could only be overturned when the majority of the family agreed otherwise).    This was straightaway the case and Nathan Mayer Rothschild was elected head of the family following his father, Mayer Amschel Rothschild’s death.    Jacob (James) Mayer Rothschild goes to Paris, France to set up the bank, de Rothschild Frères.    Nathaniel de Rothschild, the son in law of Jacob (James) Mayer Rothschild, born.    1814: With regard to the $3,000,000 Prince William IX of Hesse-Hanau had entrusted to Mayer Amschel Rothschild for safekeeping, for an account of what happened next we turn to the Jewish Encyclopaedia, 1905 edition, Volume 10, page 494, which states,        "According to legend this money was hidden away in wine casks, and, escaping the search of Napoleon's soldiers when they entered Frankfurt, was restored intact in the same casks in 1814, when the elector (Prince William IX of Hesse-Hanau) returned to the electorate (Germany). The facts are somewhat less romantic, and more businesslike."    This last line indicates the money was never returned by Rothschild to Prince William IX of Hesse-Hanau. The encyclopaedia goes on to state,        "Nathan Mayer Rothschild invested this $3,000,000 in, gold from the East India Company knowing that it would be needed for Wellington's peninsula campaign."    On the stolen money Nathan made,        "no less than four profits:        i) On the sale of Wellington's paper which he bought at 50 cents on the dollar and collected at par;        ii) on the sale of gold to Wellington;        iii) on its repurchase; and        iv) on forwarding it to Portugal."    1815: The five Rothschild brothers work to supply gold to both Wellington's army (through Nathan in England) and Napoleon's army (through Jacob in France), and begin their policy of funding both sides in wars. The Rothschilds love wars because they are massive generators of risk free debt.    This is because they are guaranteed by the government of a country, and therefore the efforts of the population of that country, and it doesn't matter if that country loses the war because the loans are given on the guarantee that the victor will honour the debts of the vanquished.    Whilst the Rothschilds are funding both sides in this war, they use the banks they have spread out across Europe to give them the opportunity to set up an unrivalled postal service network of secret routes and fast couriers.  The post these couriers carried was to be opened up by these couriers and their details given to the Rothschilds so they always were one step ahead of current events.    Furthermore, these Rothschild couriers were the only merchants allowed to pass through the English and French blockades. It was these couriers who also kept Nathan Mayer Rothschild up to date with how the war was going so he could use that intelligence to buy and sell from his position on the stock exchange in accordance with that intelligence.    One of Rothschild's couriers was a man named Rothworth.  When the outcome of the Battle of Waterloo was won by the British, Rothworth took off for the Channel and was able to deliver this news to Nathan Mayer Rothschild, a full 24 hours before Wellington's own courier.    At that time British bonds were called consuls and they were traded on the floor of the stock exchange. Nathan Mayer Rothschild instructed all his workers on the floor to start selling consuls. The made all the other traders believe that the British had lost the war so they started selling frantically.    Therefore the consuls plummeted in value which was when Nathan Mayer Rothschild discreetly instructed his workers to purchase all the consuls they could lay their hands on.    When news came through that the British had actually won the war, the consuls went up to a level even higher than before the war ended leaving Nathan Mayer Rothschild with a return of approximately 20 to 1 on his investment.    This gave the Rothschild family complete control of the British economy, now the financial centre of the world following Napolean's defeat, and forced England to set up a new Bank of England, which Nathan Mayer Rothschild controlled.    Interestingly 100 years later the New York Times would run a story stating that Nathan Mayer Rothschild's grandson had attempted to secure a court order to suppress publication of a book which had this insider trading story in it.  The Rothschild family claimed the story was untrue and libellous, but the court denied the Rothschilds request and ordered the family to pay all court costs.    Back to 1815, this is the year Nathan Mayer Rothschild makes his famous statement,        "I care not what puppet is placed upon the throne of England to rule the Empire on which the sun never sets. The man who controls Britain's money supply controls the British Empire, and I control the British money supply."    He would go onto brag that in the 17 years he had been in England he had increased the £20,000 stake given to him by his father, 2500 times to £50 million.    The Rothschilds also use their control of the Bank of England to replace the method of shipping gold from country to country and instead used their five banks spread across Europe to set up a system of paper debits and credits, the banking system of today.    By the end of this century, a period of time that was known as the, "Age of the Rothschilds," it is estimated that the Rothschild family controlled half the wealth of the world.    However something that did not go well for the Rothschilds this year was the Congress of Vienna, which started in September, 1814 and concluded in June of this year.  The reason for this Congress of Vienna, was for the Rothschilds to create a form of world government, to give them complete political control over much of the civilized world.    Many of the European governments were in debt to the Rothschilds, so they figured they could use that as a bargaining tool.  However the Tsar Alexander I of Russia, who had not succumbed to a Rothschild central bank, would not go along with the plan, so the Rothschild world government plan failed.    Enraged by this, Nathan Mayer Rothschild swore that some day he or his descendants would destroy the Tsar Alexander I's  entire family and descendants.  Unfortunately he was true to his word and 102 years later Rothschild funded Bolsheviks would act upon that promise.    Interestingly, world government fanatic and Ashkenazi Jew, Henry Kissinger, did his doctoral dissertation on the Congress of Vienna.    1816: The American Congress passes a bill permitting yet another Rothschild dominated central bank, which gives the Rothschilds control of the American money supply again.  This is called the Second Bank of the United States and is given a twenty year charter.  The British war against the America therefore ends with the deaths of thousands of British and American soldiers, but the Rothschilds get their bank.    1818: Following the French securing massive loans in 1817 in order to help rebuild after their disastrous defeat at Waterloo, Rothschild agents bought vast amounts of French government bonds causing their value to increase.    On November 5th they dumped the lot on the open market causing their value to plummet and France to go into a financial panic. The Rothschilds then stepped in to take control of the French money supply. This was the same year the Rothschilds were able to loan £5,000,000 to the Prussian government.    1821: Kalmann (Carl) Mayer Rothschild was sent to Naples, Italy. He would end up doing a lot of business with the Vatican and Pope Gregory XVI subsequently conferred upon him the Order of St. George.    Also, whenever the Pope received Kalmann, he would give him his hand rather than the customary toe to kiss, which showed the extent of Kalmann's power over the Vatican.    1822: The emperor of Austria made the five Rothschild brothers Barons.  Nathan Mayer Rothschild chose not to take up the title.    1823: The Rothschilds take over the financial operations of the Catholic Church, worldwide.    1827: Sir Walter Scott publishes his nine volume set, The life of Napolean and in volume two he states that the French Revolution was planned by the Illuminati (Adam Weishaupt) and was financed by the money changers of Europe (The Rothschilds).    1832:  President Andrew Jackson (the 7th President of the United States from 1829 to 1837), runs the campaign for his second term in office under the slogan, "Jackson And No Bank!"  This is in reference to his plan to take the control of the American money system to benefit the American people, not for the profiteering of the Rothschilds.    1833:  President Andrew Jackson starts removing the government's deposits from the Rothschild controlled, Second Bank of the United States and instead deposits them into banks directed by democratic bankers.    This causes the Rothschilds to panic and so they do what they do best, contract the money supply causing a depression.  President Jackson knows what they are up to and later states,        "You are a den of thieves vipers, and I intend to rout you out, and by the Eternal God, I will rout you out."    1834:  The Italian revolutionary leader, Guiseppe Mazzini, is selected by the Illuminati to direct their revolutionary program throughout the world and would serve in that capacity until he died in 1872.    1835:  On January 30, an assassin tries to shoot President Jackson, but miraculously both of the assassin's pistols misfired. President Jackson would later claim that he knew the Rothschilds were responsible for that attempted assassination.  He is not the only one, the assassin, Richard Lawrence, who was found not guilty by reason of insanity, later bragged that powerful people in Europe had hired him and promised to protect him if he were caught.    The Rothschilds acquire the rights in the Almadén quicksilver mines in Spain. This was at the time the biggest concession in the world and as quicksilver was a vital component in the refining of gold or silver this gave the Rothschilds a virtual world monopoly.    1836: Following his years of fighting against the Rothschilds and their central bank in America, President Andrew Jackson finally succeeds in throwing the Rothschilds central bank out of America, when the bank's charter is not renewed. It would not be until 1913 that the Rothschilds would be able to set up their third central bank in America, the Federal Reserve, and to ensure no mistakes are made, this time they will put one of their own bloodline, Jacob Schiff, in charge of the project.    Nathan Mayer Rothschild dies and the control of his bank, N. M. Rothschild & Sons is passed on to his younger brother, James Mayer Rothschild.    1837:  The Rothschilds send one of their own, August Belmont, an Ashkenazi Jew, to America to salvage their banking interests defeated by President Andrew Jackson.    1840: The Rothschilds become the Bank of England’s bullion brokers. They set up agencies in California and Australia.    1841: President John Tyler (the 10th President of the United States From 1841 to 1845) vetoed the act to renew the charter for the Bank of the United States. He goes on to receive hundreds of letters threatening him with assassination.    1844: Salomon Mayer Rothschild purchases the United Coal Mines of Vítkovice and Austro-Hungarian Blast Furnace Company that would go on to be one of the top ten global industrial concerns.    Benjamin Disraeli, an Ashkenazi Jew (who would go on to become British Prime Minister twice - the only admitted Ashkenazi Jew to do so) publishes Coningsby, in which he characterises Nathan Mayer Rothschild as,        "the Lord and Master of the money markets of the world, and of course virtually Lord and Master of everything else. He literally held the revenues of Southern Italy in pawn, and Monarchs and Ministers of all countries courted his advice and were guided by his suggestions."    1845: The Great American Patriot, Andrew Jackson (7th President of the United States) dies.    Before his death he is asked what he regarded his as greatest achievement.  He replies without hesitation,        "I Killed The Bank,"    This is in reference to the fact he banished the Rothschilds Second Bank of the United States in 1836.    Jacob (James) Mayer Rothschild (who by now had married his niece, Betty, Salomon Mayer Rothschild's daughter), now known as Baron James de Rothschild, wins the contract to build the first major railway line across the country.    This was called the Chemin De Fer Du Nord and ran initially from Paris to Valenciennes and then joined with the Austrian rail network built by his brother (and wife's father - all sounds a bit sordid doesn't it) Salomon Mayer Rothschild.    1847: Lionel De Rothschild now married to the daughter of his uncle, Kalmann (Carl) Mayer Rothschild, is elected to the parliamentary seat for the City of London.    A requirement for entering parliament was to take an oath in the true faith of a Christian. Lionel De Rothschild refused to do this as he was Jewish and his seat in parliament remained empty for 11 years until new oaths were allowed.  He must have been an invaluable representative for his constituency, bearing in mind he could never vote on any bill as he never entered parliament!  I wonder how he managed to keep his parliamentary seat for 11 years?    1848: Karl Marx, an Ashkenazi Jew, publishes, "The Communist Manifesto."  Interestingly at the same time as he is working on this, Karl Ritter of Frankfurt University was writing the antithesis which would form the basis for Freidrich Wilhelm Nietzsche's, "Nietzscheanism."  This Nietzecheanism was later developed into Fascism and then into Nazism and was used to forment the first and second world wars.    Marx, Ritter, and Nietzsche were all funded and under the instruction of the Rothschilds.  The idea was that those who direct the overall conspiracy could use the differences in those two so-called ideologies to enable them to divide larger and larger factions of the human race into opposing camps so that they could be armed and then brainwashed into fighting and destroying each other, and particularly, to destroy all political and religious institutions.  The same plan put forward by Weishaupt in 1776.    Eva Hanau, Amschel Mayer Rothschild’s wife dies.    1849: Gutle Schnaper, Mayer Amschel Rothschild’s wife dies. Before her death she would nonchalantly state,        "If my sons did not want wars, there would be none."    1850: Construction begins this decade on the manor houses of Mentmore in England and Ferrières in France, more Rothschilds Manors will follow throughout the world, all of them filled with works of art.    Jacob (James) Rothschild in France is said to be worth 600 million francs, which at the time was 150 million francs more than all the other bankers in France put together.    1852: N.M. Rothschild & Sons begins refining gold and silver for the Royal Mint and the Bank of England and other international customers.    1853: Nathaniel de Rothschild, the son in law of Jacob (James) Mayer Rothschild, purchases Château Brane Mouton, the Bordeaux vineyard of Mouton, and renames it Château Mouton Rothschild.    1854: Caroline Stern, Salomon Mayer Rothschild’s wife, dies.    1855: Amschel Mayer Rothschild dies.    Salomon Mayer Rothschild dies.    Kalmann (Carl) Mayer Rothschild dies.    1858: Lionel De Rothschild finally takes his seat in parliament when the requirement to take an oath in the true faith of a Christian is broadened to include other oaths. He becomes the first Jewish member of the British parliament.    1861: President Abraham Lincoln (16th President of the United States from 1860 till his assassination in 1865) approaches the big banks in New York to try to obtain loans to support the ongoing American civil war.  As these large banks were heavily under the influence of the Rothschilds, they offer him a deal they know he cannot accept, 24% to 36% interest on all monies loaned.    Lincoln is very angry about this high level of interest and so he prints his own debt free money and informs the public that this is now legal tender for both public and private debts.    1862: By April $449,338,902 worth of Lincoln’s debt free money has been printed and distributed. He states of this,        “We gave the people of this republic the greatest blessing they ever had, their own paper money to pay their own debts.”    That same year The Times of London publishes a story containing the following statement,        "If that mischievous financial policy, which had its origin in the North American Republic, should become indurated down to a fixture, then that government will furnish its own money without cost. It will pay off debts and be without a debt. It will have all the money necessary to carry on its commerce.        It will become prosperous beyond precedent in the history of civilized governments of the world. The brains and the wealth of all countries will go to North America. That government must be destroyed or it will destroy every monarchy on the globe."    1863: President Abraham Lincoln discovers the Tsar of Russia, Alexander II (1855 – 1881), was having problems with the Rothschilds as well as he was refusing their continual attempts to set up a central bank in Russia.  The Tsar then gives President Lincoln some unexpected help.    The Tsar issued orders that if either England or France actively intervened in the American Civil War, and help the South, Russia would consider such action a declaration of war, and take the side of President Lincoln.  To show that he wasn't messing about, he sent part of his Pacific Fleet to port in San Francisco and another part to New York.    The Rothschild banking house in Naples, Italy, C. M. de Rothschild e figli, closes following the unification of Italy. The Rothschilds use one of their own in America, John D. Rockefeller, to form an oil business called Standard Oil which eventually takes over all of its competition.    1864: Rothschild, August Belmont, who by now is the Democratic Party's National Chairman, supports General George McClellan as the Democratic nominee to run against President Abraham Lincoln in this year's election.  Much to the anger of Belmont, President Lincoln wins the election.    1865: In a statement to Congress, President Abraham Lincoln states,        "I have two great enemies, the Southern Army in front of me, and the financial institutions in the rear. Of the two, the one in my rear is my greatest foe."    Later that year, on April 14, President Lincoln is assassinated, less than two months before the end of the American Civil War.    Following a brief training period in the Rothschilds London Bank, Jacob Schiff, a Rothschild, born in their house in Frankfurt, arrives in America at the age of 18, with instructions and the finance necessary to buy into a banking house there.  The purpose of this was to carry out the following tasks.        1.  Gain control of America's money system through the establishment of a central bank.        2.  Find desirable men, who for a price, would be willing to serve as stooges for the Illuminati and promote them into high places in the federal government, the Congress, Supreme Court, and all the federal agencies.        3.  Create minority group strife throughout the nations, particularly targeting the whites and blacks.        4.  Create a movement to destroy religion in the United States, with Christianity as the main target.    Nathaniel de Rothschild becomes Member of Parliament for Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire.    1868: Jacob (James) Mayer Rothschild dies, shortly after purchasing Château Lafite, one of the four great premier grand cru estates of France. He is the last of Mayer Amschel Rothschild’s sons to die.    1870: Nathaniel de Rothschild dies.    1871:  An American General named, Albert Pike, who had been enticed into the Illuminati by Guissepe Mazzini, completes his military blueprint for three world wars and various revolutions throughout the world, culminating into moving this great conspiracy into its final stage.    The first world war is to be fought for the purpose of destroying the Tsar in Russia,as promised by Nathan Mayer Rothschild in 1815. The Tsar is to be replaced with communism which is to be used to attack religions, predominantly Christianity.  The differences between the British and German empires are to be used to forment this war.    The second world war is to be used to forment the controversy between facism and political zionism with the slaughter of Jews in Germany a lynchpin in bringing hatred against the German people.  This is designed to destroy fascism (which the Rothschilds created) and increase the power of political zionism.  This war is also designed to increase the power of communism to the level that it equalled that of united Christendom.    The third world war is to be played out by stirring up hatred of the Muslim world for the purposes of playing the Islamic world and the political zionists off against one another.  Whilst this is going on, the remaining nations would be forced to fight themselves into a state of mental, physical, spiritual and economic exhaustion.    On August 15th of this year, Albert Pike writes a letter (now catalogued in the British Museum) to Guiseppe Mazzini in which he states the following,        "We shall unleash the nihilists and the atheists and we shall provoke a great social cataclysm which in all its horror will show clearly to all nations the effect of absolute atheism; the origins of savagery and of most bloody turmoil.        Then everywhere, the people will be forced to defend themselves against the world minority of the world revolutionaries and will exterminate those destroyers of civilization and the multitudes disillusioned with Christianity whose spirits will be from that moment without direction and leadership and anxious for an ideal, but without knowledge where to send its adoration, will receive the true light through the universal manifestation of the pure doctrine of Lucifer brought finally out into public view.        A manifestation which will result from a general reactionary movement which will follow the destruction of Christianity and Atheism; both conquered and exterminated at the same time."    Pike, who having been elected as Sovereign Grand Commander of the Scottish Rite of Freemasonry's Southern Jurisdiction in 1859, was the most powerful Freemason in America.  He would retain that post for 32 years until his death in 1891.  He also published a book on the subject in 1872 entitled, "Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry," in which he candidly states the following,        "LUCIFER, the Light-bearer! Strange and mysterious name to give to the Spirit of Darknesss! Lucifer, the Son of the Morning! Is it he who bears the Light, and with its splendors intolerable blinds feeble, sensual or selfish Souls? Doubt it not!"    1872:  Prior to Guiseppe Mazzini's death this year, he makes another revolutionary leader named Adrian Lemmy his successor.  Lemmy will be subsequently succeeded by Lenin and Trotsky, then by Stalin. The revolutionary activities of all these men are financed by the Rothschilds.    1873: The loss making Rio Tinto copper mines in Spain, are purchased by a group of foreign financiers including the Rothschilds. These mines represented Europe’s largest source of copper.    1875: On January 1 of this year Jacob Schiff, now Solomon Loeb's son-in-law after marrying his daughter, Teresa, takes control of the banking house, Kuhn, Loeb & Co.  He goes on to finance John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company, Edward R. Harriman's Railroad Empire, and Andrew Carnegie's Steel Empire.  This is all with Rothschild money.    He then identifies the other largest bankers in America at that time.  They are, J.P. Morgan who controls Wall Street, and the Drexels and the Biddles of Philadelphia. All the other financiers, big and little, danced to the music of those three houses.  Schiff then gets the European Rothschilds to set up European branches of these three large banks on the understanding that Schiff, and therefore Rothschild, is to be the boss of banking in New York and therefore America.    N M Rothschild & Sons undertake a share issue to raise capital for the first channel tunnel project to link France to England, with half of its capital coming from the Rothschild owned Compagnie du Chemin de Fer du Nord.    This year Lionel De Rothschild also loans Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli the finance for the British government to purchase the shares in the Suez Canal, from Khedive Said of Egypt. This was done as the Rothschilds needed this access route to be held by a government they controlled, so they could use that government's military to protect their huge business interests in the Middle East.    1876: Otto von Bismarck states,        "The division of the United States into two federations of equal force was decided long before the civil war by the high financial power of Europe.  These bankers were afraid that the United States, if they remained in one block and as one nation, would attain economical and financial independence, which would upset their financial domination over the world.        The voice of the Rothschilds predominated. They foresaw the tremendous booty if they could substitute two feeble democracies, indebted to the financiers, to the vigorous Republic, confident and self-providing.        Therefore they started their emissaries in order to exploit the question of slavery and thus dig an abyss between the two parts of the Republic."    1879: Lionel de Rothschild dies.    1880:  Rothschild agents begin formenting a series of pogroms predominantly in Russia, but also in Poland, Bulgaria and Romania. These pogroms resulted in the slaughter of thousands of innocent Jews, causing approximately 2 million to flee, mainly to New York, but also to Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston and Los Angeles.    The reason these pogroms were initiated, was to create a large Jewish base in America, who when they arrived, would be educated to register as Democrat voters.  Some twenty years later, this would result in in a massive Democratic power base in the United States and be used to elect Rothschild front men such as Woodrow Wilson, to the Presidency, to carry out the bidding of the Rothschilds.    1881: President James A. Garfield (The 20th President of the United States who lasted only 100 Days) states two weeks before he is assassinated,        “Whoever controls the volume of money in our country is absolute master of all industry and commerce…and when you realize that the entire system is very easily controlled, one way or another, by a few powerful men at the top, you will not have to be told how periods of inflation and depression originate.”    Edmond James de Rothschild has a son Maurice de Rothschild.    1883: After 6,000 feet of tunnel in the channel tunnel project being excavated, the British government halt the project citing the fact that it would be a threat to Britain’s security.    1885: Nathaniel Rothschild, son of Lionel De Rothschild, becomes the first Jewish peer and is takes the title of Lord Rothschild.    1886: The French Rothschild bank, de Rothschild Frères obtains substantial amounts of Russia's oil fields and forms the Caspian and Black Sea Petroleum Company, which quickly becomes the world's second largest oil producer.    1887: Opium trafficker in China, Edward Albert Sassoon, marries Aline Caroline de Rothschild, the grand-daughter of Jacob (James) Mayer Rothschild.  Aline Caroline's father, Gustave, together with his brother, Alphonse, took over the Rothschild's french arm following their father Jacob's death.    The Rothschilds finance the amalgamation of the Kimberley diamond mines in South Africa. They subsequently become the biggest shareholders of this company, De Beers, and mine precious stones in Africa and India.    1888: Noémie Halphen, future wife of Maurice de Rothschild born.    1891: The British Labour Leader makes the following statement on the subject of the Rothschilds,        "This blood-sucking crew has been the cause of untold mischief and misery in Europe during the present century, and has piled up its prodigious wealth chiefly through fomenting wars between States which ought never to have quarrelled.        Whenever there is trouble in Europe, wherever rumours of war circulate and men’s minds are distraught with fear of change and calamity you may be sure that a hook-nosed Rothschild is at his games somewhere near the region of the disturbance."    Comments like this worry the Rothschilds and towards the end of the 1800’s they purchase Reuters news agency so they can have some control of the media.    1895: Edmond James de Rothschild the youngest son of Jacob (James) Mayer Rothschild visits Palestine and subsequently supplies the funds to found the first Jewish colonies there, this is to further their long term objective of creating a Rothschild owned country.    1897: The Rothschilds found the Zionist Congress to promote Zionism (a political movement with the sole aim of moving all Jews into a singularly Jewish nation state) and arrange its first meeting in Munich.  However due to extreme opposition from local Jews, who are quite happy where they are, this meeting has to be moved to Basle, Switzerland and takes place on 29 August. The meeting is chaired by Ashkenazi Jew, Theodor Herzl, who would state in his diaries,        "It is essential that the sufferings of Jews….become worse….this will assist in realization of our plans….I have an excellent idea….I shall induce anti-Semites to liquidate Jewish wealth….The anti-Semites will assist us thereby in that they will strengthen the persecution and oppression of Jews. The anti-Semites shall be our best friends."    Herzl is subsequently elected President of the Zionist Organisation which adopts the, "Rothschild Red Hexagram or Sign," as the Zionist flag which 51 years later will end up as the flag of Israel.    Edward Henry Harriman becomes a director of the Union Pacific Railroad and goes on to take control of the Southern Pacific Railroad. This is all financed by the Rothschilds.    1898: Ferdinand de Rothschild dies.    1901: The Jews from the colonies set up in Palestine by Edmond James de Rothschild, send a delegation to him which tell him,        "If you wish to save the Yishuv (The Jewish settlement) first take your hands from it, and…for once permit the colonists to have the possibility of correcting for themselves what needs correcting."    Edmond James de Rothschild is very angry about this and states,        "I created the Yishuv, I alone.  Therefore no men, neither colonists nor organisations have the right to interfere in my plans."    The Rothschild banking house in Frankfurt, Germany, M. A. von Rothschild und Söhne, closes as there is no male Rothschild heir to take it on.    1902: Philippe de Rothschild born.    1905: A group of Rothschild backed Zionist Jews led by Georgi Apollonovich Gapon attempt to overthrow the Tsar in Russia in a Communist Coup.  They fail and are forced to flee Russia only to be given refuge in Germany.    The Jewish Encyclopaedia (Vol. 2, p.497) states,        "It is a somewhat curious sequel to the attempt to set up a Catholic competitor to the Rothschilds that at the present time the latter are the guardians of the papal treasure."    1906: The Rothschilds claim that due to growing instability in the region and increasing competition from Rockefeller (the Rockefeller family are Rothschild descendants through a female bloodline) owned Standard Oil, this is why they sell their Caspian and Black Sea Petroleum Company to Royal Dutch and Shell.  This is another example of the Rothschilds trying to hide their true wealth.    1907: Rothschild, Jacob Schiff, the head of Kuhn, Loeb and Co., in a speech to the New York Chamber of Commerce, warns that,        "Unless we have a Central Bank with adequate control of credit resources, this country is going to undergo the most severe and far reaching money panic in its history."    Suddenly America finds itself in the middle of another typical run of the mill Rothschild engineered financial crisis, which ruins as usual ruins the lives of millions of innocent people throughout America and makes billions for the Rothschilds.    1909: Jacob Schiff founds the National Advancement for the Association of the Coloured People (NAACP).  This was done to incite black people into roiting, looting and other forms of disorder, in order to cause a rift between the black and white communities.  Jewish historian, Howard Sachar, states the following in his book, "A History of the Jews in America,"        "In 1914, Professor Emeritus Joel Spingarn of Columbia University became chairman of the NAACP and recruited for its board such Jewish leaders as Jacob Schiff, Jacob Billikopf, and Rabbi Stephen Wise."    Other Ashkenazi Jew co-founders included Julius Rosenthal, Lillian Wald and Rabbi Emil G. Hirsch.  It was not until 1920 that the NAACP appointed its first black president, James Weldon Johnson.    Maurice de Rothschild marries Ashkenazi Jew, Noémie Halphen.    1911: Werner Sombart, in his book, "The Jews and Modern Capitalism," stated that from 1820 on, it was the,        "Age of the Rothschild," and concluded that there was, "Only one power in Europe, and that is Rothschild."    1912: In the December issue of, "Truth," magazine, George R. Conroy states of banker Jacob Schiff,        "Mr Schiff is head of the great private banking house of Kuhn, Loeb, and co, which represents the Rothschilds interests on this side of the Atlantic.        He has been described as financial strategist and has been for years the financial minister of the great impersonal power known as Standard Oil.        He was hand in glove with the Harrimans, the Goulds, and the Rockefellers in all their railroad enterprises and has become the dominant power in the railroad and financial power of America."    1913: On March 4, Woodrow Wilson is elected the 28th President of the United States.  Shortly after he is inaugurated, he is visited in the White House by Ashkenazi Jew, Samuel Untermyer, of law firm, Guggenheim, Untermyer, and Marshall, who tries to blackmail him for the sum of $40,000 in relation to an affair Wilson had whilst he was a professor at Princeton University, with a fellow professor's wife.    President Wilson does not have the money, so Untermyer volunteers to pay the $40,000 out of his own pocket to the woman Wilson had had the affair with, on the condition that Wilson promise to appoint to the first vacancy on the United States Supreme Court a nominee to be recommended to President Wilson by Untermyer.  Wilson agrees to this.    Jacob Schiff sets up the Anti Defamation League (ADL) in the United States.  This organisation is formed to slander anyone who questions or challenges the Rothschild global conspiracy as, "anti-semitic."    Strangely enough, the same year that they do this they also set up their last and current central bank in America, the Federal Reserve. Congressman Charles Lindbergh stated following the passing of the Federal Reserve Act on December 23,        "The Act establishes the most gigantic trust on earth. When the President signs this Bill, the invisible government of the monetary power will be legalized.......The greatest crime of the ages is perpetrated by this banking and currency bill."    It is important to note that the Federal Reserve is a private company, it is neither Federal nor does it have any Reserve. It is conservatively estimated that profits exceed $150 billion per year and the Federal Reserve has never once in its history published accounts.    1914:  The start of World War I.  In this war, the German Rothschilds loan money to the Germans, the British Rothschilds loan money to the British, and the French Rothschilds loan money to the French.    Futhermore, the Rothschilds have control of the three European news agencies, Wolff (est. 1849) in Germany, Reuters (est. 1851) in England, and Havas (est. 1835) in France.    The Rothschilds use Wolff to manipulate the German people into a fervour for war. From around this time, the Rothschilds are rarely reported in the media, because they own the media.    1916:  On June 4, Ashkenazi Jew, Louis Dembitz Brandeis is appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States by President Wilson as per his agreed blackmail payment to Samuel Untermyer some three years earlier.  Justice Brandeis is also the elected leader of the Executive Committee for Zionist Affairs, a position he has held since 1914.    The middle of World War II.  Germany were winning the war as they were being financed by the Rothschilds to a greater extent than France, Italy and England, because Rothschilds, did not want to support the Tsar in Russia, and of course Russia was on the same side as France, Italy and England.    Then a significant event occurred.  Germany, although they were winning the war and not one foreign soldier had set foot on their soil, offered armistice to Britain with no requirement of reparations.  The Rothschilds were anxious to make sure this didn't happen as they were expecting to make far more money off this war, so they played another card they had up their sleeve.    Whilst the British were considering Germany's offer, Rothschild agent Louis Brandeis sends a Zionist delegation from America to Britain to promise to bring America into the war on the side of the British, provided the British agree to give the land of Palestine to the Rothschilds.    The Rothschilds wanted Palestine for the following reason.  They had great business interests in the far east and desired their own state in that area along with their own military which they could use as an aggressor to any state that threatened those interests.    The British subsequently agree to the deal for Palestine and the Zionists in London contact their counterparts in America and inform them of this fact.  Suddenly all the major newspapers in America that up to that point had been pro-German turned on Germany running propaganda pieces such as:  German soldiers were killing Red Cross Nurses; German soldiers were cutting off babies hands, etc, in order to manipulate the American public against the Germans.    This same year, President Woodrow Wilson, ran a re-election campaign under the slogan, "Re-Elect The Man Who Will Keep Your Sons Out Of The War."    On December 12, Germany and her allies offer peace terms to end the war.    1917:  As a result of Germany's offer of peace the Rothschild war machine goes into overdrive in America, spreading propaganda which leads to President Wilson under the instructions of American Zionist leader and Supreme Court Justice, Louis Dembitz Brandeis, reneging on his promise to the electorate and taking America into the first world war on April 6.    As per the Rothschild Zionist promise to the British, to take America into the war, they decide they want something in writing from the British to prove that they will uphold their side of the bargain. The British Foreign Secretary, Arthur James Balfour therefore drafts a letter which is commonly known as the, "Balfour Declaration," which is reprinted below.        Foreign Office        November 2nd, 1917        Dear Lord Rothschild,        I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet.        His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.        I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation.        Yours sincerely,        Arthur James Balfour    The Rothschilds order the execution by the Bolsheviks they control, of Tsar Nicholas II and his entire family in Russia, even though the Tsar had already abdicated on March 2.  This is both to get control of the country and an act of revenge for Tsar Alexander I blocking their world government plan in 1815 at the Congress Of Vienna, and Tsar Alexander II siding with President Abraham Lincoln in 1864.    It is extremely important for them to slaughter the entire family including women and children in order to make good on the promise to do so made by Nathan Mayer Rothschild in 1815.  It is designed to show the world what happens if you ever attempt to cross the Rothschilds.    U.S. Congressman Oscar Callaway informs Congress that J. P. Morgan is a Rothschild front and has taken control of the American media industry.  He states,        "In March, 1915, the J.P. Morgan interests, the steel, shipbuilding, and powder interest, and their subsidiary organizations, got together 12 men high up in the newspaper world and employed them to select the most influential newspapers in the United States and sufficient number of them to control generally the policy of the daily press...        ...They found it was only necessary to purchase the control of 25 of the greatest papers...An agreement was reached.  The policy of the papers was bought, to be paid for by the month, an editor was furnished for each paper to properly supervise and edit information regarding the questions of preparedness, militarism, financial policies, and other things of national and international nature considered vital to the interests of the purchasers."    1919:  In January, Ashkenazi Jews, Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, are killed as they attempt to lead another Rothschild funded Communist coup, this time in Berlin, Germany.    The Versailles peace conference is held to decide reparations that the Germans need to pay to the victors following the end of the first world war.  A delegation of 117 Zionists headed up by Ashkenazi Jew, Bernard Baruch, bring up the subject of the promise of Palestine for them.  At this point the Germans realised why America had turned on them and under whose influence, the Rothschilds.    The Germans, naturally, felt they had been betrayed by the Zionists.  This is because, at the time the Rothschilds made their deal with Britain for Palestine, in exchange for bringing America into the war, Germany was the most friendly country in the world towards the Jews, indeed the German Emancipation Edict of 1822 guaranteed Jews in Germany all civil rights enjoyed by Germans.    Also, Germany was the only country in Europe which did not place restrictions on Jews, even giving them refuge when they had to flee from Russia after their first attempted Communist coup failed there in 1905.    Nevertheless, the Rothschilds had held up their side of the bargain to spill the blood of millions of innocents and as a result, Palestine is confirmed as a Jewish homeland, and whilst its handover to the Rothschilds takes place it is to remain under the control of Britain as the Rothschilds control Britain.  At that time less than one percent of the population of Palestine was Jewish.  Interestingly, the host of the Versailles peace conference is its boss, Baron Edmond de Rothschild.    The Versailles peace conference is also used as an attempt by the Rothschilds to set up a world government under the pretext of ending all wars (which they create).  This was called the, "League of Nations."  Fortunately not enough countries accepted it and so it soon died.    On March 29th The Times of London reports on the Bolsheviks in Russia,        "One of the curious features of the Bolshevist movement is the high percentage of non Russian elements among its leaders. Of the twenty or thirty commissaries, or leaders, who provide the central machinery of the Bolshevist movement, not less than 75% were Jews."    It is reported that the Rothschilds were angry with the Russians because they were not prepared to allow them to form a central bank within their nation.  They therefore gathered groups of Jewish spies and sent them into Russia to drum up a revolution for the benefit of the common man, which was actually a takeover of Russia by a Rothschild controlled satanic elite.    These Jewish spies were, in age old deceptive Ashkenazi tradition, given Russian names, for example Trotsky was a member of the first group and his original name was Bronstein. These groups were sent to areas throughout Russia to incite riots and rebellion.    The Jewish Post International Edition, week ending January 24th 1991, confirms Vladimir Lenin was Jewish. Lenin is also on record as having stated,        “The establishment of a central bank is 90% of communizing a nation.”    These Jewish, Rothschild funded Bolsheviks would go on in the course of history to slaughter 60 million Christians and Non-Jews in Soviet controlled territory. Indeed the author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn in his work, “Gulag Archipelago, Vol 2,” affirms that Zionist Jews created and administered the organized Soviet concentration camp system in which these tens of millions of Christians and Non-Jews died.    On page 79 of this book he even names the administrators of this the greatest killing machine in the history of the world. They are Aron Solts, Yakov Rappoport, Lazar Kogan, Matvei Berman, Genrikh Yagoda, and Naftaly Frenkel. All six are Zionist Jews. In 1970 Solzhenitsyn would be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for literature.    N. M. Rothschild & Sons’ are given a permanent role to fix the world’s daily gold price. This takes place in the City of London offices, daily at 1100 hours, in the same room until 2004.    1920: Winston Churchill (whose mother, Jenny (Jacobson) Jerome, was Jewish – meaning he is Jewish under Ashkenazi law as he was born of a Jewish mother) writes in an article in the Illustrated Sunday Herald, dated February 8th,        "From the days of Illuminati leader Weishaupt, to those of Karl Marx, to those of Trotsky, this worldwide conspiracy has been steadily growing.        And now at last this band of extraordinary personalities from the underworld of the great cities of Europe and America, have gripped the Russian people by the hair of their heads and become the undisputed masters of that enormous empire."    1921:  Under the orders of Jacob Schiff the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is founded by Ashkenazi Jews, Bernard Baruch and Colonel Edward Mandell House.  Schiff gave his orders prior to his death in 1920, as he knew an organisation in America needed to be set up to select politicians to carry on the Rothschild conspiracy,and the formation of the CFR was actually agreed in a meeting on May 30, 1919 at the Hotel Majestic in Paris, France.    The CFR membership at the start was approximately 1000 people in the United States.  This membership included the heads of virtually every industrial empire in America, all the American based international bankers, and the heads of all their tax free foundations.  In essence all those people who would provide the capital required for anyone who wished to run for Congress, the Senate or the Presidency.    The first job of the CFR was to gain control of the press.  This task was given to John D. Rockefeller who set up a number of national news magazines such as Life, and Time.  He financed Samuel Newhouse to buy up and establish a chain of newspapers all across the country, and Eugene Meyer also who would go on to buy up many publications such as the Washington Post, Newsweek, ant The Weekly Magazine.    The CFR also needed to gate control of radio, television and the motion picture industry.  This task was split amongst the international bankers from, Kuhn Loeb, Goldman Sachs, the Warburgs, and the Lehmanns.    1925:  This year's Jewish Encyclopaedia, states of the existence of Ashkenazi Jews (who represent approximately 90% of so-called world Jewry), with the startling admission that the so called enemy of the Jews, Esau (also known as Edom, see Genesis 36:1), now actually represents the Jewish race, when on page 42 of Volume V it is stated,        "Edom is in modern Jewry."    So what they're basically saying is that these Ashkenazi Jews, who represent 90% of the so-called Jewish population, are actually gentiles or goyim themselves.    1926: N. M. Rothschild & Sons refinance the Underground Electric Railways Company of London Ltd which has a controlling interest in the entire London Underground transport system.    Maurice de Rothschild has a son, Edmond de Rothschild.    1929:  The Rothschilds crash the United States economy by contracting the money supply.    1930:  The first Rothschild world bank, the, "Bank for International Settlements (BIS)," is established in Basle, Switzerland.  The same place as where 33 years earlier the first ever World Zionist Congress was held.    1933: On January 30, Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany. He drives Jews, many of which were Communist out of Governmental positions within Germany.  As a result of this, in July, the Jews hold a World Conference in Amsterdam during which they demand that Hitler re-instate every Jew back to his former position.    Hitler refuses and as a result of this, Samuel Untermyer, the Ashkenazi Jew who blackmailed President Wilson,and is now the head of the American delegation and the president of the whole conference, returns to the United States, and makes a speech on radio which was transcribed in the From the New York Times, Monday, August 7, 1933. In the speech he made the following statements,        "...the Jews are the aristocrats of the world...Our campaign is...the economic boycott against all German goods, shipping and services...What we are proposing...is to prosecute a purely defensive economic boycott that will undermine the Hitler regime and bring the German people to their senses by destroying their export trade on which their very existence depends...        ...Each of you, Jew and Gentile alike...must refuse to deal with any merchant or shopkeeper who sells any German-made goods or who patronizes German ships or shipping."    As two thirds of Germany's food supply had to be imported, and could only be imported with the proceeds of what they exported, if Germany could not export, two thirds of Germany's population would starve, as there would be not enough food for more than one third of the population.    As a result of this boycott, Jews throughout America, would protest outside and damage any stores in which they found any products with, "Made in Germany," printed on them, causing stores to have to dump these products or risk bankruptcy.    Once the effects of this boycott began to be felt in Germany, the Germans, who had demonstrated no violence towards the Jews up to this point, simply began boycotting Jewish stores in the same way the Jews had done to stores selling German products in America.    Rothschild financed IBM, supply machines to the Nazis which produce punch cards to help organize and manage the initial identification and social expulsion of Jews, the confiscation of their property and their extermination.    On November 16, President Roosevelt recognizes the Zionist regime of Stalin in Russia without consultation with Congress even as 8,000 Ukrainians march in protest in New York.    Also this year, President Roosevelt, born of a Jewish mother, therefore satisfying Ashkenazi rules of being Jewish, orders the all-seeing eye to be placed upon all new dollar bills along with the motto, "Novus Ordo Seclorum."  This is latin for, "A New Order of the Ages."    1934: Swiss banking secrecy laws are reformed and it becomes an offence resulting in imprisonment for any bank employee to violate bank secrecy. This is all in preparation for the Rothschild engineered Second World War in which as usual they will fund both sides.    Edmond de Rothschild dies.    1936:  With regard to the increase in anti-semitism in Germany, Samuel Landman (at the time, secretary to the World Zionist Organisation), in his 1936 book, Great Britain, The Jews, and Palestine states the following of the United States entry into World War 1,        "The fact that it was Jewish help that brought USA into the War on the side of the Allies has rankled ever since in German – especially Nazi – minds, and has contributed in no small measure to the prominence which anti-Semitism occupies in the Nazi programme."    1938: On 7th November, a Jew, Herschel Grynszpan, assassinated Ernst vom Rath, a minor official at the German Embassy in Paris.  As a result of this German hostility towards Jews in Germany started to turn violent.    The Rothschilds Austrian banking house in Vienna, S. M. von Rothschild und Söhne, closes following the Nazi occupation of Austria.    1939: I.G. Farben the leading producer of chemicals in the world and largest German producer of steel dramatically increases its production. This increased production is almost exclusively used to arm Germany for the Second World War.  This company was controlled by the Rothschilds and would go on to use Jews and other disaffected peoples as slave labour in the concentration camps. I.G. Farben also created the lethal Zyklon B gas that was used to exterminate the Jews.    On 1 September, the Second world war starts when Germany invades Poland.  This was because the German leadership were a Christian leadership, who understood that Soviet Russia was led by Rothschild funded Communists, and they feared that as the Soviet Union grew in strength, these Jewish Communists would invade and wipe all the Christians off the map.    1940: Hansjurgen Koehler in his book, "Inside The Gestapo," states the following, of Maria Anna Schicklgruber, Adolf Hitler's grandmother,        "A little servant girl…….came to Vienna and became a domestic servant…….at the Rothschild mansion…….and Hitler’s unknown grandfather must be probably looked for in this magnificent house."    This is backed up by Walter Langer in his book, "The Mind Of Hitler," in which he states,        "Adolf’s father, Alois Hitler, was the illegitimate son of Maria Anna Schicklgruber…….Maria Anna Schicklgruber was living in Vienna at the time she conceived. At that time she was employed as a servant in the home of Baron Rothschild. As soon as the family discovered her pregnancy she was sent back home…….where Alois was born."    On the surface, it would appear Hitler was unlikely to be a Rothschild, but then again, when you discover the benefits that the Rothschilds got out of this war, both financially and politically, a Rothschild connection does not appear as outlandish as it may initially seem.    1941:  President Roosevelt takes America into the second world war by refusing to sell Japan any more steel scrap or oil. Japan was in the midst of a war against China and without that scrap steel and oil, Japan would be unable to continue that war. Japan was totally dependent upon the United States for both steel scrap and oil. Roosevelt knew this action would provoke the Japanese to attack America, which they subsequently did at Pearl Harbor.    1942: Prescott Bush, father of future American Presidents’ George Herbert Walker and George W, has his company seized under the, “Trading With The Enemy,” Act. He was funding Hitler from America, whilst American soldiers were being killed by German soldiers.    Jews are also being slaughtered by these same soldiers. Interestingly the ADL never criticizes any of the Bushes for this.    1943: February 18th, Zionist, Izaak Greenbaum, head of the Jewish Agency Rescue Committee, in a speech to the Zionist Executive Council states,        “If I am asked, could you give from the UJA (United Jewish Appeal) monies to rescue Jews, I say, no and I say again no!”    He would go onto state,        “One cow in Palestine is worth more than all the Jews in Poland!”    This is not a surprise, the whole idea of Zionist support for the slaughter of innocent Jews was to scare the survivors into believing that their only place of safety was Israel.  How else do you think the Zionists could ensure Jews leave the beautiful European cities in which they live, in order to settle in a desert!    1944:  On 6 November Lord Moyne, British Minister Resident in the Middle East was assassinated in Cairo by two members of the Jewish terrorist group, the Stern Gang, led by future Prime Minister of Israel, Yitzhak Shamir.  He is also responsible for  an assassination attempt against Harold MacMichael, the High Commissioner of the British Mandate of Palestine, this same year.    Interestingly he also masterminds another successful assassination this year against the United Nations representative in the Middle East, Count Folke Bernadotte who, although he had secured the release of 21,000 prisoners from German camps during World War II, was seen by Yitzak Shamir and his terrorist collaborators as an anti-Zionist.    In Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, two further Rothschild world banks are created.  The International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank.    1945: The end of the Second World War. It is reported that I.G. Farben plants were specifically not targeted in the bombing raids on Germany. Interestingly at the end of the war, they were found to have only sustained 15% damage.    The tribunals held at the end of the Second World War, to investigate Nazi War Crimes, censored any materials recording Western assistance to Hitler.    The Rothschilds take a giant step towards their goal of world domination when the second, "League of Nations," called the, "United Nations," was approved this year.    1946:  On July 22 the future Prime Minister of Israel, Ashkenazi Jew, David Ben-Gurion, orders another future Prime Minister of Israel, Ashkenazi Jew, Menachem Begin, to carry out a terrorist attack on the King David Hotel in Palestine, to try and drive out the British.  As a result of this 91 people were killed, most of them civilians: 28 British, 41 Arabs, 17 Jews, and 5 others.  Around 45 people are injured.    Menachem Begin went on to proudly proclaimed himself as, "the father of modern terrorism."  Just to put the gravity of the attack on the King David Hotel into perspective, it was at the time the biggest death toll as a result of single terrorist action ever and was only surpassed over forty years later by the Bombing of Pan Am flight 103 over Lockerbie.    1947: The British who prior to World War 2 declared that there would be no more immigration of Jews to Palestine in order to protect the Palestinians from their acts of terror against both them and British soldiers, transfer control of Palestine to the United Nations.  The United Nations resolve to have Palestine partitioned into two states, one zionist and one arab, with Jerusalem to remain as an international zone to be enjoyed by all religious faiths.    This transfer was scheduled to take place on May 15, 1948.  The United Nations had no right to give Arab property to anyone, as indeed even thought the Jews owned 6% of Palestine at that time, resolution 181 granted the Jews 57% of the land leaving the Arabs who at that time had 94% with only 43%.    Information collected by the ADL in its spy operations on US citizens is used by the House Select Committee on Unamerican Activities. Subcommittee Chair Clare Hoffman dismisses the ADL’s reports on suspected communists as "hearsay."    1948: In the Spring of this year, the Rothschilds bribe President Harry S. Truman (33rd President of the United States 1945 – 1953) to recognise Israel (Rothschild owned Zionist not Jewish territory) as a sovereign state with $2,000,000 which they give to him on his campaign train.    They then declare Israel to be a sovereign Jewish state in Palestine and within half an hour President Truman declared the United States to be the first foreign nation to recognise it.    The Flag of Israel is unveiled. Despite tremendous opposition the emblem on the flag is a blue coloured version of the Rothschild, "Red Hexagram or Sign."    This angers many Jews who realise this Hexagram was used in the ancient mystery religions as the symbol of, "Moloch," (described as a demon of unwilling sacrifice and is also interestingly the name of the stone owl the elite worship at Bohemian Grove), and, "Astaroth," (described as the Lord Treasurer of Hell).    The Hexagram was also used to represent Saturn, which has been identified as the esoteric name for, "Satan." This indicates that anyone killed in the name of Israel is actually a sacrifice to Satan. These dissenting Jews believe the, "Menorah," the oldest Jewish symbol should be used and pointed out that the Hexagram is not even a Jewish symbol, but of course as the Rothschild Zionists use it that is what ends up on the Rothschild, I mean Zionist, I mean Israeli flag.    In the early hours of April 19, 132 Jewish terrorists from the Irgun gang, led by future Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, and the Stern gang, led by future Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, brutally massacre 200 men, women and children as they are sleeping peacefully in the Arab village of Deir Yassin.    Following the United Nations transfer of Palestine to an independent Jewish state and an independent Arab state on May 15, the Israelis launched a military assault on the Arabs with blaring loudspeakers on their trucks informing the Arabs that if they did not flee immediately, they would be slaughtered.    800,000 Arabs with the recent memory of the Deir Yassin massacre at the forefront of their minds, fled in panic.  They asked for help from nighbouring Arab states, but those states did not get involved as they were no match for the Israelis whose up to date military hardware had been supplied by the Jewish Stalinist regime in Russia.  Following this assault, the Jews now controlled 78% of the former Palestine as oppose to the 57% that had been given to them illegally by the United Nations.    The Palestinians, many of them Christians, were never paid compensation for their homes, property and businesses stolen from them during this illegal Jewish assault, and these people ended up in slum refugee cities of tents. Futhermore at least half of the Palestinians in their hurry to flee, left their birth certificates behind.  The State of Israel then passed a law that only those who could prove citizenship were allowed to return to Israel, thus meaning these 400,000 Palestinians could not return and lost all their property they had left there.    Ashkenazi Jew, David Ben-Gurion, one of the father founders of Israel and its first Prime Minister, candidly describes Zionist aims in his diary (21 May 1948) as follows,        “The Achilles heel of the Arab coalition is the Lebanon. Muslim supremacy in this country is artificial and can easily be overthrown. A Christian State ought to be set up there, with its southern frontier on the river Litani.        We would sign a treaty of alliance with this State. Thus when we have broken the strength of the Arab Legion and bombed Amman, we could wipe out Trans-Jordan, after that Syria would fall. And if Egypt still dared to make war on us, we would bomb Port Said, Alexandria and Cairo.        We should thus end the war and would have but paid to Egypt, Assyria and Chaldea on behalf of our ancestors.”    1949:  On October 1, Mao Tse Tsung declares the founding of the People's Republic Of China in Tiananmen Square, Beijing.  He is funded by Rothschild created Communism in Russia and also the following Rothschild agents:  Solomon Adler, a former United States Treasury official who was a Soviet Spy; Israel Epstein, the son of a Jewish Bolshevik imprisoned by the Tsar in Russia for trying to forment a revolution there; and Frank Coe, a leading official of the Rothschild owned IMF.    1950: Israel passes their law of return, guaranteeing every Jew worldwide the right to dwell in the state of Israel, however the Palestinians even though they had lived there for 1300 years, were denied that right.    John Davitt, former chief of the Justice Department's internal security section notes that the Israeli intelligence service is the second most active in the United States after the Soviets and of course both Israel and the Soviet Union are run by an Ashkenazi Jewish leadership.    1951: On 1 April the Israeli Secret Intelligence Agency the Mossad, which will go on to terrorize the world, is formed. The motto of the Mossad is probably the most disgusting secret service motto in the world, it is,    "By Way Of Deception,      Thou Shalt Do War."    1953: N. M. Rothschild & Sons found the British Newfoundland Corporation Limited to develop 60,000 square miles of land in Newfoundland, Canada, which comprised a power station to harness the power of the Hamilton (later renamed Churchill) Falls. At the time this was the largest construction project ever to be undertaken by a private company.    1954: "The Lavon Affair."  Israeli agents recruit Egyptian citizens of Jewish descent to bomb Western targets in Egypt, and plant evidence to frame Arabs, in an apparent attempt to upset American/Egyptian relations. Israeli defense minister, Ashkenazi Jew, Pinhas Lavon is eventually removed from office, though many think real responsibility lay with David Ben-Gurion.    A hidden microphone planted by the Israelis is discovered in the Office of the US Ambassador in Tel Aviv.    1955: Edmond de Rothschild founds Compagnie Financiere, Paris.    1956: Telephone taps are found connected to two telephones in the residence of the US military attaché in Tel Aviv.    1957: James de Rothschild dies and it is reported (by the Rothschild owned media) that he bequeaths a large sum of money to the state of Israel to pay for the construction of their parliament building, the Knesset. He states that the Knesset should be,        "a symbol, in the eyes of all men, of the permanence of the State of Israel."    On page 219 of his book, "Tales of the British Aristocracy," L.G. Pine, the Editor of Burke’s Peerage, states that the Jews,        "have made themselves so closely connected with the British peerage that the two classes are unlikely to suffer loss which is not mutual. So closely linked are the Jews and the lords that a blow against the Jews in this country would not be possible without injuring the aristocracy also."    Maurice de Rothschild dies in Paris.    1962: de Rothschild Frères establishes Imétal as an umbrella company for all their mineral mining interests.    Frederic Morton publishes his book, The Rothschilds, in which he states,        "Though they control scores of industrial, commercial, mining and tourist corporations, not one bears the name Rothschild. Being private partnerships, the family houses never need to, and never do, publish a single public balance sheet, or any other report of their financial condition."    This attitude reveals the true aim of the Rothschilds, to eliminate all competition and create their own worldwide monopoly.    1963: On June 4th President John F. Kennedy (the 35th President of the United States 1961 – 1963) signs Executive Order 11110 which returned to the U.S. government the power to issue currency, without going through the Rosthchilds owned Federal Reserve.    Less than 6 months later on November 22nd , president Kennedy is assassinated by the Rothschilds for the same reason as they assassinated President Abraham Lincoln in 1865, he wanted to print American money for the American people, as oppose to for the benefit of a money grabbing war mongering foreign elite.    This Executive Order 11110, is rescinded by President Lyndon Baines Johnson (the 36th President of the United States 1963 to 1969) on Air Force One from Dallas to Washington, the same day as President Kennedy was assassinated.    Another, and probably the primary, reason for Kennedy's assassination is however, the fact that he made it quite clear to Israeli Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, that under no circumstances would he agree to Israel becoming a nuclear state.  The Israeli newspaper Ha'aretz on February 5, 1999, in a review of, Avner Cohen's book, "Israel and the Bomb," states the following,        "The murder of American President John F. Kennedy brought to an abrupt end the massive pressure being applied by the U.S. administration on the government of Israel to discontinue the nuclear program...The book implied that, had Kennedy remained alive, it is doubtful whether Israel would today have a nuclear option."    Edmond de Rothschild establishes La Compagnie Financière Edmond de Rothschild (LCF), in Switzerland as a venture capital house. This later develops into an investment bank and asset management company with many affiliates. He also marries his wife Nadine and they have a son, Benjamin de Rothschild.    1965: Israel illegally obtains enriched uranium from NUMEC (Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation).    1967: The treatment of the Palestinians by the Zionist Jews, finally ignites enough anger in the Arab world for Egypt, Jordan and Syria to mobilise on Israel's borders.  All of these three countries are suddenly attacked by Israel and as a result the Sinai which included Gaza was stolen from Egypt, and the West Bank and the Jordan River stolen from Jordan.    As a result of this, on June 8, the Israelis launch an attack on the USS Liberty with Israeli aircraft and motor torpedo boats, in an effort to blame it on Egypt, to bring America into the war on their side, and of course follow to the letter, their Mossad motto,    "By Way Of Deception,    Thou Shalt Do War."    As a result of their attack, 34 American servicemen were killed and 174 wounded.  Israel lies as usual, claiming it mistook this warship that was flying a large United States flag, for an ancient out-of-service Egyptian horse carrier El Quseir, that was 180 feet shorter.  They also claim the ship was in the war zone, when it was actually in international waters, far from any fighting.  The Israeli's attack on this warship lasts for 75 minutes during which time they shoot up one of the United States flags, resulting in the sailors desperately raising another one.    In the aftermath of this attack, the American sailors who survived are warned by the United States military not to discuss the matter with anyone due to, "national security."  This story gets no prominence in the Rothschild controlled mainstream media and as usual Israel is in no way even rebuked for their crimes by their subservient country of America.    The following day, June 9th, Israel illegally occupies the Golan Heights which it seizes from Syria. This area goes on to provide Israel with one third of its fresh water.    Israeli General Matityahu Peled, is quoted in Ha'aretz (19 March 1972) with the following statement,        "The thesis that the danger of genocide was hanging over us in June 1967 and that Israel was fighting for its physical existence is only bluff, which was born and developed after the war."  Another sickening and deceptive statement but again at least he's consistent with the Mossad motto, "By Way Of Deception, Thou Shalt Do War."    de Rothschild Frères is renamed Banque Rothschild.    1968: Noémie Halphen, wife of Maurice de Rothschild dies.    1970: While working for Senator Henry “Scoop” Jackson, Ashkenazi Jew, Richard Perle is caught by the FBI giving classified information to Israel. Nothing is done.    British Prime Minister Edward Heath makes Lord Victor Rothschild the head of his policy unit. Whilst he is in that role Britain enters the European Community.    1973: In his book, None Dare Call It Conspiracy, Gary Allen states,        "One major reason for the historical blackout on the role of the international bankers in political history is the Rothschilds were Jewish…        ….The Jewish members of the conspiracy have used an organisation called The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) as an instrument to try and convince everyone that any mention of the Rothschilds and their allies is an attack on all Jews.        In this way they have stifled almost all honest scholarship on international bankers and made the subject taboo within universities.        Any individual or book exploring this subject is immediately attacked by hundreds of ADL communities all over the country. The ADL has never let the truth or logic interfere with its highly professional smear jobs…        ….Actually, nobody has a right to be more angry at the Rothschild clique than their fellow Jews…        ….The Rothschild empire helped finance Adolf Hitler."”    George J. Laurer an employee of the Rothschilds controlled IBM, invents the UPC (Universal Product Code) barcode which will eventually be placed upon every item traded worldwide and bear the number, 666. The Book of Revelation, Chapter 13, Verse 17 through 18, states the following in relation to this number,        "And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name.        Here is wisdom.  Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six."    The whole Satanic aims of the Rothschilds are now in full view of the world, everything bought or sold carries the mark of the beast, 666.    N. M. Rothschild & Sons British Newfoundland Corporation, Churchill Falls project in Newfoundland, Canada, is completed.    N. M. Rothschild & Sons also create a new asset management part of the company which traded worldwide. This eventually became, Rothschild Private Management Limited.    Edmond de Rothschild, a great-grandson of Jacob (James) Mayer Rothschild, bought the cru bourgeois estate of Château Clarke in Bordeaux.    1976:  Ashkenazi Jew, Harold Rosenthal, aide to Ashkenazi Jew, Senator Jacob Javits, states,        "Most Jews do not like to admit it, but our god is Lucifer."    1978: Ashkenazi Jew, Stephen Bryen, then a Senate Foreign Relations Committee staffer, is overheard in a Washington D.C. hotel offering confidential documents to top Israeli military officials.    Bryen obtains a lawyer, Nathan Lewin, and the case heads for the grand jury, but is mysteriously dropped. Bryen later goes to work for Richard Perle.    1979: The Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty in 1979 was underwritten by United States aid which pledged $3 billion annually to Israel from the United States taxpayer (not even a drop in the ocean when you consider the amount they make off the Federal Reserve).    Shin Bet (the Israeli internal security agency) tries to penetrate the US Consulate General in Jerusalem through a “Honey Trap”, using a clerical employee who was having an affair with a Jerusalem girl.    Baron and Baroness Phillipi de Rothschild in a joint venture with Robert Mondavi, begin the construction of a pyramid in Napa Valley, California, where the leader/founder of the Church Of Satan, Ashkenazi Jew, Anton LaVey, was based. This is known as Opus 1 (which means, the first work), and the front for this temple is that it is a winery.    1980: The global phenomenon of privatisation starts. The Rothschilds are behind this from the very beginning in order to seize control of all publicly owned assets worldwide.    1981: Banque Rothschild is nationalised by the French government. The new bank is called, Compagnie Européenne de Banque. The Rothschilds subsequently set up a successor to this French bank, Rothschild & Cie Banque (RCB), which goes on to become a leading French investment house.    1982:  From September 16 to 18, future Prime Minister of Israel and then Defence Minister, Ashkenazi Jew, Ariel Sharon, orchestrates Israel's invasion of Lebanon, which provided ariel lighting in order to facilitate the killing of between 1000 and 2000 men, women and children in the Sabra and Shatila massacres.    1985: Eustace Mullins publishes, "Who Owns The TV Networks," in which he reveals the Rothschilds have control of all three major U.S. Networks, which are: NBC; CBS; and ABC.    The New York Times reports the FBI is aware of at least a dozen incidents in which American officials transferred classified information to the Israelis, quoting (former Assistant Director of the F.B.I.) Raymond Wannal. The Justice Department does not prosecute.    Richard Smyth, the owner of MILCO, is indicted on charges of smuggling nuclear timing devices to Israel.    N. M. Rothschild & Sons advise the British government on the privatisation of British Gas. They subsequently advise the British government on virtually all of their other privatisations of state owned assets including: British Steel; British Coal; all the British regional electricity boards; and all the British regional water boards.    A British MP heavily involved in these privatisations is future Chancellor of the Exchequer, Norman Lamont, a former Rothschild banker.    1986: Mordechai Vanunu a technician at Dimona, Israel's nuclear installation, from 1976 to 1985, discovers that the plant was secretly producing nuclear weapons.    His conscience made him speak out and in 1986 he provided the London Sunday Times with the facts and photos they used to tell the world about Israel's nuclear weapons programme.    His evidence showed that Israel had stockpiled up to 200 nuclear warheads, with no debate or authorisation from it own citizens. On 30th September 1986, Vanunu was lured from London to Rome. There he was kidnapped, drugged and shipped to Israel.    After a secret trial he was sentenced to 18 years for, "treason," and, "espionage," (something Israel are very familiar with) though he had received no payment and had communicated with no foreign power.    He goes on to be held in complete isolation for 11 years, only allowed occasional visits from his family, lawyer and a priest, conducted through a metal screen. Although he completes his sentence, the Israeli government continues to hold him against his will.    1987: Edmond de Rothschild creates the World Conservation Bank which is designed to transfer debts from third world countries to this bank and in return those countries would give land to this bank. This is designed so the Rothschilds can gain control of the third world which represents 30% of the land surface of the Earth.    On April 24 the Wall Street Journal reveals the, "Role of Israel in Iran-Contra Scandal Won't be Explored in Detail by Panels."    1988: The ADL initiate a nationwide competition for law students to draft anti-hate legislation for minority groups.  That competition is won by a man named, Joseph Ribakoff, whose thesis proposes that not only must hate motivated violence be banned, but also any words which stimulate: supiscion; friction; hate; and possible violence, these must also be criminalised.    This ADL prize-winning paper suggests that not only should state-agencies monitor and restrict free speech in general, but they should also censor all films that criticize identifiable groups. Furthermore, even if the person making the statement can justify it, for example Christians criticizing homosexuality because the bible expressly forbids it, Ribakoff asserts that the truth is to be no defence in court.    The only proof a court will need in order to secure a conviction of hate speech is that something has been said, and a minority group or member of such group has felt emotionally damaged as a result of such criticism.  Therefore, under these proposals which the ADL will have forced into law all over the world less than 15 years later, Jesus Christ would have been arrested as a hate criminal.    This law is designed to protect the Rothschild conspiracy from being revealed in that if you criticize the Rothschilds criminal cabal, you will be targeted as anti-semitic, and thus risk imprisonment.    Philippe de Rothschild dies.    1989: Many of the satellite states in Eastern Europe, through the influence of Glasnost, become more open in their demands of freedom from Communist governance in their Republics.    Many revolutions happen in 1989, most of them involving the overthrow of their respective Communist governments and the replacement of them with Republics.    Thus, the hold the Communists had over Eastern Europe (the Iron Curtain) becomes very weak. Eventually, as a result of Perestroika and Glasnost, Communism collapses, not only in the Soviet Union but also in Eastern Europe.    In Russia, Boris Yeltsin (whose wife is the daughter of Joseph Stalin’s marriage to Rosa Kaganovich) and the Republican government takes steps to end the power of the Communist party by suspending and banning the party and seizing all their property.    This symbolised the fall of Communism in Russia, and resulted in the start of a mass exodus of 700,000 Jews from the former Soviet Union to Israel.    In the Israeli Journal, Hotam (24 November 1989), there is a report of a speech that then Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister, Ashkenazi Jew, Binyamin Netanyahu, gave to students at Bar Ilan University in which he states,        "Israel should have exploited the repression of the demonstrations in China, when world attention focused on that country, to carry out mass expulsions among the Arabs of the territories."    The London and Paris Rothschilds announce the launch of a new subsidiary, Rothschild GmbH, in Frankfurt, Germany.    1991:  Following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990, on January 16 of this year the United States and Britain began an aerial bombing campaign of targets within Iraq.  On 24 February the ground campaign commenced which was to last 100 hours until on February 28 when a horrendous war crime occurred.    This crime was the slaughter of 150,000 Iraqi troops with fuel air bombs.  These Iraqis were fleeing on a crowded highway from Kuwait to Basra.  President George Herbert Walker Bush ordered United States military aircraft and ground units to kill these surrendering troops, they were then bulldozed into mass unmarked graves in the desert, some still alive.    President Bush then ordered a cessation of hostilities.  What was the significance of this slaughter and President Bush declaring the war over on this day?  Well it was the day the, "Day of Purim," fell on this year.  This the day the Jews celebrate their victory over Ancient Babylon, now based within the borders of Iraq and a day when the Jews are encouraged to get bloody revenge against their perceived enemies.    At the Bilderberg Conference on June 6 to 9 of this year, in Baden-Baden, Germany, David Rockefeller (a Rothschild) made the following statement,        "We are grateful to the Washington Post, the New York Times, Time Magazine, and other great publications whose directors have attended our meetings and respected their promises of discretion for almost 40 years.  It would have been impossible for us to develop our plan for the world, if we had been subjected to the lights of publicity during those years.        But the world is now more sophisticated and prepared to march towards a world government.  The super-national sovereignty of an intellectual elite and world bankers is surely preferable to the national auto-determination practised in past centuries."    1992: In March, former Federal Reserve Board Chairman, Paul A. Volker became Chairman of the European banking firm, J. Rothschild, Wolfensohn and Co.    Stephen Bryen, caught offering confidential documents to Israel in 1978, is serving on board of the pro-Israeli Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs while continuing as a paid consultant, with security clearance, on exports of sensitive US technology.    “The Samson Option,” by Seymour M. Hersh reports,        “Illicitly obtained intelligence was flying so voluminously from LAKAM (a secret Israeli intelligence unit, a Hebrew acronym for Scientific Liaison Bureau) into Israeli intelligence that a special code name, JUMBO, was added to the security markings already on the documents. There were strict orders, Ari Ben-Menashe recalled, “Anything marked JUMBO was not supposed to be discussed with your American counterparts.”    The Wall Street Journal reports that Israeli agents apparently tried to steal Recon Optical Inc's top-secret airborne spy-camera system.    On September 16th Britain’s pound collapses when currency speculators led by Rothschild agent, Ashkenazi Jew, George Soros, borrow pounds and sell them for Deutsche Marks, in the expectation of being able to repay the loan in devalued currency and to pocket the difference.    This results in the British Chancellor of the Exchequer, Norman Lamont, announcing a rise in interest rates of 5% in one day and as a result drives Britain into a recession which lasts many years as large numbers of businesses fail and the housing market crashes.    This is right on cue for the Rothschilds, after they had privatised Britain’s state owned assets during the 1980’s, driven the share price up, and then collapsed the markets so they could buy them up for pennies on the pound, a carbon copy of what Nathan Mayer Rothschild did to the British economy 180 years before, in 1812.    It cannot be overstated that the Chancellor of the Exchequer at that time, Norman Lamont, prior to becoming a MP, was a Merchant Banker with N. M. Rothschild and Sons, who he joined after reading Economics at Cambridge.    1993: Norman Lamont leaves the British government to return to N. M. Rothschild and Sons as a director, after his mission to collapse the British economy to profit the Rothschilds is accomplished.    Former Congressman, Paul Findley publishes his seminal book, Deliberate Deceptions: Facing the Facts About the U.S. Israeli Relationship.    In this book he lists the 65 United Nations Member Resolutions against Israel from the period 1955 to 1992, and the 30 United States vetoes on Israel’s behalf which if not made would have seen Israel have 95 resolutions against them at this point.    No matter, even with Israel’s puppet the United States helping them terrorise others, the 65 Resolutions passed against Israel are more than all the Resolutions passed against all other countries combined.    Not that Israel care too much about the views of the United Nations when you consider that less than two weeks after Israel’s attack on the USS Liberty (an attack designed to sink the Liberty and blame it on Egypt prompting the USA into a war with Egypt on behalf of Israeli Lies, remember the Mossad motto, “By Way Of Deception, Thou Shalt Do War”), the Israeli Foreign Minister, Aba Eban, stated of the United Nations,        "If the General Assembly were to vote by 121 votes to 1 in favor of, "Israel," returning to the armistice lines (pre June 1967 borders), "Israel," would refuse to comply with the decision," New York Times – 19 June 1967.    The ADL is caught operating a massive spying operation on critics of Israel, Arab-Americans, the San Francisco Labor Council, ILWU Local 10, Oakland Educational Association, NAACP, Irish Northern Aid, International Indian Treaty Council, the Asian Law Caucus and the San Francisco Police.    Data collected was sent to Israel and in some cases to South Africa. Pressure from Jewish organizations forces the city to drop the criminal case, but the ADL settles a civil lawsuit for an undisclosed sum of cash.    1995: Former atomic energy scientist, Dr Kitty Little claims the Rothschilds now control 80% of the world’s uranium supplies giving them a monopoly over nuclear power.    The Defense Investigative Service circulates a memo warning US military contractors that,        "Israel aggressively collects (US) military and industrial technology."    The report stated that Israel obtains information using,        "ethnic targeting, financial aggrandizement, and identification and exploitation of individual frailties," of US citizens.    1996: A General Accounting Office report, "Defense Industrial Security: Weaknesses in US Security Arrangements With Foreign-Owned Defense Contractors," found that according to intelligence sources, "Country A," (identified by intelligence sources as Israel, Washington Times, 22 February 1996),        "conducts the most aggressive espionage operation against the United States of any US ally."        A pdf file of the report is here:        www.gao.gov/archive/1996/ns96064.pdf        An unformated text version is here:        http://fas.org/man/gao/gao9664.htm    The Jerusalem Post (30 August 1996) quoted the report,        "“Classified military information and sensitive military technologies are high-priority targets for the intelligence agencies of this country."    The report described, "An espionage operation run by the intelligence organization responsible for collecting scientific and technologic information for (Israel) paid a US government employee to obtain US classified military intelligence documents."    The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs (Shawn L. Twing, April 1996) noted that this was,        "a reference to the 1985 arrest of Jonathan Pollard, a civilian US naval intelligence analyst who provided Israel's LAKAM espionage agency an estimated 800,000 pages of classified US intelligence information."        www.washington-report.org/backissues/0496/9604014.htm    The GAO report also noted that, "Several citizens of (Israel) were caught in the United States stealing sensitive technology used in manufacturing artillery gun tubes."    An Office of Naval Intelligence document, "Worldwide Challenges to Naval Strike Warfare" reported that,        "US technology has been acquired (by China) through Israel in the form of the Lavi fighter and possibly SAM (surface-to-air) missile    Ben-Gurion: The Armed Prophet - Michael Bar-Zohar - 1967    The Hidden Tyranny - Benjamin Freedman - 1971    None Dare Call It Conspiracy - Gary Allen - 1972    The Gulag Archipelago, Vol. 2, Parts 3 and 4 - Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn - First English translation published 1975.    Wall Street And The Rise Of Hitler - Anthony C. Sutton - 1976    The Rosenthal Document - Walter White, Jr. - 1978    Two Rothschilds And The Land Of Israel - Simon Schama - 1978    The Six Pointed Star - Dr O. J. Graham - 1984    The Last Days In America - Bob Fraley - 1984    Who Owns The TV Networks - Eustace Mullins - 1985    The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy - Seymour M. Hersh - 1991    A History of the Jews in America - Howard M. Sachar - 1992    Deliberate Deceptions: Facing the Facts About the U.S. Israeli Relationship - Paul Findley - 1993    Descent Into Slavery - Des Griffin - 1994    Bloodlines Of The Illuminati - Fritz Springmeier - 1995    Jewish History, Jewish Religion - Israel Shahak - 1994    Satan Speaks - Anton Szandor LaVey - 1998    The Elite Serial Killers of Lincoln, JFK, RFK & MLK - Robert Gaylon Ross - 2001    Never Again?  The Threat Of The New Anti-Semitism - Abraham H. Foxman - 2004    The Elite Don’t Dare Let Us Tell The People - Robert Gaylon Ross - 2004    Codex Magica - Texe Marrs - 2005 The same people and companies behind the Nazi German Holocaust and produced the ZyklonB gas chambers, steel, other chemicals, munitions for the death camps where they mass murdered  over 10 million Jews and Freemasons are behind the Codex Alimentarius Commission food, nutrients, minerals and herbs consumer protection code labelling protection scam to mass murder over 3 million people on planet earth......Click here to read the full story Major Interntaional Industrial Companies, Banking Groups, powerful banking and business families and media owners and controllers which include Bayer, IG Farben, The Rockerfeller Family, The Rothchild Family, Rupert Murdoch and his media companies News Corporation and News International, Conrad Black, Fritz Teer Meer, have secretly played their part in helping to create the Codex Alimentarius Commission in 1963 and its mummy and daddy organisations the World Health Organisation (WHO)and the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the Unitd Namtions (FAO)  as world wide bodies rules and regulations that can override an individual country's rules and regulations  on food, nutrients, minerals and herbs consumer protection code labelling protection.  scam to mass murder over 3 million people on planet earth through various methods including starvation of nutrients in their food and increasing levels of terrifyingly dangerous poisoness pesticides and bovine growth hormones in all types of food including fruit vegetables, seeds, net, fish, pountry, lamb, pig, cows, etc. to completely control all food production, coding, labelling, distribution etc. The British Prime Minister Lloyd George claimed, in 1909, that Lord Nathan Rothschild was the most powerful man in Britain.   By the end of the century, the family owned, or had built, at the lowest estimates, over 41 palaces, of a scale and luxury perhaps unparalleled even by the richest Royal families. In 1816, four of the brothers were each elevated to the hereditary nobility by Austrian EmperorFrancis I; Nathan was elevated in 1818. All of them were granted the Austrian title of baron orFreiherr on 29 September 1822. As such, some members of the family used "de" or "von" Rothschild to acknowledge the grant of nobility. In 1885, Nathan Mayer Rothschild II (1840–1915) of the London branch of the family, was granted the hereditary peerage title Baron Rothschild in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.Many Rothschilds were and are supporters of the State of Israel, although other members of the family opposed the creation of the state.[21] Lord Victor Rothschild was against granting asylum or even help to Jewish refugees during the Holocaust.[22] However, Baron Edmond James de Rothschild was a patron of the first settlement in Palestine atRishon-LeZion, and bought from Ottoman landlords many parts of the land which now makes up present-day Israel. In 1917 Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild was the addressee of the Balfour Declaration, which committed the British government to the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people. James A. de Rothschild financed the Knesset building as a gift to the State of Israel. The Supreme Court of Israel building was donated to Israel by Dorothy de Rothschild.[23] Outside the President's Chamber is displayed the letter Mrs Rothschild wrote to Prime Minister Shimon Peres expressing her intention to donate a new building for the Supreme Court.[24] Rothschild family banking businesses pioneered international high finance during the industrialisation of Europe and were instrumental in supporting railway systems across the world and in complex government financing for projects such as the Suez Canal. The family bought up a large proportion of the property inMayfair, London. Major businesses directly founded by Rothschild family capital include Alliance Assurance (1824) (now Royal & SunAlliance); Chemin de Fer du Nord (1845); Rio Tinto Group (1873); Société Le Nickel (1880) (now Eramet); and Imétal (1962) (now Imerys). The Rothschilds financed Cecil Rhodes on his expeditions in Africa, the founding of De Beers and the creation of the colony of Rhodesia. http://www.blacklistednews.com/?news_id=5768 http://www.codexcorp.com/ CODEX CORP:  Specialising in Corrections and Healthcare, it may be an unusual combination but it works for us, our partners and customers who want to keep a close control and watch on the use of health care and nutritional products in the community and with our unique and far reaching security and monitoring systems we will be able to tell our customers instantly if anyone in the world is using nutrients and minerals that are not Codex approved  and compliant, and have them quickly detained and punished for not complying with Codex approved and compliant products. With Codex we are proud to say that no one will escape detection. Codex Corporation and its founders have over 100 years experience in this business including the management and design of the concentration camps in Germany. Codex Corporation was originally the multi billion  International Giant I G Farben. A quick background on our founding company I G Farben and its directors and managers will help convince you that as far as security, nutrient and health care management, people management, corrections management, Codex ( Formerly IG Farben) is the company you should chose for any issues in Corrections and Heathcare Management. Codex and its security management has the ability to make sure there is no health freedom. not just in the USA but all over the world... and Codex has the ability to make sure anyone that tries to think for a minute they can get way with trying to have health freedom, will quickly be caught, detained and punished by Codex's unique and far reaching security and monitoring systems...The Codex Moto is "None will escape detection and punishment of the unauthorised use of nutrients with Codex on the job....just look at out success record in designing and managing the concentration camp in Germany....our success record at Codex Corporation, formerly IG Farben in people, healthcare and corrections management speaks for itself" Codex Corporation's, formerly IG Farben's 100 year History in People, Healthcare and Corrections Management provided from Codex Alimentarius Speach by Dr Rimal Laibox MD of the Natural Solutions Fioundation, Produced by EON the Ecological Options Network for Bauman College in cooperation with the Natural Solutions Foundation and the National Association of Nutrition Professionals (NANP) 2005 www.HealthFreedomUSA.org Dr Rimal Laibox is an experienced healthcare professional and has studies Codex Corporation, formerly IG Farben's progess ov erthe last decade to become  the leaders in People, Healthcare and Corrections Management in the United States. Codex and Nutricide " Let me tell you about Codex Alimentarius, let me define it for you, let me help you understand the enemy..and let me assure you that absolutely nothing that I am going to tell you, is exagerated, is interperlated, or is imagined. Every thing I am going to tell you is documented. A great deal of it is documented on my website, whichwww.HealthFreedomUSA.org. Let me back up and tell you that I have been watching Codex come toward us for about the last decade. ,,, and I have been watching the vote sin congress, which God help us is our bastion of support and protection against Codex and I will explain why that is. I have been watching the votes to protect our health freedom dwindle, until finally in the 109th Congress, without a good deal of activity, we didn't have the votes to protect us. I have been watching Codex excellerate and I have been watching it expand, and I have been getting more and more troubled. Let me give you a brief run down of Codex then. After the second world war, the Nuremberg Tribunals were held in which people who had committed crimes against humanity were judged by the world community in a court run by the United States and Britain...  and they were sentenced to terms in prison if they were found guilty of crimes against humanity. In 1948 some of the people who were found guilty of crimes against humanity on the basis of mass murder, slavery and other crimes were the president and 24 board members and executives  of a hugh industrial megalith called IG Farben. Amazingly enough however, by 1951 all of them had already been released, and and continuing to consult with German Corporations IG Farben produced the gas used in the gas chambers Zyklon B, they produced the steel for the death camps and the rail road line, they produced the munitions, they produced chemicals, they produced all kinds of stuff. The Nuremberg Tribunal disolved IG Farben into companies such as  into BASF - Hoechst - Bayer They produced pharmaceuticals.. a big big pharacuticals company.  So the president of IG Farben Fritz ter Meer, the senior manager at IB Farben, was convicted of crimes against Humanity on the basis of mass murder, slavery and other crimes on 29th July, 1948. Although he co-operated with SS and the Final Solution, Fritz ter Meer was sentenced to 7 years only in War Criminal Prison, but only served about three years in prison, no more someone that bounces a business cheque for say $1,000 and is charged for fraud in the $1,000 bounced cheque for it not being honoured on presentation. Someone steals an apple can get 3 years in prison also, or if he or she stole the apple as a servant they can receive 7 years in prison, Now Fritz ter Meer is sort of an artistic fellow and he was the one responsible for the slogan that people saw as they entered Autswitz, usually for the last time, "Work Brings Freedom". Fritz ter Meer was a creative sort of fellow. Fritz ter Meer was responsible for the slogan that people saw as they entered Auschwitz-, usually for the last time,  " Work brings  Freedom....a creative sort of fellow. You will notice that the institutions that Fritz ter Meer worked for an/or had shareholdings in as listed by Wikepedia are Institutions IG Farben, Bayer, Codex Alimentarius The Bayer executive Fritz ter Meer, sentenced to seven years in prison by the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal, was made head of the supervisory board of Bayer in 1956, after his release. Fritz ter Meer ( July 4 1884 – October 27 1967 ) was a German chemist. He was the son of Edmund ter Meer the founder of a chemical company that later became part of Bayer. Fritz ter Meer also worked for Bayer and later IG Farben. He was involved in the planning of Monowitz concentration camp, a satellite camp of KZ Auschwitz. He was sentenced to seven years prison by the Nuremberg Trials in 1948. After he was released in 1951 he became supervisory board chairman (Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender) of the Bayer AG. He retired in 1961. The Bayer company then became part of IG Farben, a conglomerate of German chemical industries that formed a part of the financial core of the German Nazi regime. IG Farben owned 42.5% of the company that manufactured Zyklon B,[2] a chemical used in the gas chambers of Auschwitz and other extermination camps. During World War II, the company also extensively used slave labor in factories attached to large slave labor camps, notably the sub-camps of the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp[3]. When the Allies split IG Farben into several pieces after World War II for involvement in organized Nazi war crimes, Bayer re-appeared as an individual business. The Bayer executive Fritz ter Meer, sentenced to seven years in prison by the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal, was made head of the supervisory board of Bayer in 1956, after his release. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_ter_Meer Fritz ter Meer undefined Fritz ter Meer Born June 4, 1884 Uerdingen, Germany Died October 27, 1967 (aged 83) Leverkusen, Germany Nationality German Institutions IG Farben, Bayer, Codex Alimentarius Fritz ter Meer ( July 4 1884 – October 27 1967 ) was a German chemist. He was the son of Edmund ter Meer the founder of a chemical company that later became part of Bayer. Fritz ter Meer also worked for Bayer and later IG Farben. He was involved in the planning of Monowitz concentration camp, a satellite camp of KZ Auschwitz. He was sentenced to seven years prison by the Nuremberg Trials in 1948. After he was released in 1951 he became supervisory board chairman (Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender) of the Bayer AG. He retired in 1961.    * Heine, Jens Ulrich (1990). Verstand und Schicksal. Die Männer der I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G. (1925-1945). Weinheim; New York: VCH.ISBN 978-3527281442.    * Codex Alimentarius Commission [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_ter_Meer Edmund ter Meer ( 1852 – November 5, 1931) was a German chemist who discovered the ter Meer reaction and founded in 1877 the ter Meer dye company in Uerdingen. After the fusion with the aniline factory of Julius Weiler the Weiler-ter Meer company was formed. This company later became part of the Bayer company. His son Fritz ter Meer also became a chemist associated to the Bayer company. Edmund ter Meer Born 1852 Died  November 5, 1931 (aged 79) Nationality German Institutions Bayer Known for ter Meer reaction References    * Max Bodenstein, H. Leuchs (1931). "Sitzung vom 16. November 1931". Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 64 (11): A211–A212. doi:10.1002/cber.19310641139.*    * ter Meer Prize University Bonn    * "Ter Meer family." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online    * Uerdingen industrial area history So Fritz ter Meer was sitting in jail and he said "well, that didn't work..what else can we do?   I've got it food..he who controls food controls ....the world..."  Fritz ter Meer  got out of jail he went to his  UN buddies and said "Have I got an idea for you..if we take over food world wide..we have power world wide, and his UN buddies said. "cool idea". So they created a Trade Commission. That's a very powerful set of words... A Trade Commission....called the Codex Alimentarius Commission It is not a Public Health Commission..it is not a Consumer Protection Commission....it is a Trade Commission. Trade is about what? Money!! Trade is about Business!! Trade is about Profit!! Well they said in 1962 we're going to work towards total, global implimentation of Codex Alimentarius on December 31st, 2009. Long Term.... and they set up a bunch of committees.. committees on fish and fishery...fats and oil... fruits and vegetables... ground nuts...nutritian  for special diatary uses and so on. There are currently about 27 Codex committees, they are regional organisations, there are task forces and so anf so on. So it's ahugh beaurocratic mostrosety.it's emence. Codex has promogated well over 4,000 guidelines, standards and regulations on everything...everything which can legally be put into your mouth, with the excpetion of Pharmaceuticals. they are not part of Codex. That is an importand point. Now Codex standards have no legal weight whatsoever. Zero. So who cares about them..their just standards...so we are talking about an industry setting regulation organisation, but if it has no legal standing .. who cares? Right!! Here's the history of Codex Alimentarius before 1962. Please note here that Fritz ter Meer  was sentenced to seven years prison by the Nuremberg Trials in 1948 having been found guilty of crimes against humanity on the basis of mass murder, slavery and other crimes . After he was released in 1951 he became supervisory board chairman (Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender) of the Bayer AG. He officiialy retired as supervisory board chairman of Bayer AG in 1961 so he could behind the scene concentrate of working with his UN buddies on developing his idea of  setting up a syatem that will control the whoole world's food supply under the code name Codex Alimentarius. It would not look good publicly for Fritz ter Meer  who was sentenced to only seven years prison by the Nuremberg Trials in 1948 having been found guilty of crimes against humanity on the basis of mass murder, slavery and other crimes, and only served about three years of his sentence because of his powerful UN buddies, to be seen to be publicly be involved with Codex Alimentarius. Here's the history of Codex Alimentarius before 1962. The Austian Hungarian Empire said we need rules by which the courts can rule on cases involving food.o we'll have regulations and rules that the courts will enforce.... that's how they get their way. That was called the Codex Alimentarius and  was put into place around 1893 and lasted until the end of the Austrian Hungarian Empire in the first world war. So the idea was there in the Germanic tradition. We need rules..lots of rules...lots a nd lots and lots of rules..we need a lot of rules... let's have rules for everything to do with food. So it was a natural extention for the German Industrialists to say we'll go back to the good old days of Codex Alimentarius back  when we had them in Austrian Hungarian Empire. Cool. So they started promilgating their rules and regulations and they were voluntary. They were sort of guidlines. Now Codex Alimentarius Commission is administered by the World Health Oganisation (WHO) and the Food and Aricultural Organisation (FAO)  and they fund Codex and they run it at the request of the United Nations (UN). So the're mummy and daddy to Codex Alimentarius.  And that's very interesting because they're supposed to be about health and food world wide. Some conflicts of interest that we'll talk about. So Codex started promilgating regulations and rules, and the way that's done is that the committees work up a rule, a standard, a guideline, or regulation an dthey get it to what's called a step 8 which is the final step in their administrative process... and then it's presented to the Codex Alimentarius Commission for ratification, like the vitamin and mineral guidline was presented to the Codex Alimentarius Commission on July 4th this past summer (2005). It was ratified... it was approved by consensus...and it is now...despite the propaganda that your going to hear if you every hear about it in the media... it is now mandatory on any member country and the WTO, the World Trade Organisation. Well what in the world do they have to do with it? And the answer is everything. The World Trade Organisation you see accepted Codex when the world organisation was formed in 1994. They said, "well how are we going to decide trade disputes around food if we don't have a set of rules. I know..we'll accept the Codex Alimentarius rules and all the members of the WTO will...willl world wide...get ready for an Orwellian Term will harmonise with are standards, with the codex standards.. I suggest you capitalise the first four letters in your mind ...HARM... onise ... everybody is supposed to .HARM... onise... with Codex....   and when they HARM... onise with Codex, then if the get pulled into the WTO Dispute Resolution Process they have a chance of winning because here's the kicker... are you ready for this one ...  if two countries go into the World Trade Organisation Dispute Resolution Process  and one of then is Codex compliant, and one of them is not Codex Compliant.. the one that is Codex Compliant automaticlly wins regardless of the merit of the case.  People are using Codex Compliant in a much bigger economic battle. So every couunty in the world is racing to do what?   Become Codex Compliant. So in the United States...the situation is OK ..how do we become Codex compliant when we have laws that protect us. You have to remember that Codex does not serve consumer well being. Codex does not serve what I call the five Bigs...Big Pharma Big Chema Big Biotechna Big AgriBiz and Bid Medica ,,,little me and little you are not served by Codex, in the least, so before we go forward and talk about the rest of  what has to happen, let's ask what Codex does? You probably all know about the vitamin and mineral guidline that was ratified on July 4th ( 2005). You may not kow that although it is said that CODEX regulations guidlines and standards that have been ratified are volantary....That Are Not Voluntary...That is known as a lie!!! They are mandatory..but  thye ar enot fully mandatory until December, 31st 2009. They're sort of kinda a little bit mandatory now. and they're totally mandatory then. So what does Codex do? Why do I care enough about Codex to close my practice and stop treating patients who came to me from around the world..to help them regain their health and be radiantly well with non toxic means which is a very satisfying thing to do.. I love it...it also provided me with an income...  that was nice. OK...;why am I concerned enough, let's talk about the mineral and vitamin guidline first. In 1994 DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act was passed which classifies nutrient and herbs as foods. As foods you can set no upper limit on them. You cannot set an upper limit on lettuce...lamb or  roodibaggers.. and similarily you cannot set an upper limit in vitamin C.. echanasia... ginko bi loba ... vitamin D ...    to nutrients is freely given to us.. We are allowed to have any nutients we want because.... this is a very important point... under common law ...  What's not forbidden is permitted.... Codex on the other hand  ... is a Napoleonic Code ...What's not permitted is forbidden law system... under Napoleonic Code ...anything not permitted is forbidden ...  that's called a positive list .... so vitamins and nutrients and minerals ... in 1994 we passed DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act was passed which classifies nutrient and herbs as foods... we can have as much of them as we want thatis our business... in 1994 Codex with no notice here in this country whatsoever.. prepared nutrents ... put on you intellectual seatbelts...declared nutrients to be toxins. they're poisens ... dangerous Industrial poisens ... AS POISENS ... WE HAVE TO BE PROTECTED FROM THEM ...how  do you protect someone from poisens ... you use toxicology ... you use a science called risk assessment ..lt's take a primer on risk assessment  .. first you take the substance that's dangerous and feed it to animals, and the dosage that kills 50% of them ..that's called the LD 50 ... and you exstrapulate what the LD 50 for human being might be.,,then you go down to the other end of the dosage range ...and you start feeding ittie bittie tiny bits of it ..  to test animals ... and you come up with the largest possible dose ...the maximum  permissable upper limit  ... that can be fed to an animal before a discernable impact  is shown ..OK ... no discernable impact .... then you divide that by 100 ... that's how they do it in risk assessment ... and now you've got a safety margin ...  so you have one 100th of the dose that can be given with no discernable impact ...   OK nutrients! Under Codex!!!    Not only are limited to those nutriants on the positive list ...and  we  anticipate there will be 18 of them .. and they do not include.  .  CoQ10  Glucosamine ... cundroyton sulfate ...thye do include floride ... which to my knowledge as a Physician has absolutely no biological benefit whatsoever. ... but it does make people complasent ... floride was first used in the Goolog  ...because it was discovered that prisoners who were fed floridated water ...  were complasent ...  and you could do anything you wanted to them ...  they were easy  to manage ... so you have 18 nutrients  ... you have ittie bittie tiny winy doses ... that are determined scientifically to have no effect ...  on any human being  now in this country we have a problem ... we have ...DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act ... we have to get rid of DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act  in order to  HARM ...on..ise ... with Codex... that part of Codex anyway .... so how do we get rid of DSHEA ...  we attack it legislatively of course .. and ...  there are five.. count them.. five currently before Congress ... designed to overturn ..gut ... invalidate .. and otherwise get rid of DSHEA ...  because once DSHEA is gone we can HARM...on..ise with the vitamin and mineral guideline   ...  so what we are talking about is ....  waking up one morning to find that high potency therapudicly effective clinicly significant nutrients are illegal .... (Codex want to make nutients illegal ) in the way that Heroin is illegal ..not available with a prescription ... Illegal ...  If these nutrients have any impact on  the Human body ...  they are illegal ... that's just the vitamin and mineral guidline ... let's talk about milk .... we have    recombinant bovine  growth hormone and now we can choose milk with it and milk without it ... butter with it or butter without it ..right ...not under Codex ... because under Codex ... every dairy cow ...  on the planet must be treated with Monsanto's recombinant bovine hormone.... furthermore ..under Codex ... every animal used for food on the planent whether it has fins, feet or feathers ... every animal on the planet must be treated with sub clinical antibiotics and and must be treated with exogenous growth hormones ... Codex requires (mandates) that all food be irradiated unless it's eaten locally and raw. including organic food of course ... so is it organic afterwards... well of course the organic standards are incredibly low ...the organic  standards allow a farmer to use vetinary drugs including exogenous growth hormone, anti biotics etc ....on animals and then at his whim, reclassify them as organic ...  but farmers are our friends  and they would never do that...right!!!  Right!!  Codex sets limits for the dangerous industrial chemicals that you can have in your food..and the limits are increditbly high ... go to Codex Alimentarius Commission ... look at the toxins and vetinary  Chemicals  and the levels that are set.,, they are terrifying ot me ..Terrifying ... the names of the Chemicals that are permitted and the amounts of the chemicals that are permitted are terrifying to me ...Why am I terrified?  Well perhaps I am just a cowardly person ...it's possible... think about this.. in 2001, "The levels that are permitted, developed and maintained by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, by the are incredibly high in toxins and the levels that are set the names and amounts of the chemicals are terrifying..." states Dr Rimal Laibox MD a director of the National Association of Nutrition Professionals (NANP) In 2001, 176 Countries including the USA got together and stated that there were 12 really bad dangerous organic chemicals  Chemicals. They're called "Pops".,,"Persistent Organic Pollutants. There are a lot of them, but there are 12 that are so bad that, nobody could disagree that those 12 Pops had to be banned worldwide.Nine of the 12 worst organic Chemicals known are pesticides...not surprisingly..because they kill things..and of course we have many processes and enzime systems that are very much like insects and other pests so, they are not too good for us..but Codex has different ideas...Codex has brought back 7 of the 9 forbidden POPS, that 176 countries  banned worldwide,,,Dieldrin..Aldrin...hexaclorabenzine...etc..and the food that is imported from other countries that contains these substances can not be stopped at our borders..because otherwise it would be God Forbid, a Trade Violation...that's how Codex works..Codex, according to the World Trade Organisation  (WTO) and the Food and Agricultural Organisation's (FAO) joint projections..now I didn't  make this up...please if you have unfastened you're Intellectual Seat Belts...put them back on again...if you do the numbers in the WHO- FAO projections in their report headed Diet Nutrition and Prevention of Chronic Diseases..that just the vitamin and mineral guideline alone...when it goes into global implimentation..on December 31st, 2009...will result in a minimum of 3 billion (that's B... Bad... Big Billion) deaths - onee billion through simple starvation..those folks who die ar not particularily economicly successful from the point of view of the Corporations..when you're starving to death, how much good can you do, when the issue is that how much can you buy.. not a lot.. forget them..but Hah..but the next  two billion...they will die from the preventable diseases (two billion people will die from diseases of under nutrition)..of under nutrition// cancer.. the single most profitable condition known to human kind..Cardiovacular Disease..a good second...diabetis...pritty good producer of income...and a whole host of other preventable diseases. Who will die? Who Knows? Who Will Live? Probably those people who are wealthy enough and powerful enough to have their own pushers of clean food and nutriants..that's who will live!!!  You and I? ..probably not...our children? probably not...our grand children?...probably not!!! So we're talking about food regulations that are in fact are the legalisation of the mandated toxicity and under nutrition..It will become illegal..if there is a famine...where ever there is a famine...to ship high nutriant density biscuits to that country.. and it will be illegal to distribute them...that's what we're talking about!!! Codex is Big and It's Bad..but it's not invunerable. So the point is...that we have to protect ourselves, and I believe we have to regain global leadership, which we have lost. surrendered..squandered..ah..sold..we have sold..just joining the World Trade Organisation (WTO), surended our sovereinghty...however as it just happens I have a team of Constitutional Lawyers..looking at the following question...Are we members of the WTO? Cause if you remember from High School Civics..the way you get a treaty to be a real treaty..is to have it ratified by a two thirds majority of the Senate...and the way we got into the WTO was, they passed a law allowing Bill Clinton to fast track us into the WTO. "That's Not A Treaty"...the USA is not legally not a member of the WTO..now that's a piece of the battle...Someone says from the audience.."you will have to tell George Bush.." we will tell George Bush , but George Bush will not be relevant when we do tell him..ah..so that's a piece of it, but that's not going to save our lives right now because..do you know..picture in your mind...a wasp or a bee trap..where the insect voluntarily goes down the funnel and then can't get up out of the trap again..that's Codex..a regular law can be over turned..it can be repealed...it can be corrected..by  another piece of legislation..but once we become Codex Compliant...in any area...as long as we are members of the WTO..it can never be repealed...because we have lost the sovereignty to become un_codex compliant as long as we are in the WTO, so it's like going down that funnel and not being able to get back out of it. So it's very important that we make sure that we do not become codex compliant...but we will be hit with all those big trade sanctions from the countries that are codex compliant.. so that the country will be destroyed economically..right..no remember surprise..one of the principles of war...remember mass..where you take your strength against the enemies weekness andweek points. Well here's what we've done.  We have a team of lawyers, who have spent hundreds of hours with us pro bono..these are good guy lawyers...these two gentlemen and we have spent hundreds of hours studying Codex, understanding it's weekness..it's weeknesses..a lot of weeknesses.. and constructing a strategy..which 'will take the succer down'....It will take it down...but I need you...you are people that other people come to about safe healthy food..and nutrients... National Association of Nutritrional Professionals NANP 2005 Conference..you are ready made disenimation points..you are the thousand million.... hundred million points of light. Here's what is happening. Every country in the world has to be Codex compliant in order not to get hit by WTO trade sanctions, as I told you of their members of Codex and the WTO..and there are a few countries that are not, but I can guarantee you they are not of any major significance. So. the question is...What is Codex Compliance mean? Well, most people in most countries..most legislators believe that they have to adopt  as their national standard on that particular subject...what Codex ratified. But that's not the case, any more than we're in the WTO. That's not the case either. What this means is that the format..the issues and the subjects..covered by a Codex Guideline...Standard or Regulation..have to be addressed in the country's guideline standard or regulation on the same topic. So what we have done is create the first of many alternative Codex guidelines. You can go to our website www.HealthFreedomUSA.org and you will see a little button on the upper right handside that says sign this citzen's partition. Now to briefly digress the citizen's partition is not like a grocery store partition that you sign and bring to somebody and say 'I have 200,000 signatures and they dump it in the waist basket, because it is in their mind, it is one signature that you and your friends wrote 200,000 names. No...it is a legal challenge to the policy of the United States Government on Codex. It's called a citizen's partition. It's a legal challenge..We're suing the United States Government..saying what you're doing is illegal folks...let us tell you how..we want hearings of fact...we want redress..we want correction..if we get what we want...that's dandy...if we don't get what we want we have gone through a process..exhausting administrative remedies.. we have made the case ripe for court. So OK, I need you and everybody you know, to sign this citizen's partition..stating this is a bad policy on mass..and you do this on the web..and you will see the instructions and we present the thousands and thousands of pages that we print out that have people's signatures to the US Codex Office and to the FDA (Federal Drug Administration) and they don't like that at all..but that's OK. However, this time..this is the second amendment of the citizen's partition that we're asking you to sign. This time the revised vitamin and mineral guideline is part of it. It is part of the law suit saying this needs to be US Policy. The more voices that say..this is what I want...and you work for me..Mr and Mrs beaureaucrat and Mr and Mrs congressman and Mr and Mrs Senator. The more voices the more weight. So step number one is read and sign the citizen's partition. Step number two diseminate the information..the weblink. put it out in your office. get your patients...your friends and neighbours..your suppliers..to sign the citizens partition and your suppliers..the companies you use, are going to tell you that you're out of your minds...they will tell you that Codex is not a problem..and they will tell you..anyone here have a dog..OK...dog owners know that you ask a dog to heal..sit down...stay..that's Codex in this country and worldwide, because the more people that are in Codex comma, the less trouble they have getting this through...anyone here of the NNFA.the National Nutrition Foods Association..everybody's heard of the NNFA. Did you know that the members of the NNFA and not just health foods stores and manufacturers..but include companies with names you may have heard...Pfizer ...Merck...Monsanto...Bayer...BASF..Archer Daniels Midland..Glaxo....Aires..ClyneW elcome ..... you get the idea..why?..because after DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act was passed, and the nutriant business virgined..the Pharmaceuticals, folks, who are not dumb, said there is gold in them there pills..and they brought the means of production of many many many companies.. and they brought the companies themselves..so there in the nutrient business. What better way to kill the nutrient business, which is not nearly as profitable as the toxic chemical drug business, than to take it over. It works everytime..right!! CRN...anybody here know about CRN..Council for Responsable Nutritian. Same members...they have lots of multi level marketing companies...same members..OK..and their serving their members needs. CRN are saying....Yeh...Codex is coming..Codex is going to protect us from those dangerous vitamins and minerals and herbs and CRN is saying it's fine...go to sleep lulaby and goodnight..and everything is fine...and they use a report that they commissoned at a reputed cost of $800,000..a report prepared by Sydley Austin Brown and Rute..a law firm in Washington...wrote a report for them..and it said lullaby...and goodnight everything is fine..it won't have an impact on the United States..everything is fine..Sydley Austin Brown and Rute has one major client..who's name you might know..Merk. Now it's entirely possible that the NNFA just did a spectacular bad job of due dilligence..or not..anyway...the report says everything is fine..everything is dandy.there will be no problem..we've got DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act Yeh, sure we do. Now lets talk about Australia...remember five laws before congress to over turn DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act and you can write to congress on the website...Now congress uses the multiplier of 13,000 to one...every email, fa,x phone call...letter..don't write letters...they get decontaminated, they never get to congress...every email, fax and phone call..counts as 13,000 constituants opinions..they figure that if you write a letter or send an email there are 12,999 lazy who can't bother to get to the computer terminal to do the same thing, but they feel the way you do. interesting..that's power my friends...that's power..that's 13,000 to one. Suppose we have a million people...suppose we have 10 million people..supposed we have 100 million people...saying,,  Don't You Dare!!!  Now congress has one rule...above all others.. anybody know what it is? Get Re-elected! That's the primary rule, the prime directive is to get re-elected. Now DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act was passed you may remember by  unaminous congressional consent. Was that because one morning all members of Congress woke up and said..."I See The Light.. Nutriants Are Better Than Drugs!! "... They said, oh, If I don't go along with this..I'll never be re-elected to anything.....remember critical mass...remember we were out on the streets and we were up on our hind legs and we were making noise and we were rallying...and rallying and we were writing letters and we said....Don't You Dare To Take Away My Health Freedom!!! Remember?   Expect that we got fat dumb and lazy and stopped protecting ourselves ...and we're in the same place again.... exept that it's all food instead of just nutriants. So! Thats point number One. Use the freedom mouse..ride the freedom mouse. We've made it as easy as possible in the site...Sign up, for the emails. I will never sell your information to anyone. I promise you. Plus I will never rent it, I will never share it, you'll only get an email from me, and we need you to know what's going on. So I''ll send you email blasts. I'll send you things that you can do... or not. It is your choice.. Get everybody you know..informed....now what else can you do? Now we're going to write a series of alternative guidelines. Everything bad in codes will have an alternative guideline that turns it into a pro health guideline. What have we done with the vitamin and mineral guideline?  You can see that because we have a marked up copy that has their guideline crossed out and ours written in on the website..It's right there. What we've done is turn it into a guideline that mandates "bio-chemicaly individually determined optimal health" and it's still Codex compliant...So we said..OK. now we need congress to adopt this, and we need other countries in the world to adopt this, so, Burt and I went to Washington DC and we met Daniel Rorobocker from Orange County, who said to us, he's a representative.... he said "I believe in pesticides...  " I went Oh.. He said I believe in GMO's I went Oh... He said " I believe in Iradiation of food"  I went OH... But he said..."I believe in your right to eat foods that have not been processed that way more than I believe in those technologies... I will take this one on..." We said. " OH that's really nice.." He said now..."We need a coaition..."  So we went across the isle ....across the office building to see Peter Defozio's staff from Oregan who would was a Liberal Democrat., whereas  Rorobocker is a Libritarian Republican, and Defazio's on board and we have large numbers of others who actually has never heard of Codex. before we told them about it. Never heard of Codex ...we have called every health legislative aid on congress.  What's you're Congressmans's position on Codex?  and they've said "Wah????"...We have spoken to the trade legislative assistants and asked. What's you congressman's position on Codex?  Congress and trade legislative's assistants and staff are not informed on Codex   ... and they all said.. Wah Wah.. They don't know.  We had a congressional briefing set up on the 20th of September, I was going to address Congress...and tell them about it.. I thought that that was cool...10 days before it became a briefing on something else.  Another Freedom Click ... you need to write to Congress on the site and tell them that they need a Congressional Briefing, by God and tell them you want me to brief them. They don't know about Codex ..they've never heard of it any more than the general public has heard of  Codex.... Gee How did that happen?.. Who knows? Every negative part of Codex can be over turned by guideline, a regulation or a standard, that is positive, So we need your help because the United States leadership in this guideline and all the positive guidelines that is to follow is what is going to literally follow, is what is going to save the population of  the planet earth and save your jobs and your children and your families and mine. Thank you!! Speach by Dr Rimal Laibox MD a director of the the National Association of Nutrition Professionals (NANP) Produced by EON the Ecological Options Network for Bauman College in cooperation with the Natural Solutions Foundation and the National Association of Nutrition Professionals (NANP) 2005 http://www.blacklistednews.com/?news_id=5768 http://www.codexcorp.com/ CODEX CORP:  Specialising in Corrections and Healthcare, it may be an unusual combination but it works for us, our partners and customers who want to keep a close control and watch on the use of health care and nutritional products in the community and with our unique and far reaching security and monitoring systems we will be able to tell our customers instantly if anyone in the world is using nutrients and minerals that are not Codex approved  and compliant, and have them quickly detained and punished for not complying with Codex approved and compliant products. With Codex we are proud to say that no one will escape detection. Codex Corporation and its founders have over 100 years experience in this business including the management and design of the concentration camps in Germany. Codex Corporation was originally the multi billion  International Giant I G Farben. A quick background on our founding company I G Farben and its directors and managers will help convince you that as far as security, nutrient and health care management, people management, corrections management, Codex ( Formerly IG Farben) is the company you should chose for any issues in Corrections and Heathcare Management. Codex and its security management has the ability to make sure there is no health freedom. not just in the USA but all over the world... and Codex has the ability to make sure anyone that tries to think for a minute they can get way with trying to have health freedom, will quickly be caught, detained and punished by Codex's unique and far reaching security and monitoring systems...The Codex Moto is "None will escape detection and punishment of the unauthorised use of nutrients with Codex on the job....just look at out success record in designing and managing the concentration camp in Germany....our success record at Codex Corporation, formerly IG Farben in people, healthcare and corrections management speaks for itself" Codex Corporation's, formerly IG Farben's 100 year History in People, Healthcare and Corrections Management provided from Codex Alimentarius Speach by Dr Rimal Laibox MD of the Natural Solutions Fioundation, Produced by EON the Ecological Options Network for Bauman College in cooperation with the Natural Solutions Foundation and the National Association of Nutrition Professionals (NANP) 2005 www.HealthFreedomUSA.org Dr Rimal Laibox is an experienced healthcare professional and has studies Codex Corporation, formerly IG Farben's progess ov erthe last decade to become  the leaders in People, Healthcare and Corrections Management in the United States. Codex and Nutricide " Let me tell you about Codex Alimentarius, let me define it for you, let me help you understand the enemy..and let me assure you that absolutely nothing that I am going to tell you, is exagerated, is interperlated, or is imagined. Every thing I am going to tell you is documented. A great deal of it is documented on my website, whichwww.HealthFreedomUSA.org. Let me back up and tell you that I have been watching Codex come toward us for about the last decade. ,,, and I have been watching the vote sin congress, which God help us is our bastion of support and protection against Codex and I will explain why that is. I have been watching the votes to protect our health freedom dwindle, until finally in the 109th Congress, without a good deal of activity, we didn't have the votes to protect us. I have been watching Codex excellerate and I have been watching it expand, and I have been getting more and more troubled. Let me give you a brief run down of Codex then. After the second world war, the Nuremberg Tribunals were held in which people who had committed crimes against humanity were judged by the world community in a court run by the United States and Britain...  and they were sentenced to terms in prison if they were found guilty of crimes against humanity. In 1948 some of the people who were found guilty of crimes against humanity on the basis of mass murder, slavery and other crimes were the president and 24 board members and executives  of a hugh industrial megalith called IG Farben. Amazingly enough however, by 1951 all of them had already been released, and and continuing to consult with German Corporations IG Farben produced the gas used in the gas chambers Zyklon B, they produced the steel for the death camps and the rail road line, they produced the munitions, they produced chemicals, they produced all kinds of stuff. The Nuremberg Tribunal disolved IG Farben into companies such as  into BASF - Hoechst - Bayer They produced pharmaceuticals.. a big big pharacuticals company.  So the president of IG Farben Fritz ter Meer, the senior manager at IB Farben, was convicted of crimes against Humanity on the basis of mass murder, slavery and other crimes on 29th July, 1948. Although he co-operated with SS and the Final Solution, Fritz ter Meer was sentenced to 7 years only in War Criminal Prison, but only served about three years in prison, no more someone that bounces a business cheque for say $1,000 and is charged for fraud in the $1,000 bounced cheque for it not being honoured on presentation. Someone steals an apple can get 3 years in prison also, or if he or she stole the apple as a servant they can receive 7 years in prison, Now Fritz ter Meer is sort of an artistic fellow and he was the one responsible for the slogan that people saw as they entered Autswitz, usually for the last time, "Work Brings Freedom". Fritz ter Meer was a creative sort of fellow. Fritz ter Meer was responsible for the slogan that people saw as they entered Auschwitz-, usually for the last time,  " Work brings  Freedom....a creative sort of fellow. You will notice that the institutions that Fritz ter Meer worked for an/or had shareholdings in as listed by Wikepedia are Institutions IG Farben, Bayer, Codex Alimentarius The Bayer executive Fritz ter Meer, sentenced to seven years in prison by the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal, was made head of the supervisory board of Bayer in 1956, after his release. Fritz ter Meer ( July 4 1884 – October 27 1967 ) was a German chemist. He was the son of Edmund ter Meer the founder of a chemical company that later became part of Bayer. Fritz ter Meer also worked for Bayer and later IG Farben. He was involved in the planning of Monowitz concentration camp, a satellite camp of KZ Auschwitz. He was sentenced to seven years prison by the Nuremberg Trials in 1948. After he was released in 1951 he became supervisory board chairman (Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender) of the Bayer AG. He retired in 1961. The Bayer company then became part of IG Farben, a conglomerate of German chemical industries that formed a part of the financial core of the German Nazi regime. IG Farben owned 42.5% of the company that manufactured Zyklon B,[2] a chemical used in the gas chambers of Auschwitz and other extermination camps. During World War II, the company also extensively used slave labor in factories attached to large slave labor camps, notably the sub-camps of the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp[3]. When the Allies split IG Farben into several pieces after World War II for involvement in organized Nazi war crimes, Bayer re-appeared as an individual business. The Bayer executive Fritz ter Meer, sentenced to seven years in prison by the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal, was made head of the supervisory board of Bayer in 1956, after his release. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_ter_Meer Fritz ter Meer undefined Fritz ter Meer Born June 4, 1884 Uerdingen, Germany Died October 27, 1967 (aged 83) Leverkusen, Germany Nationality German Institutions IG Farben, Bayer, Codex Alimentarius Fritz ter Meer ( July 4 1884 – October 27 1967 ) was a German chemist. He was the son of Edmund ter Meer the founder of a chemical company that later became part of Bayer. Fritz ter Meer also worked for Bayer and later IG Farben. He was involved in the planning of Monowitz concentration camp, a satellite camp of KZ Auschwitz. He was sentenced to seven years prison by the Nuremberg Trials in 1948. After he was released in 1951 he became supervisory board chairman (Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender) of the Bayer AG. He retired in 1961.    * Heine, Jens Ulrich (1990). Verstand und Schicksal. Die Männer der I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G. (1925-1945). Weinheim; New York: VCH.ISBN 978-3527281442.    * Codex Alimentarius Commission [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_ter_Meer Edmund ter Meer ( 1852 – November 5, 1931) was a German chemist who discovered the ter Meer reaction and founded in 1877 the ter Meer dye company in Uerdingen. After the fusion with the aniline factory of Julius Weiler the Weiler-ter Meer company was formed. This company later became part of the Bayer company. His son Fritz ter Meer also became a chemist associated to the Bayer company. Edmund ter Meer Born 1852 Died  November 5, 1931 (aged 79) Nationality German Institutions Bayer Known for ter Meer reaction References    * Max Bodenstein, H. Leuchs (1931). "Sitzung vom 16. November 1931". Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 64 (11): A211–A212. doi:10.1002/cber.19310641139.*    * ter Meer Prize University Bonn    * "Ter Meer family." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online    * Uerdingen industrial area history So Fritz ter Meer was sitting in jail and he said "well, that didn't work..what else can we do?   I've got it food..he who controls food controls ....the world..."  Fritz ter Meer  got out of jail he went to his  UN buddies and said "Have I got an idea for you..if we take over food world wide..we have power world wide, and his UN buddies said. "cool idea". So they created a Trade Commission. That's a very powerful set of words... A Trade Commission....called the Codex Alimentarius Commission It is not a Public Health Commission..it is not a Consumer Protection Commission....it is a Trade Commission. Trade is about what? Money!! Trade is about Business!! Trade is about Profit!! Well they said in 1962 we're going to work towards total, global implimentation of Codex Alimentarius on December 31st, 2009. Long Term.... and they set up a bunch of committees.. committees on fish and fishery...fats and oil... fruits and vegetables... ground nuts...nutritian  for special diatary uses and so on. There are currently about 27 Codex committees, they are regional organisations, there are task forces and so anf so on. So it's ahugh beaurocratic mostrosety.it's emence. Codex has promogated well over 4,000 guidelines, standards and regulations on everything...everything which can legally be put into your mouth, with the excpetion of Pharmaceuticals. they are not part of Codex. That is an importand point. Now Codex standards have no legal weight whatsoever. Zero. So who cares about them..their just standards...so we are talking about an industry setting regulation organisation, but if it has no legal standing .. who cares? Right!! Here's the history of Codex Alimentarius before 1962. Please note here that Fritz ter Meer  was sentenced to seven years prison by the Nuremberg Trials in 1948 having been found guilty of crimes against humanity on the basis of mass murder, slavery and other crimes . After he was released in 1951 he became supervisory board chairman (Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender) of the Bayer AG. He officiialy retired as supervisory board chairman of Bayer AG in 1961 so he could behind the scene concentrate of working with his UN buddies on developing his idea of  setting up a syatem that will control the whoole world's food supply under the code name Codex Alimentarius. It would not look good publicly for Fritz ter Meer  who was sentenced to only seven years prison by the Nuremberg Trials in 1948 having been found guilty of crimes against humanity on the basis of mass murder, slavery and other crimes, and only served about three years of his sentence because of his powerful UN buddies, to be seen to be publicly be involved with Codex Alimentarius. Here's the history of Codex Alimentarius before 1962. The Austian Hungarian Empire said we need rules by which the courts can rule on cases involving food.o we'll have regulations and rules that the courts will enforce.... that's how they get their way. That was called the Codex Alimentarius and  was put into place around 1893 and lasted until the end of the Austrian Hungarian Empire in the first world war. So the idea was there in the Germanic tradition. We need rules..lots of rules...lots a nd lots and lots of rules..we need a lot of rules... let's have rules for everything to do with food. So it was a natural extention for the German Industrialists to say we'll go back to the good old days of Codex Alimentarius back  when we had them in Austrian Hungarian Empire. Cool. So they started promilgating their rules and regulations and they were voluntary. They were sort of guidlines. Now Codex Alimentarius Commission is administered by the World Health Oganisation (WHO) and the Food and Aricultural Organisation (FAO)  and they fund Codex and they run it at the request of the United Nations (UN). So the're mummy and daddy to Codex Alimentarius.  And that's very interesting because they're supposed to be about health and food world wide. Some conflicts of interest that we'll talk about. So Codex started promilgating regulations and rules, and the way that's done is that the committees work up a rule, a standard, a guideline, or regulation an dthey get it to what's called a step 8 which is the final step in their administrative process... and then it's presented to the Codex Alimentarius Commission for ratification, like the vitamin and mineral guidline was presented to the Codex Alimentarius Commission on July 4th this past summer (2005). It was ratified... it was approved by consensus...and it is now...despite the propaganda that your going to hear if you every hear about it in the media... it is now mandatory on any member country and the WTO, the World Trade Organisation. Well what in the world do they have to do with it? And the answer is everything. The World Trade Organisation you see accepted Codex when the world organisation was formed in 1994. They said, "well how are we going to decide trade disputes around food if we don't have a set of rules. I know..we'll accept the Codex Alimentarius rules and all the members of the WTO will...willl world wide...get ready for an Orwellian Term will harmonise with are standards, with the codex standards.. I suggest you capitalise the first four letters in your mind ...HARM... onise ... everybody is supposed to .HARM... onise... with Codex....   and when they HARM... onise with Codex, then if the get pulled into the WTO Dispute Resolution Process they have a chance of winning because here's the kicker... are you ready for this one ...  if two countries go into the World Trade Organisation Dispute Resolution Process  and one of then is Codex compliant, and one of them is not Codex Compliant.. the one that is Codex Compliant automaticlly wins regardless of the merit of the case.  People are using Codex Compliant in a much bigger economic battle. So every couunty in the world is racing to do what?   Become Codex Compliant. So in the United States...the situation is OK ..how do we become Codex compliant when we have laws that protect us. You have to remember that Codex does not serve consumer well being. Codex does not serve what I call the five Bigs...Big Pharma Big Chema Big Biotechna Big AgriBiz and Bid Medica ,,,little me and little you are not served by Codex, in the least, so before we go forward and talk about the rest of  what has to happen, let's ask what Codex does? You probably all know about the vitamin and mineral guidline that was ratified on July 4th ( 2005). You may not kow that although it is said that CODEX regulations guidlines and standards that have been ratified are volantary....That Are Not Voluntary...That is known as a lie!!! They are mandatory..but  thye ar enot fully mandatory until December, 31st 2009. They're sort of kinda a little bit mandatory now. and they're totally mandatory then. So what does Codex do? Why do I care enough about Codex to close my practice and stop treating patients who came to me from around the world..to help them regain their health and be radiantly well with non toxic means which is a very satisfying thing to do.. I love it...it also provided me with an income...  that was nice. OK...;why am I concerned enough, let's talk about the mineral and vitamin guidline first. In 1994 DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act was passed which classifies nutrient and herbs as foods. As foods you can set no upper limit on them. You cannot set an upper limit on lettuce...lamb or  roodibaggers.. and similarily you cannot set an upper limit in vitamin C.. echanasia... ginko bi loba ... vitamin D ...    to nutrients is freely given to us.. We are allowed to have any nutients we want because.... this is a very important point... under common law ...  What's not forbidden is permitted.... Codex on the other hand  ... is a Napoleonic Code ...What's not permitted is forbidden law system... under Napoleonic Code ...anything not permitted is forbidden ...  that's called a positive list .... so vitamins and nutrients and minerals ... in 1994 we passed DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act was passed which classifies nutrient and herbs as foods... we can have as much of them as we want thatis our business... in 1994 Codex with no notice here in this country whatsoever.. prepared nutrents ... put on you intellectual seatbelts...declared nutrients to be toxins. they're poisens ... dangerous Industrail poisens ... AS POISENS ... WE HAVE OT BE PROTECTED FROM THEM ...how  do you protect someone form poisens ... you use toxicology ... you use a science called risk assessment ..lt's take a primeron risk assessment  .. first you take the substance thats dangerous and feed it to animals and the dosage that kills 50% of them ..that's called the LD 50 ... and you exstrapulate what the LD 50 for human being might be.,,then you go down to the other end of the dosage range ...and you start feeding ittie bittie tiny bits of it ..   to test animals ... and you come up with the largest possible dose ...the maximum  permissable upper limit  ... that can be fed ot an animal before a discernable impact  is shown ..OK ... no discernable impact .... then you divide that by 100 ... that's how they do it in risk assessment ... and now you've got a safety margin ...  so you have one 100th of the dose that can be given with no discernable impact ...   OK nutrients! Under Codex!!!    Not only are limited ot those nutriants on the positive list ...and  we  anticipate there will be 18 of them .. and they do not include.  .  CoQ10  Glucosamine ... cundroyton sulfate ...thye do include floride ... which to my knowledge as a Physician has absolutely no biological benefit whatsoever. ... but it does make people complasent ... floride was first used in the Goolog  ...because it was discovered that prisoners who were fed floridated water ...  were complasent ...  and you could do anything you wanted to them ...  thye were easy  to manage ... so you have 18 nutrients  ... you have ittie bittie tiny winy doses ... that are determined scientifically to have no effect ...  on any human being  now in this country we have a problem ... we have ...DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act ... we have to get rid of DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act  in order to  HARM ...on..ise ... with Codex... that part of Codex anyway .... so how do we get rid of DSHEA ...  we attack it legislatively of course .. and ...  there are five.. count them.. five currently before Congress ... designed to overturn ..gut ... invalidate .. and otherwise get rid of DSHEA ...  because once DSHEA is gone we can HARM...on..ise with the vitamin and mineral guideline   ...  so what we are talking about is ....  waking up one morning to find that high potency therapudiclly effective clinicly significant nutrients are illegal .... (Codex want to make nutients illegal ) in the way that Heroin is illegal ..not available with a prescription ... Illegal ...  If these nutrients have any impact on  the Human body ...  they are illegal ... that's just the vitamin and mineral guidline ... let's talk about milk .... we have    recombinant bovine  growth hormone and now we can choose milk with it and milk without it ... butter with it or butter without it ..right ...not under Codex ... because under Codex ... every dairy cow ...  on the planet must be treated with Monsanto's recombinant bovine hormone.... furthermore ..under Codex ... every animal used for food on the planent whether it has fins, feet or feathers ... every animal on the planet must be treated with sub clinical antibiotics and and must be treated with exogenous growth hormones ... Codex requires (mandates) that all food be irradiated unless it's eaten locally and raw. including organic food of course ... so is it organis afterwards... well of course the organic standards are incredibly low ...the organic  standards allow a farmer to use vetinary drugs including exogenous growth hormone, anti biotics etc ....on animals and then at his whim, reclassify them as organic ...  but farmers are our friends  and they would never do that...right!!!  Right!!  Codex sets limits for the dangerous industrial chemicals that you can have in your food..and the limits are increditbly high ... go to Codex Alimentarius Commission ... look at the toxins and vetinary  Chemicals  and the levels that are set.,, they are terrifying ot me ..Terrifying ... the names of the Chemicals that are permitted and the amounts of the chemicals that are permitted are terrifying to me ...Why am I terrified?  Well perhaps I am just a cowardly person ...it's possible... think about this.. in 2001, "The levels that are permitted, developed and maintained by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, by the are incredibly high in toxins and the levels that are set the names and amounts of the chemicals are terrifying..." states Dr Rimal Laibox MD a director of the National Association of Nutrition Professionals (NANP) In 2001, 176 Countries including the USA got together and stated that there were 12 really bad dangerous organic chemicals  Chemicals. They're called "Pops".,,"Persistent Organic Pollutants. There are a lot of them, but there are 12 that are so bad that, nobody could disagree that those 12 Pops had to be banned worldwide.Nine of the 12 worst organic Chemicals known are pesticides...not surprisingly..because they kill things..and of course we have many processes and enzime systems that are very much like insects and other pests so, they are not too good for us..but Codex has different ideas...Codex has brought back 7 of the 9 forbidden POPS, that 176 countries  banned worldwide,,,Dieldrin..Aldrin...hexaclorabenzine...etc..and the food that is imported from other countries that contains these substances can not be stopped at our borders..because otherwise it would be God Forbid, a Trade Violation...that's how Codex works..Codex, according to the World Trade Organisation  (WTO) and the Food and Agricultural Organisation's (FAO) joint projections..now i didn't  make this up...please if you have unfastened you're Intellectual Seat Belts...put them back on again...if you do the numbers in the who FAO projections in their report headed Diet Nutrition and prevention of Chronic Diseases..that just the vitamin and mineral guideline alone...when it goes into global implimentation..on December 31st, 2009...will result in a minimum of 3 billion (that's B... Bad... Big Billion) deaths - one billion through simple starvation..those folks who die ar not particularily economicly successful from the point of view of the Corporations..when you're starving to death, how much good can you do, when the issue is that how much can you buy.. not a lot.. forget them..but Hah..but the next  two billion...they will die from the preventable diseases (two billion people will die from diseases of under nutrition)..of under nutrition// cancer.. the single most profitable condition know to human kind..CardiovacularDisease..a good second...diabetis...pritty good producer of income...and a whole host of other preventable diseases. Who will die? Who Knows? Who Will Live? Probably those people who are wealthy enough and powerful enough to have their own pushers of clean food and nutriants..that's who will live!!!  You and I? ..probably not...our children? probably not...our grand children?...probably not!!! So we're talking about food regulations that are in fact are the legalisation of the mandated toxicity and under nutrition..It will become illegal..if there is a famine...whereecer there is a famine...to ship high nutriant density biscuits to that country.. and it will be illegal to distribute them...that's what we're talking about!!! Codex is Big and It's Bad..but it's not invunerable. So the point is...that we have to protect ourselves, and I believe we have to regain global leadership, which we have lost. surrendered..squandered..ah..sold..we have sold..just joining the World Trade Organisation (WTO), surended our sovereinghty...however as it just happens I have a team of Constitutional Lawyers..looking at the following question...Are we members of the WTO? Cause if you remember form High School Civics..they way you get a treaty to be a real treaty..is ot have it ratified by a two thirds majority of the Senate...and the way we got into the WTO was, they passed a law allowing Bill Clinton to fast track us into the WTO. "That's Not A Treaty"...the USA is not legally not a member of the WTO..now that's a piece of the battle...Someone says from the audience.."you will have to tell George.." we will tell George Bush , but George Bush will not be relevant when we do tell him..ah..so that's a piece of it, but  that's not going to save our lives right now because..do you know..picture in your mind...a wasp or a bee trap..were ot insect voluntarily goes down the funnel and then can't get up out of the trap again..that's Codex..a regular law can be over turned..it can be repealed...it can be corrected..by  another piece of legislation..but once we become Codex Compliant...in nay area...as long as we are members of the WTO..it can never be repealed...because we have lost the sovereignty to become un_codex compliant as long as we are in the WTO, so it's like going down that funnel and not being able to get back out of it. So it's very important that we make sure that we do not become codex compliant...but we will be hit with all those bis trade sanctions from the countries that are codex compliant,, so that the country will be destroyed economically..right..no remember surprise..one of the principles of war...remember mass..where you take your strength against the enemies weekness ads week points. Well here's what we've done.  We have a team of lawyers, who have spent hundreds of hours with us pro bono..these are good guy lawyers...these two gentlemen and we have spent hundreds of hours studying Codex, understanding it's weekness..it's weeknesses..a lot of weeknesses.. and constructing a strategy..which 'will take the succer down'....It will take it down...but I need you...you are people that other people come to about safe healthy food..and nutrients... National Association of Nutritrional Professionals NANP 2005 Conference..you are ready made disenimation points..you are the thousand million.... hundred million points of light. Here's what is happening/ Every country in the world has ot be Codex compliant in order not to get hit by WTO trade sanctions, as I told you of their members of Codex and the WTO..and there are a few countries that are not, but I can guarantee you they are not of any major significance. So. the question is...What is Codex Compliance mean? Well, most people in most countries..most legislators believe that they have to adopt  as their national standard on that particular subject...what Codex ratified. But that's not the case, any more than we're in the WTO. That's not the case either. What is means is that the format..the issues and the subjects..covered by a Codex Guideline...Standard or Regulation..have to be addressed in the country's guideline standard or regulation on the same topic. So what we have done is create the first of many alternative Codex guidelines. You can go to our website www.HealthFreedomUSA.org and you will see a little button on the upper right handside that says sign this citzen's partition. Now to briefly digress the citizen's partition is not like a grocery store partition that you sign and bring to somebody and say 'I have 200,000 signatures and they dump it in the waist basket, because it is in their mind, it is one signature that you and your friends wrote 200,000 names. No...it is a legal challenge to the policy of the United States Government on Codex. It's called a citizen's partition. It's a legal challenge..We're suing the United States Government..saying what you're doing is illegal folks...let us tell you how..we want hearings of fact...we want redress..we want correction..if we get what we want//that's dandy...if we don't get what we want we have gone through a process..exhausting administrative remedies.. we have made the case ripe for court. So Ok, I need you and everybody you know, to sign this citizen's partition..sating this is a bad policy on mass..and you do this on the web..and you will see the instructions and we present the thousands and thousands of pages that we print out that have people's signatures to the US Codex Office and to the FDA (Federal Drug Administration) and they don't like that at all..but that's OK. However, this time..this is the second amendment of the citizen's partition that we're asking you to sign. This time the revised vitamin and mineral guideline is part of it. It is part of the law suit saying this needs to be US Policy. The more voices that say..this is what I want...and you work for me..mr and mrs beaureaucrat and mr and mrs congressman and mr and mrs senator. The more voices the more weight. So step number one is read and sign the citizen's partition. Step number two diseminate the information..the weblink. put it out in your office. get your patients...your friends and neighbours..your suppliers..to sign the citizens partition and your suppliers..the companies you use,, are going to tell you that you're out of your minds...they will tell you that Codex is not a problem..and the will tell you..anyone here have a dog..OK...dog owners know that you ask a dog to heal..sit down...stay..that's codex in this country and worldwide, because the more people that are in Codex comma, the less trouble they have getting this through...any here of the NNFA.the National Nutrition Foods Association..everybody's heard of the NNFA. Did you know that the members of the NNFA and not just health foods stores and manufacturers..but include companies with names you may have heard...Pfizer ...Merck...Monsanto...Bayer...BASF..Archer Daniels Midland..Glaxo....Aires..clyne welcome you get the idea..why?..because after Tochet was passed and the nutriant business virgined..the pharasutical folks who are not dumb, said there is gold in them there pills..and they brought the means of production of many many many companies.. and they brought the companies themselves..so there in the nutriant business. What better way to kill the nutriant business, which is not nearly as profitable as the toxic chemical drug business, than to take it over. It works everytime..right!! CRN...anybody here know about CRN..Council for Responsablr Nutritian.  Same members...they hav lots of multi level marketing companies...same members..OK..and their serving their members needs. CRN are saying,,,Yeh...Codex is coming..Codex is going to protect us from those dangerous vitamins and minerals and herbs and CRN is saying it's fine...go to sleep lulaby and goodnight..and everything is fine...and they use a report that they commissoned at a reputed cost of $800,000..a report prepared by Sydley Austin Brown and Rute..a law firm in Washington...wrote a report for them..and it said lullaby...and goodnight everything is fine..it won't have an impact on the United States..everything is fine..Sydley Austin Brown and Rute has one major client..who's name you might know..Merk. Now it's entirely possible that the NNFA just did a spectacular bad job of due dilligence..or not..anyway...the report says everything is fine..everything is dandy.there will be no problem..we'ver got dishet( Touchet?) Yeh, sure we do. Now lets talk about Australia...remember five laws befofore congress overturned dishet (?) and you can write to congress on the website...Now congress uses the multiplier of 13,000 to one...every email fax phone call...letter..don't write letters...they get decontaminated, they never get to congress...every email. fax and phone call..counts as 13,000 constituants opinions..they figure that if you write a letter or send an email there are 12,999 lazy who can't bother to get to the computer terminal to do the same thing, but they feel the way you do. interesting..that's power my friends...that's power..that's 13,000 to one. Suppose we have a million people...suppose we have 10 million people..supposed we have 100 million people...saying,,  Don't You Dare!!!  Now congress has one rule...above all others.. anybody know what it is? Gte Re-elected! That's the primary rule,, the prime directive is to get re-elected. No w touchet was passed you may remember by  unaminous congressional consent. Was that because one morning all members of Congress woke up and said..."I See Th Light.. Nutriants Are Better Than Drugs!! "... They said, oh, If I don't go along with this..I'll never be re-elected to anything.....remember critical mass...remember we were out on the streets and we were up on our hind legs and we were making noise and we were rallying...and rallying and we were writing letters and we said....Don't You Dare To Take Away My Health Freedom!!! Remember?   Expect that we got fat dumb and lazy and stopped protecting ourselves ...and we're in the same place again.... exept that it's all food instead of just nutriants. So! Thats point number One. Use the freedom mouse..ride the freedom mouse. We've made it as easy as possible in the site...Sign up, for the emails. I will never sell your information to anyone. I promise you. Plus I will never rent it, I will never share it, you'll only get an email from me, and wee need you to know what's going on. So I''ll send you email blasts. I'll send you things that you can do... or not. It is your choice.. Gte everybody you know..informed....now what else can you do? Now we're going to write a series of alternative guidelines. Everything bad in codes will have am alternative guideline that turns it into a pro health guideline. What have wee done with the vitamin and mineral guideline?  You can see that because we have a mark up copy that has their guideline crossed out and ours written in on the website..It's right there. What we've done is turn it into a guideline that mandates "bio-chemicaly individually determined optimal health" and it;s still Codex compliant...So we said..OK. now we need congress to adopt this, and we need other countries in the world to adopt this, so, Burt and I went to Washington DC and we met Daniel Rorobocker from Orange County, who said to us, he's a representative.... he said "I believe in pesticides...  " I went Oh.. He said I believe in GMO's I went Oh... He said " I believe in Iradiation of food"  I went OH... "But he said...I believe in your right to eat foods that have not been processed that way more than I believe in those technologies... I will take this one..." We said. " OH that's really nice.." He said now..."We need a coilition..."  So we wnet across the ilse across he office building to see Peter Defozio's staff from Oregan who would was a Liberal Democrat., whereas Rorobocker is a Libritarian Republican, and Defazio's on board and we have large numbers of others who actually has never heard of Codex. before we told them about it. Never heard of Codex,,,we have called ever health legislative aid on congress.  what's you're Congressmans's position on Codex?  and they've said "Wah????"...We have spoken to the trade legislative assistants and asked. What's you congressman's position on Codex?  Congress and trade legislative's assistants and staff are not informed on Codex   ... and they all said.. Wah Wah.. They don't know.  We had a congressional briefing set up on the 20th of September, I was going to address Congress...and tell them about it.. I thought that that was cool...10 days before it became a briefing on something else.  Another Freedom Click ... you need to write to Congress on the site and tell them that they need a Congressional Briefing, by God and tell them you want me to brief them. They don't know about Codex ..they've never heard of it any more than the general public has heard of  Codex Gee How did that happen.. who knows? Every negative part of Codex can be over turned by guideline, a regulation or a standard, that is positive, So we need your help because the United States leadership in this guideline and all the positive guidelines that is to follow is what is going to literally follow is what is going to save the population of  the planet earth and save your jobs and your children and your families and mine. Thank you!! Speach by Dr Rimal Laibox MD a director of the the National Association of Nutrition Professionals (NANP) Produced by EON the Ecological Options Network for Bauman College in cooperation with the Natural Solutions Foundation and the National Association of Nutrition Professionals (NANP) 2005 Codex Alimentarius summarized in 7 pointsPublished on 09-30-2009 Codex Alimentarius is scheduled for full global implementation on December 31st, 2009, and not a word has been spoken in main stream media about this threat to humanity. The principle of self medication with herbal/vitamin/mineral food supplements would be restricted to ‘prescription only’ status, if the Codex Alimentarius is applied in the UK and elsewhere, particularly the USA. (UK only) Since the NHS priorities are ill health diagnosis and treatment, the good health preservation that supplements provide will be inaccessible to the majority of our population and the cost to the NHS will increase. According to the projections based on figures from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), a minimum of 3 billion people will die from the Codex mandated vitamin and mineral guidelines alone. http://petitions.number10.gov.uk/Vitamins/ Deadline to sign the petition = 5th September 2009 Codex in Depth: http://www.healthfreedomusa.org/index.php?page_id=161 Codex Alimentarius (World Food Code) Summarized in 7 points 1) Started in 1962 by UN, Imposed by WTO Sanctions Codex Alimentarius was created in 1962 as a trade Commission by the UN to control the international trade of food. Its initial intentions may have been altruistic but it has been taken over by corporate interests, most notably the pharmaceutical, pesticide, biotechnology and chemical industries. Codex Alimentarius is backed up by the crippling trade sanctions of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Any non Codex-compliant nation would face huge economic punishment since they would automatically lose in any food-trade dispute with a Codex compliant country. 2) “Nutrients are Toxins” Is Junk Science Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) has two committees which impact nutrition. One of them, the “Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses” (CCNFSDU), is chaired by Dr. Rolf Grossklaus, a physician who believes that nutrition has no role in health. This is the “top-guy” for Codex nutritional policy, and he has stated that “nutrition is not relevant to health”. As unbelievable as it may sound, Dr. Grossklaus actually declared nutrients to be toxins in 1994 and instituted the use of toxicology (Risk Assessment) to prevent nutrients from having any impact on humans who take supplements! It is worth mentioning that Dr. Grossklaus happens to own the Risk Assessment company advising CCNFSDU and Codex on this issue. This company makes money when its toxicology services are used for the “assessment” of nutrients. Here in the U.S. we call that a “conflict of interest”. Codex is made up of thousands of standards and guidelines. One of them, the Vitamin and Mineral Guideline (VMG), is designed to permit only ultra low doses of vitamins and minerals (and make clinically effective nutrients illegal). How can the VMG restrict dosages of vitamins and minerals? By using Risk Assessment (toxicology) to assess nutrients. While Risk Assessment is a legitimate science (it is a branch of toxicology), it is the wrong science for assessing nutrients! In fact, in this context, it is actually junk science. Biochemistry, the science of life processes, is the correct science for assessing nutrients. Codex Alimentarius treats nutrients as toxins, which is literally insane. Nutrients are not toxins – they are essential for life. undefined No matter what Codex Alimentarius officials say to convince you that Risk Assessment is a “science-based” approach to nutrients, it is not. And it is worth repeating that Dr. Grossklaus, the head of Codex Alimentarius, owns the Risk Assessment company advising CCNFSDU and Codex on the “benefit” of using Risk Assessment to assess nutrients. 3) Not Consumer Protection – That’s Propaganda Contrary to the propaganda, Codex Alimentarius has nothing to do with consumer protection. Nothing! Codex is about the economic ambitions of multi-national corporations, in particular, the pharmaceutical industry. Using their multi billion-dollar marketing budgets, these industries have launched a massive media propaganda campaign to paint Codex Alimentarius as a benevolent tool of “consumer protection”, as well as to negatively taint the image of natural health options and mislead people to fear them as “dangerous”, so they will take drugs (which really are dangerous). Natural health products and options have an amazing safety record and are remarkably effective, especially when compared to pharmaceutical drugs. Unfortunately, one-time defenders of health freedom such as National Nutritional Foods Association (NNFA) and Council for Responsible Nutrition (CRN) have joined the propaganda bandwagon and are spreading false information saying that Codex Alimentarius is either “harmless” or benevolent “consumer protection”. Neither is true. The membership of these one-time defenders of health freedom has become permeated by people from the pharmaceutical industry (for example, CRN counts as its members corporations such as Monsanto® and Bayer®). 4) Codex: Serious Threat to Health and Health Freedom If Codex Alimentarius is implemented in the United States of America, therapeutic dosages of vitamins and minerals (and all other nutrients soon to follow) will become unavailable because they will literally become illegal. Here’s how it would work, in a nut-shell: Due to the junk science use of Risk Assessment (toxicology) to assess supposedly toxic nutrients, a false belief is being engineered saying that “nutritional supplements are dangerous to people’s health”. Using this false belief generates calls to “protect” people from these “toxic” nutrients. After the calls come the bills to set ultra low permissible dosages (remember, nutrients are deemed “dangerous toxins” under this false belief). If enough of us and our Congressional delegates buy this nonsense, we and Congress would blindly comply with Codex Alimentarius’ VMG. And blind compliance is what the industries behind Codex Alimentarius intend. Blind compliance goes hand-in-hand with lack of activism. This lack of activism allows our protective laws, classifying nutrients as foods with no upper limits (such as DSHEA), to be easily repealed and replaced with draconian laws to classify nutrients as toxins. And “harmonization” with the pro-illness, pro-pharmaceutical industry Vitamin and Mineral Guideline is there to fill the void. Only intentionally ineffective, ultra low dose supplements would be legal, with or without a prescription, on the VMG list. If enough people do not take action, we can expect to watch nutritional supplement manufacturers and, thus health food stores, to go out of business, in a domino effect. The only player left standing would be Big Pharma. Therapeutic grade vitamins, minerals, and amino acids would be eliminated from the marketplace (although a few low-dose supplements would be allowed by Codex, as a symbolic measure to avoid suspicion about their ulterior motive). Natural health professionals would lose the tools of their trade (nutritional supplements) and health conscious people would be unable to choose natural health options for health promotion and disease treatment. And that is, in a nutshell, how Codex Alimentarius is poised to make Natural and Nutritional Medicine (NNM) disappear from the legal health world and go underground. Who benefits? Big Pharma. It would take a few years for the above scenarios to be feasible (Codex Alimentarius is meant to go into full global effect by 2010). The slower the process takes, the less alarmed people will be. That’s probably the logic of the architects of Codex Alimentarius. 5) Serves Economic Interests of Sickness Industries Through WTO and Napoleonic Code More and more people are turning to natural health products globally. The “wellness” trend is a major trend in today’s society. The more natural health products people use, the fewer drugs they buy. The pharmaceutical industry, which is part of the “Sickness Industry”, fears the inevitable shift toward natural health care. Instead of accepting the will of the people and rethinking the future of the pharmaceutical industry, the industry has decided upon an unethical course of action: the use of deception and deceit to eliminate natural health products completely. Codex Alimentarius is a shrewd vehicle for protecting the pharmaceutical industry from the loss of income it stands to suffer due to the inevitable growth of natural healthcare. Codex Alimentarius is the resistance of the dinosaurs to inevitability: the burgeoning desire of humanity for a healthier, saner, and more sustainable way of life. The World Trade Organization (WTO) intends to force Codex Alimentarius upon the nations of the world, including the U.S. This would be done under the threat of massive economic sanctions if WTO-countries do not comply with Codex Alimentarius. Furthermore, Codex is based in the Napoleonic Code, not Common Law. That means that under Codex Alimentarius, anything not explicitly permitted is forbidden. Under Common Law, we hold that anything not explicitly forbidden is permitted. The difference is the difference between health freedom and health tyranny. Codex Alimentarius would be able to ban supplements by default. 6) DSHEA Protects America From Codex Alimentarius The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA, 1994), an American law classifying our supplements and herbs as foods (which can have no upper limit set on their use), was passed by unanimous Congressional consent following massive grass-roots support organized by health food stores. Millions of American activists told Congress, in no uncertain terms: “Protect nutritional supplements as foods or we will remove you from office”. Congress listened and carried out the will of the people. DSHEA appropriately classifies nutritional supplements as foods which can have no upper limits set on their use. DSHEA recognizes that people use nutrients safely to deal with their individually differing needs for nutrients. The concept of biochemical individuality means that people have different needs for nutrients at different times. Are nutrients toxins? No, they are not toxins. They are substances essential to prevent, treat and cure any chronic condition, in differing doses at different times in different people. DSHEA protects the US from Codex Alimentarius’ deadly Vitamin and Mineral Guideline. We must reach our Congressional members, educate them about the facts on Codex Alimentarius and direct them to vote against anything that would threaten DSHEA. Congress holds the keys to our health freedom. And it is their job to listen to us. Let’s not allow cynicism to tell us otherwise. We did it for DSHEA in 1994. We can do it again this year. 7) Your Action is Needed Now! DSHEA is under significant legislative attack right now. Your letter-writing is crucial: if the members of Congress know that voting against health freedom means losing their jobs come election time, they will listen. Our job is to make sure they get the message loud and clear. Take action via our 3 easy steps and send personalized emails to Congress right now. After taking action on HealthFreedomUSA.org, consider getting together with others in your area and visit your Congressional members in their home offices. If we wait, we lose our health freedoms. Once we “HARMonize” with Codex, by the way, we no longer have the right, while we belong to the WTO, to repeal or change that “HARMonization”! Conclusion The objective of the pro-Codex Alimentarius multi nationals is to “boil the frog slowly” so that we do not wake up to it in time to avoid Codex. Once we have “HARMonize” to Codex Alimentarius, as long as we are in the WTO, we cannot amend or change what we’ve been “HARMonize” to. Codex Alimentarius will go into global implementation by December 31, 2009, unless We, the People, avert it. We must act now because right now, with $758 Million spent on declared Congressional lobbying by Big Pharma last year, there are members of Congress who are trying to overturn DSHEA and allow Pharma-friendly free reign for Codex. If protective laws like DSHEA are destroyed, the sanctioning power of the autocratic WTO kicks in, and it will be impossible to get out from under Codex Alimentarius. We can protect our access to high potency nutrients and stave off an adulterated food supply only by putting pressure on Congress. If you would like to take action to try and stop Codex Alimentarius <please click here (USA)>, If you would like more in-depth information about Codex Alimentarius <please click here> If you would like to take action to try and stop Codex Alimentarius you can sign a petition to Gordon Brown <please click here (UK)> ~ http://petitions.number10.gov.uk/Vitamins/ ~ Deadline to sign the petition = 5th September 2009 If you would like more in-depth information about Codex Alimentarius <please click here> http://www.healthfreedomusa.org/?page_id=157 http://www.healthfreedomusa.org/?page_id=161 http://www.healthfreedomusa.org/?page_id=183 http://www.healthfreedomusa.org/?page_id=160 http://www.therapure.com/codex.htm http://petitions.number10.gov.uk/Vitamins/ //www.youtube.com/watch?v=nhApQ3QkG0Q&feature=related http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-5266884912495233634 //www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2D4-noTiCg http://www.naturalnews.com/026731_CODEX_food_health.html http://www.anhcampaign.org/campaigns/codex http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius Stop Codex Alimentarius and Protect Health Freedom! Unless stated otherwise everything in this note is © 2009 by Natural Solutions Foundation The Natural Solutions Foundation is a non-profit organization founded to protect and promote health freedom in the USA. http://www.blacklistednews.com/?news_id=5768 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius The Codex Alimentarius (Latin for "food code" or "food book") is a collection of internationally recognized standards, codes of practice, guidelines and other recommendations relating to foods, food production and food safety. Its name derives from the Codex Alimentarius Austriacus.[1] Its texts are developed and maintained by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, a body that was established in 1963 by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The Commission's main aims are stated as being to protect the health of consumers and ensure fair practices in the international food trade. The Codex Alimentarius is recognized by the World Trade Organization as an international reference point for the resolution of disputes concerning food safety and consumer protection.[2][3] Scope The Codex Alimentarius officially covers all foods, whether processed, semi-processed or raw, but far more attention has been given to foods that are marketed directly to consumers. In addition to standards for specific foods, the Codex Alimentarius contains general standards covering matters such as food labeling, food hygiene, food additives and pesticideresidues, and procedures for assessing the safety of foods derived from modern biotechnology. It also contains guidelines for the management of official (i.e., governmental) import and export inspection and certification systems for foods. The Codex Alimentarius is published in Arabic, Chinese, English, French and Spanish. Not all texts are available in all languages.    * Food labelling (general standard, guidelines on nutrition labelling, guidelines on labelling claims)    * Food additives (general standard including authorized uses, specifications for food grade chemicals)    * Contaminants in foods (general standard, tolerances for specific contaminants including radionuclides, aflatoxins and other mycotoxins)    * Pesticide and veterinary chemical residues in foods (maximum residue limits)    * Risk assessment procedures for determining the safety of foods derived from biotechnology (DNA-modified plants, DNA-modified micro-organisms, allergens)    * Food hygiene (general principles, codes of hygienic practice in specific industries or food handling establishments, guidelines for the use of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point or “HACCP” system)    * Methods of analysis and sampling [edit]Specific standards    * Meat products (fresh, frozen, processed meats and poultry)    * Fish and fishery products (marine, fresh water and aquaculture)    * Milk and milk products    * Foods for special dietary uses (including infant formulae and baby foods)    * Fresh and processed vegetables, fruits, and fruit juices    * Cereals and derived products, dried legumes    * Fats, oils and derived products such as margarine    * Miscellaneous food products (chocolate, sugar, honey, mineral water) Controversy The controversy over the Codex Alimentarius relates to a perception that it is a mandatory standard for food - including vitamin and mineral supplement - safety. Supporters of the Codex Alimentarius say that it is a voluntary reference standard for food and that there is no obligation on countries to adopt Codex standards as a member of either Codex or any other international trade organization. From the point of view of its opponents, however, one of the main causes of concern is that the Codex Alimentarius is recognized by the World Trade Organization as an international reference standard for the resolution of disputes concerning food safety and consumer protection.[2][3] Proponents argue that the use of Codex Alimentarius during international disputes does not exclude the use of other references or scientific studies as evidence of food safety and consumer protection. It is reported that in 1996 the German delegation put forward a proposal that no herb, vitamin or mineral should be sold for preventive or therapeutic reasons, and that supplements should be reclassified as drugs.[4] The proposal was agreed, but protests halted its implementation.[4] The 28th Session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission was subsequently held July 4 - July 9, 2005.[5] Among the many issues discussed were the "Guidelines for Vitamin and Mineral Food Supplements"[6], which were adopted during the meeting as new global safety guidelines.[7] This text has been the subject of considerable controversy, in part because many member countries may choose to regulate dietary supplements as therapeutic goods or pharmaceuticals or by some other category. The text does not seek to ban supplements, but subjects them to labeling and packaging requirements, sets criteria for the setting of maximum and minimum dosage levels, and requires that safety and efficacy are considered when determining ingredient sources. The United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) have stated that the guidelines are "to stop consumers overdosing on vitamin and mineral food supplements." The Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) has said that the guidelines call "for labelling that contains information on maximum consumption levels of vitamin and mineral food supplements." The WHO has also said that the Guidelines "ensure that consumers receive beneficial health effects from vitamins and minerals." [8] Similarities have been noted between the EU's Food Supplements Directive and the Codex Alimentarius Guidelines for Vitamin and Mineral Supplements.[9] Texas Republican Rep. Ron Paul has said that the Central American Free Trade Agreement "increases the possibility that Codex regulations will be imposed on the American public." [10] Additional controversy has been expressed by proponents of ecologically and socially sustainable agriculture and food systems, such as the Slow Food movement[11], who view the Codex Alimentarius as antithetical to this goal. According to the Manifesto on the Future of Food, the Codex Alimentarius has "codified policies designed to serve the interest of global agribusiness above all others, while actively undermining the rights of farmers and consumers".[12] See also    * Codex Alimentarius Austriacus    * Food Chemicals Codex    * E number References   1. ^ Codex Alimentarius: how it all began Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website. Accessed 1 January 2009.   2. ^ a b Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures World Trade Organization. Accessed 3 September 2008.   3. ^ a b Understanding the Codex Alimentarius Preface. Third Edition. Published in 2006 by the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed 3 September 2008.   4. ^ a b 'Health supplements: R.I.P.'. The Guardian newspaper, UK. Published 14 September 2002. Accessed 2 August 2008   5. ^ Codex Alimentarius Commission 28th Session, FAO Headquarters, Rome, Italy, 4-9 July, 2005. Official report.   6. ^ Codex Guidelines for Vitamin and Mineral Food Supplements   7. ^ UN commission adopts safety guidelines for vitamin and food supplements United Nations News Centre. Published 11 July 2005. Accessed 1 January 2009   8. ^ UN commission adopts safety guidelines for vitamin and food supplements United Nations News Centre. Published 11 July 2005. Accessed 26 March 2009   9. ^ Nil by mouth. The Observer newspaper, UK. Published 29 February 2004. Accessed 1 January 2009  10. ^ 'The vitamin police', by ALAN BOCK, Sr. editorial writer, The Orange County Register. Published 14 August 2005. Accessed 2 September 2008.  11. ^ http://www.slowfood.com/about_us/eng/campaigns.lasso  12. ^ The International Commission on the Future of Food and Agriculture (July 15, 2003). "Manifesto on the Future of Food".    * Codex Alimentarius Commission - official website    * 'Understanding the Codex Alimentarius' Published in 2005 by the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed 4 May 2007.    * "Authority and Legitimacy in Global Governance: Deliberation, Institutional Differentiation, and the Codex Alimentarius" Michael Livermore, 81 NYU Law Review 766 (2006) The Holocaust http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust Victims of the Holocaust. Ghettos were established in Europe in which Jews were confined before being shipped to extermination camps. The Holocaust (from Greek ????a?st?? [holókaustos]: hólos, "whole" andkaustós, "burnt"[1]), also known as The Shoah (Hebrew: ?????, Romanized ha'shoah; Yiddish: ?????, Romanized churben or hurban[2]) is the term generally used to describe the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II, a program of systematic state-sponsored extermination by Nazi Germany.[3] Some scholars maintain that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the Nazis' systematic murder of millions of people in other groups, including ethnic Poles, Romani, Soviet civilians, Soviet prisoners of war,people with disabilities, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, and otherpolitical and religious opponents.[4] By this definition, the total number ofHolocaust victims would be between 11 million and 17 million people.[5] The persecution and genocide were carried out in stages. Legislation to remove the Jews from civil society was enacted years before the outbreak of World War II. Concentration camps were established in which inmates were used as slave labor until they died of exhaustion or disease. Where the Third Reichconquered new territory in eastern Europe, specialized units called Einsatzgruppen murdered Jews and political opponents in mass shootings. Jews and Romani were confined in overcrowded ghettos before being transported by freight train toextermination camps where, if they survived the journey, the majority of them were killed in gas chambers. Every arm ofNazi Germany's bureaucracy was involved in the logistics of the mass murder, turning the country into what one Holocaust scholar has called "a genocidal state".[6] Wars manipulated & financed on both sides by the Rothschilds & Associates at great profit to them who ended up each time there was a war with most of country's Gold Reserve's in payment for munitions and weapons to U.S. industrial munitions and weaponry companies owned and financed by powerful Rothschild Banking Family using German Zionist Jewish American partners as fronts for them in the U.S constantly bankrupted Britain-USA-Germany etc. The Second World War had bankrupted Britain, Germany and the USA but made the Rothschild Family a fortune During the 1939–1942 period, the UK depleted much of its gold stock in purchases of munitions and weaponry on a "cash and carry" basis from U.S.Industrial munitions and weaponry companies owned and financed by powerful Rothschild Banking Family using German Zionist Jewish American partners as fronts for them in the U.S. One of those companies was Beyer (formerly IG Farben), which later became known as Beyer which also produced the gas chambers Zyklon B,  the steel, other chemicals  and the rail road line,  for the German Nazi Death Camps, munitions, other chemicals, and all kinds of stuff. The president of Beyer (formerly IG Farben) Fritz ter Meer, the senior manager at IB Farben, was convicted of crimes against Humanity on the basis of mass murder, slavery and other crimes on 29th July, 1948. Although he co-operated with SS and the Final Solution, Fritz ter Meer was sentenced to 7 years only in War Criminal Prison, but only served about three years in prison John Maynard Keynes, who had argued against such a gold standard, proposed to put the power to print money in the hands of the privately owned Bank of England. 1971, the U.S. government again printed more dollars (a 10% increase) and then sent them overseas, to pay for the nation's military spending and private investments. In the first six months of 1971, $22 billion dollars in assets left the U.S Because of the excess printed dollars, and the negative U.S. trade balance, other nations began demanding fulfillment of America’s “promise to pay” - that is, the redemption of their dollars for gold. Switzerland redeemed $50 million of paper for gold in July.France, in particular, repeatedly made aggressive demands, and acquired $191 million in gold, further depleting the gold reserves of the U.S.[1] On 5 August 1971, Congress released a report recommending devaluation of the dollar, in an effort to protect the dollar against foreign price-gougers. Still, on 9 August 1971, as the dollar dropped in value against European currencies, Switzerland withdrew the Swiss franc from the Bretton Woods system. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard During the 1939–1942 period, the UK depleted much of its gold stock in purchases of munitions and weaponry on a "cash and carry" basis from the U.S. and other nations.[citation needed] This depletion of the UK's reserve convinced Winston Churchill of the impracticality of returning to a pre-war style gold standard. To put it simply the war had bankrupted Britain. John Maynard Keynes, who had argued against such a gold standard, proposed to put the power to print money in the hands of the privately owned Bank of England. Keynes, in warning about the menaces of inflation, said "By a continuous process of inflation, governments can confiscate, secretly and unobserved, an important part of the wealth of their citizens. By this method, they not only confiscate, but they confiscate arbitrarily; and while the process impoverishes many, it actually enriches some". Quite possibly because of this, the 1944 Bretton Woods Agreement established the International Monetary Fund and an international monetary system based on convertibility of the various national currencies into a U.S. dollar that was in turn convertible into gold. It also prevented countries from manipulating their currency's value to gain an edge in international trade. To stabilize the economy and combat runaway inflation, on August 15, 1971, President Nixon imposed a 90-day wage and price freeze, a 10 percent import surcharge, and, most importantly, “closed the gold window”, ending convertibility between US dollars and gold. The President and fifteen advisors made that decision without consulting the members of the international monetary system, so the international community informally named it the Nixon shock. Given the importance of the announcement — and its impact upon foreign currencies — presidential advisors recalled that they spent more time deciding when to publicly announce the controversial plan, than they spent creating the plan.He was advised that the practical decision was to make an announcement before the stock markets opened on Monday (and just when Asian markets also were opening trading for the day). On August 15, 1971, that speech and the price-control plans proved very popular and raised the public's spirit. The President was credited with finally rescuing the American public from price-gougers, and from a foreign-caused exchange crisis.  By December 1971, the import surcharge was dropped, as part of a general revaluation of the major currencies, which thereafter were allowed 2.25% devaluations from the agreed exchange rate. By March 1976, the world’s major currencies were floating — in other words, the currency exchange rates no longer were governments' principal means of administering monetary policy. Analysts of the post-2007 financial crisis, such as David McNally (2009)  cite the end of the Bretton Woods dollar-gold convertibility as the modern source of monetary volatility, and consequent unregulated financialization. That volatility necessitated the rise of risk-hedging financial instruments, such as derivatives (including Credit Default Swaps). Thus as the value of the dollar was no longer based on gold, it became based instead on projected future value. The US economy and its firms become financialized (dependent on interest-paying financial transactions) to accommodate and take advantage of the risk inherent in the future value of the dollar as the basis for present value. Further, financialized firms and investors gained profits from speculating on that risk. Especially after the 1997 East Asian overaccumulation crisis necessitated loosening credit in the US so that working-class Americans could prop up global demand, working-class debt was packaged by banks and hedge funds and sold to themselves (banks and hedge funds), as well as to pension funds, investors, and financialized corporations. During Alan Greenspan’s tenure as president of the Federal Reserve (1987-2005) alone, private and public debt in the US quadrupled to $43 trillion. When the bubble burst in 2007, capital fled the US. Private capital flows were reduced by $1.1 trillion in the third quarter of 2007. There remain continued problems with valuing assets in the US, especially given public and private debt, the unabated diminishment of American working class purchasing power, and ongoing military expenditure. 40 years after the Nixon Shock, analysts predict the rise of competition among currency blocs for greater control of financial markets and global monetary privileges. Beyer (formerly IG Farben) making and using Zyclon B Gas and Dildren in FrankfurtThis was all Rothschild money World News Shock USAWeeklyNews Exclusive Major Interntaional Industrial Companies, Banking Groups, powerful banking and business families and media owners and controllers which include Bayer, IG Farben, The Rockerfeller Family, The Rothchild Family, Rupert Murdoch and his media companies News Corporation and News International, Conrad Black, Fritz Teer Meer, have secretly played their part in helping to create the Codex Alimentarius Commission in 1963 and its mummy and daddy organisations the World Health Organisation (WHO)and the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the Unitd Namtions (FAO)  as world wide bodies rules and regulations that can override an individual country's rules and regulations  on food, nutrients, minerals and herbs consumer protection code labelling protection.  scam to mass murder over 3 million people on planet earth through various methods including starvation of nutrients in their food and increasing levels of terrifyingly dangerous poisoness pesticides and bovine growth hormones in all types of food including fruit vegetables, seeds, net, fish, pountry, lamb, pig, cows, etc. to completely control all food production, coding, labelling, distribution etc. The British Prime Minister Lloyd George claimed, in 1909, that Lord Nathan Rothschild was the most powerful man in Britain.   By the end of the century, the family owned, or had built, at the lowest estimates, over 41 palaces, of a scale and luxury perhaps unparalleled even by the richest Royal families. In 1816, four of the brothers were each elevated to the hereditary nobility by Austrian EmperorFrancis I; Nathan was elevated in 1818. All of them were granted the Austrian title of baron orFreiherr on 29 September 1822. As such, some members of the family used "de" or "von" Rothschild to acknowledge the grant of nobility. In 1885, Nathan Mayer Rothschild II (1840–1915) of the London branch of the family, was granted the hereditary peerage title Baron Rothschild in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.Many Rothschilds were and are supporters of the State of Israel, although other members of the family opposed the creation of the state.[21] Lord Victor Rothschild was against granting asylum or even help to Jewish refugees during the Holocaust.[22] However, Baron Edmond James de Rothschild was a patron of the first settlement in Palestine atRishon-LeZion, and bought from Ottoman landlords many parts of the land which now makes up present-day Israel. In 1917 Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild was the addressee of the Balfour Declaration, which committed the British government to the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people. James A. de Rothschild financed the Knesset building as a gift to the State of Israel. The Supreme Court of Israel building was donated to Israel by Dorothy de Rothschild.[23] Outside the President's Chamber is displayed the letter Mrs Rothschild wrote to Prime Minister Shimon Peres expressing her intention to donate a new building for the Supreme Court.[24] Rothschild family banking businesses pioneered international high finance during the industrialisation of Europe and were instrumental in supporting railway systems across the world and in complex government financing for projects such as the Suez Canal. The family bought up a large proportion of the property inMayfair, London. Major businesses directly founded by Rothschild family capital include Alliance Assurance (1824) (now Royal & SunAlliance); Chemin de Fer du Nord (1845); Rio Tinto Group (1873); Société Le Nickel (1880) (now Eramet); and Imétal (1962) (now Imerys). The Rothschilds financed Cecil Rhodes on his expeditions in Africa, the founding of De Beers and the creation of the colony of Rhodesia. The same people and companies behind the Nazi German Holocaust and produced the ZyklonB gas chambers, steel, other chemicals, munitions for the death camps where they mass murdered  over 10 million Jews and Freemasons are behind the Codex Alimentarius Commission food, nutrients, minerals and herbs consumer protection code labelling protection scam to mass murder over 3 million people on planet earth......Click here to read the full story http://www.blacklistednews.com/?news_id=5768 http://www.codexcorp.com/ CODEX CORP:  Specialising in Corrections and Healthcare, it may be an unusual combination but it works for us, our partners and customers who want to keep a close control and watch on the use of health care and nutritional products in the community and with our unique and far reaching security and monitoring systems we will be able to tell our customers instantly if anyone in the world is using nutrients and minerals that are not Codex approved  and compliant, and have them quickly detained and punished for not complying with Codex approved and compliant products. With Codex we are proud to say that no one will escape detection. Codex Corporation and its founders have over 100 years experience in this business including the management and design of the concentration camps in Germany. Codex Corporation was originally the multi billion  International Giant I G Farben. A quick background on our founding company I G Farben and its directors and managers will help convince you that as far as security, nutrient and health care management, people management, corrections management, Codex ( Formerly IG Farben) is the company you should chose for any issues in Corrections and Heathcare Management. Codex and its security management has the ability to make sure there is no health freedom. not just in the USA but all over the world... and Codex has the ability to make sure anyone that tries to think for a minute they can get way with trying to have health freedom, will quickly be caught, detained and punished by Codex's unique and far reaching security and monitoring systems...The Codex Moto is "None will escape detection and punishment of the unauthorised use of nutrients with Codex on the job....just look at out success record in designing and managing the concentration camp in Germany....our success record at Codex Corporation, formerly IG Farben in people, healthcare and corrections management speaks for itself" Codex Corporation's, formerly IG Farben's 100 year History in People, Healthcare and Corrections Management provided from Codex Alimentarius Speach by Dr Rimal Laibox MD of the Natural Solutions Fioundation, Produced by EON the Ecological Options Network for Bauman College in cooperation with the Natural Solutions Foundation and the National Association of Nutrition Professionals (NANP) 2005 www.HealthFreedomUSA.org Dr Rimal Laibox is an experienced healthcare professional and has studies Codex Corporation, formerly IG Farben's progess ov erthe last decade to become  the leaders in People, Healthcare and Corrections Management in the United States. Codex and Nutricide " Let me tell you about Codex Alimentarius, let me define it for you, let me help you understand the enemy..and let me assure you that absolutely nothing that I am going to tell you, is exagerated, is interperlated, or is imagined. Every thing I am going to tell you is documented. A great deal of it is documented on my website, whichwww.HealthFreedomUSA.org. Let me back up and tell you that I have been watching Codex come toward us for about the last decade. ,,, and I have been watching the vote sin congress, which God help us is our bastion of support and protection against Codex and I will explain why that is. I have been watching the votes to protect our health freedom dwindle, until finally in the 109th Congress, without a good deal of activity, we didn't have the votes to protect us. I have been watching Codex excellerate and I have been watching it expand, and I have been getting more and more troubled. Let me give you a brief run down of Codex then. After the second world war, the Nuremberg Tribunals were held in which people who had committed crimes against humanity were judged by the world community in a court run by the United States and Britain...  and they were sentenced to terms in prison if they were found guilty of crimes against humanity. In 1948 some of the people who were found guilty of crimes against humanity on the basis of mass murder, slavery and other crimes were the president and 24 board members and executives  of a hugh industrial megalith called IG Farben. Amazingly enough however, by 1951 all of them had already been released, and and continuing to consult with German Corporations IG Farben produced the gas used in the gas chambers Zyklon B, they produced the steel for the death camps and the rail road line, they produced the munitions, they produced chemicals, they produced all kinds of stuff. The Nuremberg Tribunal disolved IG Farben into companies such as  into BASF - Hoechst - Bayer They produced pharmaceuticals.. a big big pharacuticals company.  So the president of IG Farben Fritz ter Meer, the senior manager at IB Farben, was convicted of crimes against Humanity on the basis of mass murder, slavery and other crimes on 29th July, 1948. Although he co-operated with SS and the Final Solution, Fritz ter Meer was sentenced to 7 years only in War Criminal Prison, but only served about three years in prison, no more someone that bounces a business cheque for say $1,000 and is charged for fraud in the $1,000 bounced cheque for it not being honoured on presentation. Someone steals an apple can get 3 years in prison also, or if he or she stole the apple as a servant they can receive 7 years in prison, Now Fritz ter Meer is sort of an artistic fellow and he was the one responsible for the slogan that people saw as they entered Autswitz, usually for the last time, "Work Brings Freedom". Fritz ter Meer was a creative sort of fellow. Fritz ter Meer was responsible for the slogan that people saw as they entered Auschwitz-, usually for the last time,  " Work brings  Freedom....a creative sort of fellow. You will notice that the institutions that Fritz ter Meer worked for an/or had shareholdings in as listed by Wikepedia are Institutions IG Farben, Bayer, Codex Alimentarius The Bayer executive Fritz ter Meer, sentenced to seven years in prison by the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal, was made head of the supervisory board of Bayer in 1956, after his release. Fritz ter Meer ( July 4 1884 – October 27 1967 ) was a German chemist. He was the son of Edmund ter Meer the founder of a chemical company that later became part of Bayer. Fritz ter Meer also worked for Bayer and later IG Farben. He was involved in the planning of Monowitz concentration camp, a satellite camp of KZ Auschwitz. He was sentenced to seven years prison by the Nuremberg Trials in 1948. After he was released in 1951 he became supervisory board chairman (Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender) of the Bayer AG. He retired in 1961. The Bayer company then became part of IG Farben, a conglomerate of German chemical industries that formed a part of the financial core of the German Nazi regime. IG Farben owned 42.5% of the company that manufactured Zyklon B,[2] a chemical used in the gas chambers of Auschwitz and other extermination camps. During World War II, the company also extensively used slave labor in factories attached to large slave labor camps, notably the sub-camps of the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp[3]. When the Allies split IG Farben into several pieces after World War II for involvement in organized Nazi war crimes, Bayer re-appeared as an individual business. The Bayer executive Fritz ter Meer, sentenced to seven years in prison by the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal, was made head of the supervisory board of Bayer in 1956, after his release. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_ter_Meer Fritz ter Meer undefined Fritz ter Meer Born June 4, 1884 Uerdingen, Germany Died October 27, 1967 (aged 83) Leverkusen, Germany Nationality German Institutions IG Farben, Bayer, Codex Alimentarius Fritz ter Meer ( July 4 1884 – October 27 1967 ) was a German chemist. He was the son of Edmund ter Meer the founder of a chemical company that later became part of Bayer. Fritz ter Meer also worked for Bayer and later IG Farben. He was involved in the planning of Monowitz concentration camp, a satellite camp of KZ Auschwitz. He was sentenced to seven years prison by the Nuremberg Trials in 1948. After he was released in 1951 he became supervisory board chairman (Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender) of the Bayer AG. He retired in 1961.    * Heine, Jens Ulrich (1990). Verstand und Schicksal. Die Männer der I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G. (1925-1945). Weinheim; New York: VCH.ISBN 978-3527281442.    * Codex Alimentarius Commission [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_ter_Meer Edmund ter Meer ( 1852 – November 5, 1931) was a German chemist who discovered the ter Meer reaction and founded in 1877 the ter Meer dye company in Uerdingen. After the fusion with the aniline factory of Julius Weiler the Weiler-ter Meer company was formed. This company later became part of the Bayer company. His son Fritz ter Meer also became a chemist associated to the Bayer company. Edmund ter Meer Born 1852 Died  November 5, 1931 (aged 79) Nationality German Institutions Bayer Known for ter Meer reaction References    * Max Bodenstein, H. Leuchs (1931). "Sitzung vom 16. November 1931". Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 64 (11): A211–A212. doi:10.1002/cber.19310641139.*    * ter Meer Prize University Bonn    * "Ter Meer family." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online    * Uerdingen industrial area history So Fritz ter Meer was sitting in jail and he said "well, that didn't work..what else can we do?   I've got it food..he who controls food controls ....the world..."  Fritz ter Meer  got out of jail he went to his  UN buddies and said "Have I got an idea for you..if we take over food world wide..we have power world wide, and his UN buddies said. "cool idea". So they created a Trade Commission. That's a very powerful set of words... A Trade Commission....called the Codex Alimentarius Commission It is not a Public Health Commission..it is not a Consumer Protection Commission....it is a Trade Commission. Trade is about what? Money!! Trade is about Business!! Trade is about Profit!! Well they said in 1962 we're going to work towards total, global implimentation of Codex Alimentarius on December 31st, 2009. Long Term.... and they set up a bunch of committees.. committees on fish and fishery...fats and oil... fruits and vegetables... ground nuts...nutritian  for special diatary uses and so on. There are currently about 27 Codex committees, they are regional organisations, there are task forces and so anf so on. So it's ahugh beaurocratic mostrosety.it's emence. Codex has promogated well over 4,000 guidelines, standards and regulations on everything...everything which can legally be put into your mouth, with the excpetion of Pharmaceuticals. they are not part of Codex. That is an importand point. Now Codex standards have no legal weight whatsoever. Zero. So who cares about them..their just standards...so we are talking about an industry setting regulation organisation, but if it has no legal standing .. who cares? Right!! Here's the history of Codex Alimentarius before 1962. Please note here that Fritz ter Meer  was sentenced to seven years prison by the Nuremberg Trials in 1948 having been found guilty of crimes against humanity on the basis of mass murder, slavery and other crimes . After he was released in 1951 he became supervisory board chairman (Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender) of the Bayer AG. He officiialy retired as supervisory board chairman of Bayer AG in 1961 so he could behind the scene concentrate of working with his UN buddies on developing his idea of  setting up a syatem that will control the whoole world's food supply under the code name Codex Alimentarius. It would not look good publicly for Fritz ter Meer  who was sentenced to only seven years prison by the Nuremberg Trials in 1948 having been found guilty of crimes against humanity on the basis of mass murder, slavery and other crimes, and only served about three years of his sentence because of his powerful UN buddies, to be seen to be publicly be involved with Codex Alimentarius. Here's the history of Codex Alimentarius before 1962. The Austian Hungarian Empire said we need rules by which the courts can rule on cases involving food.o we'll have regulations and rules that the courts will enforce.... that's how they get their way. That was called the Codex Alimentarius and  was put into place around 1893 and lasted until the end of the Austrian Hungarian Empire in the first world war. So the idea was there in the Germanic tradition. We need rules..lots of rules...lots a nd lots and lots of rules..we need a lot of rules... let's have rules for everything to do with food. So it was a natural extention for the German Industrialists to say we'll go back to the good old days of Codex Alimentarius back  when we had them in Austrian Hungarian Empire. Cool. So they started promilgating their rules and regulations and they were voluntary. They were sort of guidlines. Now Codex Alimentarius Commission is administered by the World Health Oganisation (WHO) and the Food and Aricultural Organisation (FAO)  and they fund Codex and they run it at the request of the United Nations (UN). So the're mummy and daddy to Codex Alimentarius.  And that's very interesting because they're supposed to be about health and food world wide. Some conflicts of interest that we'll talk about. So Codex started promilgating regulations and rules, and the way that's done is that the committees work up a rule, a standard, a guideline, or regulation an dthey get it to what's called a step 8 which is the final step in their administrative process... and then it's presented to the Codex Alimentarius Commission for ratification, like the vitamin and mineral guidline was presented to the Codex Alimentarius Commission on July 4th this past summer (2005). It was ratified... it was approved by consensus...and it is now...despite the propaganda that your going to hear if you every hear about it in the media... it is now mandatory on any member country and the WTO, the World Trade Organisation. Well what in the world do they have to do with it? And the answer is everything. The World Trade Organisation you see accepted Codex when the world organisation was formed in 1994. They said, "well how are we going to decide trade disputes around food if we don't have a set of rules. I know..we'll accept the Codex Alimentarius rules and all the members of the WTO will...willl world wide...get ready for an Orwellian Term will harmonise with are standards, with the codex standards.. I suggest you capitalise the first four letters in your mind ...HARM... onise ... everybody is supposed to .HARM... onise... with Codex....   and when they HARM... onise with Codex, then if the get pulled into the WTO Dispute Resolution Process they have a chance of winning because here's the kicker... are you ready for this one ...  if two countries go into the World Trade Organisation Dispute Resolution Process  and one of then is Codex compliant, and one of them is not Codex Compliant.. the one that is Codex Compliant automaticlly wins regardless of the merit of the case.  People are using Codex Compliant in a much bigger economic battle. So every couunty in the world is racing to do what?   Become Codex Compliant. So in the United States...the situation is OK ..how do we become Codex compliant when we have laws that protect us. You have to remember that Codex does not serve consumer well being. Codex does not serve what I call the five Bigs...Big Pharma Big Chema Big Biotechna Big AgriBiz and Bid Medica ,,,little me and little you are not served by Codex, in the least, so before we go forward and talk about the rest of  what has to happen, let's ask what Codex does? You probably all know about the vitamin and mineral guidline that was ratified on July 4th ( 2005). You may not kow that although it is said that CODEX regulations guidlines and standards that have been ratified are volantary....That Are Not Voluntary...That is known as a lie!!! They are mandatory..but  thye ar enot fully mandatory until December, 31st 2009. They're sort of kinda a little bit mandatory now. and they're totally mandatory then. So what does Codex do? Why do I care enough about Codex to close my practice and stop treating patients who came to me from around the world..to help them regain their health and be radiantly well with non toxic means which is a very satisfying thing to do.. I love it...it also provided me with an income...  that was nice. OK...;why am I concerned enough, let's talk about the mineral and vitamin guidline first. In 1994 DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act was passed which classifies nutrient and herbs as foods. As foods you can set no upper limit on them. You cannot set an upper limit on lettuce...lamb or  roodibaggers.. and similarily you cannot set an upper limit in vitamin C.. echanasia... ginko bi loba ... vitamin D ...    to nutrients is freely given to us.. We are allowed to have any nutients we want because.... this is a very important point... under common law ...  What's not forbidden is permitted.... Codex on the other hand  ... is a Napoleonic Code ...What's not permitted is forbidden law system... under Napoleonic Code ...anything not permitted is forbidden ...  that's called a positive list .... so vitamins and nutrients and minerals ... in 1994 we passed DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act was passed which classifies nutrient and herbs as foods... we can have as much of them as we want thatis our business... in 1994 Codex with no notice here in this country whatsoever.. prepared nutrents ... put on you intellectual seatbelts...declared nutrients to be toxins. they're poisens ... dangerous Industrial poisens ... AS POISENS ... WE HAVE TO BE PROTECTED FROM THEM ...how  do you protect someone from poisens ... you use toxicology ... you use a science called risk assessment ..lt's take a primer on risk assessment  .. first you take the substance that's dangerous and feed it to animals, and the dosage that kills 50% of them ..that's called the LD 50 ... and you exstrapulate what the LD 50 for human being might be.,,then you go down to the other end of the dosage range ...and you start feeding ittie bittie tiny bits of it ..  to test animals ... and you come up with the largest possible dose ...the maximum  permissable upper limit  ... that can be fed to an animal before a discernable impact  is shown ..OK ... no discernable impact .... then you divide that by 100 ... that's how they do it in risk assessment ... and now you've got a safety margin ...  so you have one 100th of the dose that can be given with no discernable impact ...   OK nutrients! Under Codex!!!    Not only are limited to those nutriants on the positive list ...and  we  anticipate there will be 18 of them .. and they do not include.  .  CoQ10  Glucosamine ... cundroyton sulfate ...thye do include floride ... which to my knowledge as a Physician has absolutely no biological benefit whatsoever. ... but it does make people complasent ... floride was first used in the Goolog  ...because it was discovered that prisoners who were fed floridated water ...  were complasent ...  and you could do anything you wanted to them ...  they were easy  to manage ... so you have 18 nutrients  ... you have ittie bittie tiny winy doses ... that are determined scientifically to have no effect ...  on any human being  now in this country we have a problem ... we have ...DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act ... we have to get rid of DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act  in order to  HARM ...on..ise ... with Codex... that part of Codex anyway .... so how do we get rid of DSHEA ...  we attack it legislatively of course .. and ...  there are five.. count them.. five currently before Congress ... designed to overturn ..gut ... invalidate .. and otherwise get rid of DSHEA ...  because once DSHEA is gone we can HARM...on..ise with the vitamin and mineral guideline   ...  so what we are talking about is ....  waking up one morning to find that high potency therapudicly effective clinicly significant nutrients are illegal .... (Codex want to make nutients illegal ) in the way that Heroin is illegal ..not available with a prescription ... Illegal ...  If these nutrients have any impact on  the Human body ...  they are illegal ... that's just the vitamin and mineral guidline ... let's talk about milk .... we have    recombinant bovine  growth hormone and now we can choose milk with it and milk without it ... butter with it or butter without it ..right ...not under Codex ... because under Codex ... every dairy cow ...  on the planet must be treated with Monsanto's recombinant bovine hormone.... furthermore ..under Codex ... every animal used for food on the planent whether it has fins, feet or feathers ... every animal on the planet must be treated with sub clinical antibiotics and and must be treated with exogenous growth hormones ... Codex requires (mandates) that all food be irradiated unless it's eaten locally and raw. including organic food of course ... so is it organic afterwards... well of course the organic standards are incredibly low ...the organic  standards allow a farmer to use vetinary drugs including exogenous growth hormone, anti biotics etc ....on animals and then at his whim, reclassify them as organic ...  but farmers are our friends  and they would never do that...right!!!  Right!!  Codex sets limits for the dangerous industrial chemicals that you can have in your food..and the limits are increditbly high ... go to Codex Alimentarius Commission ... look at the toxins and vetinary  Chemicals  and the levels that are set.,, they are terrifying ot me ..Terrifying ... the names of the Chemicals that are permitted and the amounts of the chemicals that are permitted are terrifying to me ...Why am I terrified?  Well perhaps I am just a cowardly person ...it's possible... think about this.. in 2001, "The levels that are permitted, developed and maintained by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, by the are incredibly high in toxins and the levels that are set the names and amounts of the chemicals are terrifying..." states Dr Rimal Laibox MD a director of the National Association of Nutrition Professionals (NANP) In 2001, 176 Countries including the USA got together and stated that there were 12 really bad dangerous organic chemicals  Chemicals. They're called "Pops".,,"Persistent Organic Pollutants. There are a lot of them, but there are 12 that are so bad that, nobody could disagree that those 12 Pops had to be banned worldwide.Nine of the 12 worst organic Chemicals known are pesticides...not surprisingly..because they kill things..and of course we have many processes and enzime systems that are very much like insects and other pests so, they are not too good for us..but Codex has different ideas...Codex has brought back 7 of the 9 forbidden POPS, that 176 countries  banned worldwide,,,Dieldrin..Aldrin...hexaclorabenzine...etc..and the food that is imported from other countries that contains these substances can not be stopped at our borders..because otherwise it would be God Forbid, a Trade Violation...that's how Codex works..Codex, according to the World Trade Organisation  (WTO) and the Food and Agricultural Organisation's (FAO) joint projections..now I didn't  make this up...please if you have unfastened you're Intellectual Seat Belts...put them back on again...if you do the numbers in the WHO- FAO projections in their report headed Diet Nutrition and Prevention of Chronic Diseases..that just the vitamin and mineral guideline alone...when it goes into global implimentation..on December 31st, 2009...will result in a minimum of 3 billion (that's B... Bad... Big Billion) deaths - onee billion through simple starvation..those folks who die ar not particularily economicly successful from the point of view of the Corporations..when you're starving to death, how much good can you do, when the issue is that how much can you buy.. not a lot.. forget them..but Hah..but the next  two billion...they will die from the preventable diseases (two billion people will die from diseases of under nutrition)..of under nutrition// cancer.. the single most profitable condition known to human kind..Cardiovacular Disease..a good second...diabetis...pritty good producer of income...and a whole host of other preventable diseases. Who will die? Who Knows? Who Will Live? Probably those people who are wealthy enough and powerful enough to have their own pushers of clean food and nutriants..that's who will live!!!  You and I? ..probably not...our children? probably not...our grand children?...probably not!!! So we're talking about food regulations that are in fact are the legalisation of the mandated toxicity and under nutrition..It will become illegal..if there is a famine...where ever there is a famine...to ship high nutriant density biscuits to that country.. and it will be illegal to distribute them...that's what we're talking about!!! Codex is Big and It's Bad..but it's not invunerable. So the point is...that we have to protect ourselves, and I believe we have to regain global leadership, which we have lost. surrendered..squandered..ah..sold..we have sold..just joining the World Trade Organisation (WTO), surended our sovereinghty...however as it just happens I have a team of Constitutional Lawyers..looking at the following question...Are we members of the WTO? Cause if you remember from High School Civics..the way you get a treaty to be a real treaty..is to have it ratified by a two thirds majority of the Senate...and the way we got into the WTO was, they passed a law allowing Bill Clinton to fast track us into the WTO. "That's Not A Treaty"...the USA is not legally not a member of the WTO..now that's a piece of the battle...Someone says from the audience.."you will have to tell George Bush.." we will tell George Bush , but George Bush will not be relevant when we do tell him..ah..so that's a piece of it, but that's not going to save our lives right now because..do you know..picture in your mind...a wasp or a bee trap..where the insect voluntarily goes down the funnel and then can't get up out of the trap again..that's Codex..a regular law can be over turned..it can be repealed...it can be corrected..by  another piece of legislation..but once we become Codex Compliant...in any area...as long as we are members of the WTO..it can never be repealed...because we have lost the sovereignty to become un_codex compliant as long as we are in the WTO, so it's like going down that funnel and not being able to get back out of it. So it's very important that we make sure that we do not become codex compliant...but we will be hit with all those big trade sanctions from the countries that are codex compliant.. so that the country will be destroyed economically..right..no remember surprise..one of the principles of war...remember mass..where you take your strength against the enemies weekness andweek points. Well here's what we've done.  We have a team of lawyers, who have spent hundreds of hours with us pro bono..these are good guy lawyers...these two gentlemen and we have spent hundreds of hours studying Codex, understanding it's weekness..it's weeknesses..a lot of weeknesses.. and constructing a strategy..which 'will take the succer down'....It will take it down...but I need you...you are people that other people come to about safe healthy food..and nutrients... National Association of Nutritrional Professionals NANP 2005 Conference..you are ready made disenimation points..you are the thousand million.... hundred million points of light. Here's what is happening. Every country in the world has to be Codex compliant in order not to get hit by WTO trade sanctions, as I told you of their members of Codex and the WTO..and there are a few countries that are not, but I can guarantee you they are not of any major significance. So. the question is...What is Codex Compliance mean? Well, most people in most countries..most legislators believe that they have to adopt  as their national standard on that particular subject...what Codex ratified. But that's not the case, any more than we're in the WTO. That's not the case either. What this means is that the format..the issues and the subjects..covered by a Codex Guideline...Standard or Regulation..have to be addressed in the country's guideline standard or regulation on the same topic. So what we have done is create the first of many alternative Codex guidelines. You can go to our website www.HealthFreedomUSA.org and you will see a little button on the upper right handside that says sign this citzen's partition. Now to briefly digress the citizen's partition is not like a grocery store partition that you sign and bring to somebody and say 'I have 200,000 signatures and they dump it in the waist basket, because it is in their mind, it is one signature that you and your friends wrote 200,000 names. No...it is a legal challenge to the policy of the United States Government on Codex. It's called a citizen's partition. It's a legal challenge..We're suing the United States Government..saying what you're doing is illegal folks...let us tell you how..we want hearings of fact...we want redress..we want correction..if we get what we want...that's dandy...if we don't get what we want we have gone through a process..exhausting administrative remedies.. we have made the case ripe for court. So OK, I need you and everybody you know, to sign this citizen's partition..stating this is a bad policy on mass..and you do this on the web..and you will see the instructions and we present the thousands and thousands of pages that we print out that have people's signatures to the US Codex Office and to the FDA (Federal Drug Administration) and they don't like that at all..but that's OK. However, this time..this is the second amendment of the citizen's partition that we're asking you to sign. This time the revised vitamin and mineral guideline is part of it. It is part of the law suit saying this needs to be US Policy. The more voices that say..this is what I want...and you work for me..Mr and Mrs beaureaucrat and Mr and Mrs congressman and Mr and Mrs Senator. The more voices the more weight. So step number one is read and sign the citizen's partition. Step number two diseminate the information..the weblink. put it out in your office. get your patients...your friends and neighbours..your suppliers..to sign the citizens partition and your suppliers..the companies you use, are going to tell you that you're out of your minds...they will tell you that Codex is not a problem..and they will tell you..anyone here have a dog..OK...dog owners know that you ask a dog to heal..sit down...stay..that's Codex in this country and worldwide, because the more people that are in Codex comma, the less trouble they have getting this through...anyone here of the NNFA.the National Nutrition Foods Association..everybody's heard of the NNFA. Did you know that the members of the NNFA and not just health foods stores and manufacturers..but include companies with names you may have heard...Pfizer ...Merck...Monsanto...Bayer...BASF..Archer Daniels Midland..Glaxo....Aires..ClyneW elcome ..... you get the idea..why?..because after DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act was passed, and the nutriant business virgined..the Pharmaceuticals, folks, who are not dumb, said there is gold in them there pills..and they brought the means of production of many many many companies.. and they brought the companies themselves..so there in the nutrient business. What better way to kill the nutrient business, which is not nearly as profitable as the toxic chemical drug business, than to take it over. It works everytime..right!! CRN...anybody here know about CRN..Council for Responsable Nutritian. Same members...they have lots of multi level marketing companies...same members..OK..and their serving their members needs. CRN are saying....Yeh...Codex is coming..Codex is going to protect us from those dangerous vitamins and minerals and herbs and CRN is saying it's fine...go to sleep lulaby and goodnight..and everything is fine...and they use a report that they commissoned at a reputed cost of $800,000..a report prepared by Sydley Austin Brown and Rute..a law firm in Washington...wrote a report for them..and it said lullaby...and goodnight everything is fine..it won't have an impact on the United States..everything is fine..Sydley Austin Brown and Rute has one major client..who's name you might know..Merk. Now it's entirely possible that the NNFA just did a spectacular bad job of due dilligence..or not..anyway...the report says everything is fine..everything is dandy.there will be no problem..we've got DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act Yeh, sure we do. Now lets talk about Australia...remember five laws before congress to over turn DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act and you can write to congress on the website...Now congress uses the multiplier of 13,000 to one...every email, fa,x phone call...letter..don't write letters...they get decontaminated, they never get to congress...every email, fax and phone call..counts as 13,000 constituants opinions..they figure that if you write a letter or send an email there are 12,999 lazy who can't bother to get to the computer terminal to do the same thing, but they feel the way you do. interesting..that's power my friends...that's power..that's 13,000 to one. Suppose we have a million people...suppose we have 10 million people..supposed we have 100 million people...saying,,  Don't You Dare!!!  Now congress has one rule...above all others.. anybody know what it is? Get Re-elected! That's the primary rule, the prime directive is to get re-elected. Now DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act was passed you may remember by  unaminous congressional consent. Was that because one morning all members of Congress woke up and said..."I See The Light.. Nutriants Are Better Than Drugs!! "... They said, oh, If I don't go along with this..I'll never be re-elected to anything.....remember critical mass...remember we were out on the streets and we were up on our hind legs and we were making noise and we were rallying...and rallying and we were writing letters and we said....Don't You Dare To Take Away My Health Freedom!!! Remember?   Expect that we got fat dumb and lazy and stopped protecting ourselves ...and we're in the same place again.... exept that it's all food instead of just nutriants. So! Thats point number One. Use the freedom mouse..ride the freedom mouse. We've made it as easy as possible in the site...Sign up, for the emails. I will never sell your information to anyone. I promise you. Plus I will never rent it, I will never share it, you'll only get an email from me, and we need you to know what's going on. So I''ll send you email blasts. I'll send you things that you can do... or not. It is your choice.. Get everybody you know..informed....now what else can you do? Now we're going to write a series of alternative guidelines. Everything bad in codes will have an alternative guideline that turns it into a pro health guideline. What have we done with the vitamin and mineral guideline?  You can see that because we have a marked up copy that has their guideline crossed out and ours written in on the website..It's right there. What we've done is turn it into a guideline that mandates "bio-chemicaly individually determined optimal health" and it's still Codex compliant...So we said..OK. now we need congress to adopt this, and we need other countries in the world to adopt this, so, Burt and I went to Washington DC and we met Daniel Rorobocker from Orange County, who said to us, he's a representative.... he said "I believe in pesticides...  " I went Oh.. He said I believe in GMO's I went Oh... He said " I believe in Iradiation of food"  I went OH... But he said..."I believe in your right to eat foods that have not been processed that way more than I believe in those technologies... I will take this one on..." We said. " OH that's really nice.." He said now..."We need a coaition..."  So we went across the isle ....across the office building to see Peter Defozio's staff from Oregan who would was a Liberal Democrat., whereas  Rorobocker is a Libritarian Republican, and Defazio's on board and we have large numbers of others who actually has never heard of Codex. before we told them about it. Never heard of Codex ...we have called every health legislative aid on congress.  What's you're Congressmans's position on Codex?  and they've said "Wah????"...We have spoken to the trade legislative assistants and asked. What's you congressman's position on Codex?  Congress and trade legislative's assistants and staff are not informed on Codex   ... and they all said.. Wah Wah.. They don't know.  We had a congressional briefing set up on the 20th of September, I was going to address Congress...and tell them about it.. I thought that that was cool...10 days before it became a briefing on something else.  Another Freedom Click ... you need to write to Congress on the site and tell them that they need a Congressional Briefing, by God and tell them you want me to brief them. They don't know about Codex ..they've never heard of it any more than the general public has heard of  Codex.... Gee How did that happen?.. Who knows? Every negative part of Codex can be over turned by guideline, a regulation or a standard, that is positive, So we need your help because the United States leadership in this guideline and all the positive guidelines that is to follow is what is going to literally follow, is what is going to save the population of  the planet earth and save your jobs and your children and your families and mine. Thank you!! Speach by Dr Rimal Laibox MD a director of the the National Association of Nutrition Professionals (NANP) Produced by EON the Ecological Options Network for Bauman College in cooperation with the Natural Solutions Foundation and the National Association of Nutrition Professionals (NANP) 2005 http://www.blacklistednews.com/?news_id=5768 http://www.codexcorp.com/ CODEX CORP:  Specialising in Corrections and Healthcare, it may be an unusual combination but it works for us, our partners and customers who want to keep a close control and watch on the use of health care and nutritional products in the community and with our unique and far reaching security and monitoring systems we will be able to tell our customers instantly if anyone in the world is using nutrients and minerals that are not Codex approved  and compliant, and have them quickly detained and punished for not complying with Codex approved and compliant products. With Codex we are proud to say that no one will escape detection. Codex Corporation and its founders have over 100 years experience in this business including the management and design of the concentration camps in Germany. Codex Corporation was originally the multi billion  International Giant I G Farben. A quick background on our founding company I G Farben and its directors and managers will help convince you that as far as security, nutrient and health care management, people management, corrections management, Codex ( Formerly IG Farben) is the company you should chose for any issues in Corrections and Heathcare Management. Codex and its security management has the ability to make sure there is no health freedom. not just in the USA but all over the world... and Codex has the ability to make sure anyone that tries to think for a minute they can get way with trying to have health freedom, will quickly be caught, detained and punished by Codex's unique and far reaching security and monitoring systems...The Codex Moto is "None will escape detection and punishment of the unauthorised use of nutrients with Codex on the job....just look at out success record in designing and managing the concentration camp in Germany....our success record at Codex Corporation, formerly IG Farben in people, healthcare and corrections management speaks for itself" Codex Corporation's, formerly IG Farben's 100 year History in People, Healthcare and Corrections Management provided from Codex Alimentarius Speach by Dr Rimal Laibox MD of the Natural Solutions Fioundation, Produced by EON the Ecological Options Network for Bauman College in cooperation with the Natural Solutions Foundation and the National Association of Nutrition Professionals (NANP) 2005 www.HealthFreedomUSA.org Dr Rimal Laibox is an experienced healthcare professional and has studies Codex Corporation, formerly IG Farben's progess ov erthe last decade to become  the leaders in People, Healthcare and Corrections Management in the United States. Codex and Nutricide " Let me tell you about Codex Alimentarius, let me define it for you, let me help you understand the enemy..and let me assure you that absolutely nothing that I am going to tell you, is exagerated, is interperlated, or is imagined. Every thing I am going to tell you is documented. A great deal of it is documented on my website, whichwww.HealthFreedomUSA.org. Let me back up and tell you that I have been watching Codex come toward us for about the last decade. ,,, and I have been watching the vote sin congress, which God help us is our bastion of support and protection against Codex and I will explain why that is. I have been watching the votes to protect our health freedom dwindle, until finally in the 109th Congress, without a good deal of activity, we didn't have the votes to protect us. I have been watching Codex excellerate and I have been watching it expand, and I have been getting more and more troubled. Let me give you a brief run down of Codex then. After the second world war, the Nuremberg Tribunals were held in which people who had committed crimes against humanity were judged by the world community in a court run by the United States and Britain...  and they were sentenced to terms in prison if they were found guilty of crimes against humanity. In 1948 some of the people who were found guilty of crimes against humanity on the basis of mass murder, slavery and other crimes were the president and 24 board members and executives  of a hugh industrial megalith called IG Farben. Amazingly enough however, by 1951 all of them had already been released, and and continuing to consult with German Corporations IG Farben produced the gas used in the gas chambers Zyklon B, they produced the steel for the death camps and the rail road line, they produced the munitions, they produced chemicals, they produced all kinds of stuff. The Nuremberg Tribunal disolved IG Farben into companies such as  into BASF - Hoechst - Bayer They produced pharmaceuticals.. a big big pharacuticals company.  So the president of IG Farben Fritz ter Meer, the senior manager at IB Farben, was convicted of crimes against Humanity on the basis of mass murder, slavery and other crimes on 29th July, 1948. Although he co-operated with SS and the Final Solution, Fritz ter Meer was sentenced to 7 years only in War Criminal Prison, but only served about three years in prison, no more someone that bounces a business cheque for say $1,000 and is charged for fraud in the $1,000 bounced cheque for it not being honoured on presentation. Someone steals an apple can get 3 years in prison also, or if he or she stole the apple as a servant they can receive 7 years in prison, Now Fritz ter Meer is sort of an artistic fellow and he was the one responsible for the slogan that people saw as they entered Autswitz, usually for the last time, "Work Brings Freedom". Fritz ter Meer was a creative sort of fellow. Fritz ter Meer was responsible for the slogan that people saw as they entered Auschwitz-, usually for the last time,  " Work brings  Freedom....a creative sort of fellow. You will notice that the institutions that Fritz ter Meer worked for an/or had shareholdings in as listed by Wikepedia are Institutions IG Farben, Bayer, Codex Alimentarius The Bayer executive Fritz ter Meer, sentenced to seven years in prison by the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal, was made head of the supervisory board of Bayer in 1956, after his release. Fritz ter Meer ( July 4 1884 – October 27 1967 ) was a German chemist. He was the son of Edmund ter Meer the founder of a chemical company that later became part of Bayer. Fritz ter Meer also worked for Bayer and later IG Farben. He was involved in the planning of Monowitz concentration camp, a satellite camp of KZ Auschwitz. He was sentenced to seven years prison by the Nuremberg Trials in 1948. After he was released in 1951 he became supervisory board chairman (Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender) of the Bayer AG. He retired in 1961. The Bayer company then became part of IG Farben, a conglomerate of German chemical industries that formed a part of the financial core of the German Nazi regime. IG Farben owned 42.5% of the company that manufactured Zyklon B,[2] a chemical used in the gas chambers of Auschwitz and other extermination camps. During World War II, the company also extensively used slave labor in factories attached to large slave labor camps, notably the sub-camps of the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp[3]. When the Allies split IG Farben into several pieces after World War II for involvement in organized Nazi war crimes, Bayer re-appeared as an individual business. The Bayer executive Fritz ter Meer, sentenced to seven years in prison by the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal, was made head of the supervisory board of Bayer in 1956, after his release. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_ter_Meer Fritz ter Meer undefined Fritz ter Meer Born June 4, 1884 Uerdingen, Germany Died October 27, 1967 (aged 83) Leverkusen, Germany Nationality German Institutions IG Farben, Bayer, Codex Alimentarius Fritz ter Meer ( July 4 1884 – October 27 1967 ) was a German chemist. He was the son of Edmund ter Meer the founder of a chemical company that later became part of Bayer. Fritz ter Meer also worked for Bayer and later IG Farben. He was involved in the planning of Monowitz concentration camp, a satellite camp of KZ Auschwitz. He was sentenced to seven years prison by the Nuremberg Trials in 1948. After he was released in 1951 he became supervisory board chairman (Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender) of the Bayer AG. He retired in 1961.    * Heine, Jens Ulrich (1990). Verstand und Schicksal. Die Männer der I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G. (1925-1945). Weinheim; New York: VCH.ISBN 978-3527281442.    * Codex Alimentarius Commission [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_ter_Meer Edmund ter Meer ( 1852 – November 5, 1931) was a German chemist who discovered the ter Meer reaction and founded in 1877 the ter Meer dye company in Uerdingen. After the fusion with the aniline factory of Julius Weiler the Weiler-ter Meer company was formed. This company later became part of the Bayer company. His son Fritz ter Meer also became a chemist associated to the Bayer company. Edmund ter Meer Born 1852 Died  November 5, 1931 (aged 79) Nationality German Institutions Bayer Known for ter Meer reaction References    * Max Bodenstein, H. Leuchs (1931). "Sitzung vom 16. November 1931". Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 64 (11): A211–A212. doi:10.1002/cber.19310641139.*    * ter Meer Prize University Bonn    * "Ter Meer family." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online    * Uerdingen industrial area history So Fritz ter Meer was sitting in jail and he said "well, that didn't work..what else can we do?   I've got it food..he who controls food controls ....the world..."  Fritz ter Meer  got out of jail he went to his  UN buddies and said "Have I got an idea for you..if we take over food world wide..we have power world wide, and his UN buddies said. "cool idea". So they created a Trade Commission. That's a very powerful set of words... A Trade Commission....called the Codex Alimentarius Commission It is not a Public Health Commission..it is not a Consumer Protection Commission....it is a Trade Commission. Trade is about what? Money!! Trade is about Business!! Trade is about Profit!! Well they said in 1962 we're going to work towards total, global implimentation of Codex Alimentarius on December 31st, 2009. Long Term.... and they set up a bunch of committees.. committees on fish and fishery...fats and oil... fruits and vegetables... ground nuts...nutritian  for special diatary uses and so on. There are currently about 27 Codex committees, they are regional organisations, there are task forces and so anf so on. So it's ahugh beaurocratic mostrosety.it's emence. Codex has promogated well over 4,000 guidelines, standards and regulations on everything...everything which can legally be put into your mouth, with the excpetion of Pharmaceuticals. they are not part of Codex. That is an importand point. Now Codex standards have no legal weight whatsoever. Zero. So who cares about them..their just standards...so we are talking about an industry setting regulation organisation, but if it has no legal standing .. who cares? Right!! Here's the history of Codex Alimentarius before 1962. Please note here that Fritz ter Meer  was sentenced to seven years prison by the Nuremberg Trials in 1948 having been found guilty of crimes against humanity on the basis of mass murder, slavery and other crimes . After he was released in 1951 he became supervisory board chairman (Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender) of the Bayer AG. He officiialy retired as supervisory board chairman of Bayer AG in 1961 so he could behind the scene concentrate of working with his UN buddies on developing his idea of  setting up a syatem that will control the whoole world's food supply under the code name Codex Alimentarius. It would not look good publicly for Fritz ter Meer  who was sentenced to only seven years prison by the Nuremberg Trials in 1948 having been found guilty of crimes against humanity on the basis of mass murder, slavery and other crimes, and only served about three years of his sentence because of his powerful UN buddies, to be seen to be publicly be involved with Codex Alimentarius. Here's the history of Codex Alimentarius before 1962. The Austian Hungarian Empire said we need rules by which the courts can rule on cases involving food.o we'll have regulations and rules that the courts will enforce.... that's how they get their way. That was called the Codex Alimentarius and  was put into place around 1893 and lasted until the end of the Austrian Hungarian Empire in the first world war. So the idea was there in the Germanic tradition. We need rules..lots of rules...lots a nd lots and lots of rules..we need a lot of rules... let's have rules for everything to do with food. So it was a natural extention for the German Industrialists to say we'll go back to the good old days of Codex Alimentarius back  when we had them in Austrian Hungarian Empire. Cool. So they started promilgating their rules and regulations and they were voluntary. They were sort of guidlines. Now Codex Alimentarius Commission is administered by the World Health Oganisation (WHO) and the Food and Aricultural Organisation (FAO)  and they fund Codex and they run it at the request of the United Nations (UN). So the're mummy and daddy to Codex Alimentarius.  And that's very interesting because they're supposed to be about health and food world wide. Some conflicts of interest that we'll talk about. So Codex started promilgating regulations and rules, and the way that's done is that the committees work up a rule, a standard, a guideline, or regulation an dthey get it to what's called a step 8 which is the final step in their administrative process... and then it's presented to the Codex Alimentarius Commission for ratification, like the vitamin and mineral guidline was presented to the Codex Alimentarius Commission on July 4th this past summer (2005). It was ratified... it was approved by consensus...and it is now...despite the propaganda that your going to hear if you every hear about it in the media... it is now mandatory on any member country and the WTO, the World Trade Organisation. Well what in the world do they have to do with it? And the answer is everything. The World Trade Organisation you see accepted Codex when the world organisation was formed in 1994. They said, "well how are we going to decide trade disputes around food if we don't have a set of rules. I know..we'll accept the Codex Alimentarius rules and all the members of the WTO will...willl world wide...get ready for an Orwellian Term will harmonise with are standards, with the codex standards.. I suggest you capitalise the first four letters in your mind ...HARM... onise ... everybody is supposed to .HARM... onise... with Codex....   and when they HARM... onise with Codex, then if the get pulled into the WTO Dispute Resolution Process they have a chance of winning because here's the kicker... are you ready for this one ...  if two countries go into the World Trade Organisation Dispute Resolution Process  and one of then is Codex compliant, and one of them is not Codex Compliant.. the one that is Codex Compliant automaticlly wins regardless of the merit of the case.  People are using Codex Compliant in a much bigger economic battle. So every couunty in the world is racing to do what?   Become Codex Compliant. So in the United States...the situation is OK ..how do we become Codex compliant when we have laws that protect us. You have to remember that Codex does not serve consumer well being. Codex does not serve what I call the five Bigs...Big Pharma Big Chema Big Biotechna Big AgriBiz and Bid Medica ,,,little me and little you are not served by Codex, in the least, so before we go forward and talk about the rest of  what has to happen, let's ask what Codex does? You probably all know about the vitamin and mineral guidline that was ratified on July 4th ( 2005). You may not kow that although it is said that CODEX regulations guidlines and standards that have been ratified are volantary....That Are Not Voluntary...That is known as a lie!!! They are mandatory..but  thye ar enot fully mandatory until December, 31st 2009. They're sort of kinda a little bit mandatory now. and they're totally mandatory then. So what does Codex do? Why do I care enough about Codex to close my practice and stop treating patients who came to me from around the world..to help them regain their health and be radiantly well with non toxic means which is a very satisfying thing to do.. I love it...it also provided me with an income...  that was nice. OK...;why am I concerned enough, let's talk about the mineral and vitamin guidline first. In 1994 DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act was passed which classifies nutrient and herbs as foods. As foods you can set no upper limit on them. You cannot set an upper limit on lettuce...lamb or  roodibaggers.. and similarily you cannot set an upper limit in vitamin C.. echanasia... ginko bi loba ... vitamin D ...    to nutrients is freely given to us.. We are allowed to have any nutients we want because.... this is a very important point... under common law ...  What's not forbidden is permitted.... Codex on the other hand  ... is a Napoleonic Code ...What's not permitted is forbidden law system... under Napoleonic Code ...anything not permitted is forbidden ...  that's called a positive list .... so vitamins and nutrients and minerals ... in 1994 we passed DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act was passed which classifies nutrient and herbs as foods... we can have as much of them as we want thatis our business... in 1994 Codex with no notice here in this country whatsoever.. prepared nutrents ... put on you intellectual seatbelts...declared nutrients to be toxins. they're poisens ... dangerous Industrail poisens ... AS POISENS ... WE HAVE OT BE PROTECTED FROM THEM ...how  do you protect someone form poisens ... you use toxicology ... you use a science called risk assessment ..lt's take a primeron risk assessment  .. first you take the substance thats dangerous and feed it to animals and the dosage that kills 50% of them ..that's called the LD 50 ... and you exstrapulate what the LD 50 for human being might be.,,then you go down to the other end of the dosage range ...and you start feeding ittie bittie tiny bits of it ..   to test animals ... and you come up with the largest possible dose ...the maximum  permissable upper limit  ... that can be fed ot an animal before a discernable impact  is shown ..OK ... no discernable impact .... then you divide that by 100 ... that's how they do it in risk assessment ... and now you've got a safety margin ...  so you have one 100th of the dose that can be given with no discernable impact ...   OK nutrients! Under Codex!!!    Not only are limited ot those nutriants on the positive list ...and  we  anticipate there will be 18 of them .. and they do not include.  .  CoQ10  Glucosamine ... cundroyton sulfate ...thye do include floride ... which to my knowledge as a Physician has absolutely no biological benefit whatsoever. ... but it does make people complasent ... floride was first used in the Goolog  ...because it was discovered that prisoners who were fed floridated water ...  were complasent ...  and you could do anything you wanted to them ...  thye were easy  to manage ... so you have 18 nutrients  ... you have ittie bittie tiny winy doses ... that are determined scientifically to have no effect ...  on any human being  now in this country we have a problem ... we have ...DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act ... we have to get rid of DSHEA -Dietry Suppliments Health and Education Act  in order to  HARM ...on..ise ... with Codex... that part of Codex anyway .... so how do we get rid of DSHEA ...  we attack it legislatively of course .. and ...  there are five.. count them.. five currently before Congress ... designed to overturn ..gut ... invalidate .. and otherwise get rid of DSHEA ...  because once DSHEA is gone we can HARM...on..ise with the vitamin and mineral guideline   ...  so what we are talking about is ....  waking up one morning to find that high potency therapudiclly effective clinicly significant nutrients are illegal .... (Codex want to make nutients illegal ) in the way that Heroin is illegal ..not available with a prescription ... Illegal ...  If these nutrients have any impact on  the Human body ...  they are illegal ... that's just the vitamin and mineral guidline ... let's talk about milk .... we have    recombinant bovine  growth hormone and now we can choose milk with it and milk without it ... butter with it or butter without it ..right ...not under Codex ... because under Codex ... every dairy cow ...  on the planet must be treated with Monsanto's recombinant bovine hormone.... furthermore ..under Codex ... every animal used for food on the planent whether it has fins, feet or feathers ... every animal on the planet must be treated with sub clinical antibiotics and and must be treated with exogenous growth hormones ... Codex requires (mandates) that all food be irradiated unless it's eaten locally and raw. including organic food of course ... so is it organis afterwards... well of course the organic standards are incredibly low ...the organic  standards allow a farmer to use vetinary drugs including exogenous growth hormone, anti biotics etc ....on animals and then at his whim, reclassify them as organic ...  but farmers are our friends  and they would never do that...right!!!  Right!!  Codex sets limits for the dangerous industrial chemicals that you can have in your food..and the limits are increditbly high ... go to Codex Alimentarius Commission ... look at the toxins and vetinary  Chemicals  and the levels that are set.,, they are terrifying ot me ..Terrifying ... the names of the Chemicals that are permitted and the amounts of the chemicals that are permitted are terrifying to me ...Why am I terrified?  Well perhaps I am just a cowardly person ...it's possible... think about this.. in 2001, "The levels that are permitted, developed and maintained by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, by the are incredibly high in toxins and the levels that are set the names and amounts of the chemicals are terrifying..." states Dr Rimal Laibox MD a director of the National Association of Nutrition Professionals (NANP) In 2001, 176 Countries including the USA got together and stated that there were 12 really bad dangerous organic chemicals  Chemicals. They're called "Pops".,,"Persistent Organic Pollutants. There are a lot of them, but there are 12 that are so bad that, nobody could disagree that those 12 Pops had to be banned worldwide.Nine of the 12 worst organic Chemicals known are pesticides...not surprisingly..because they kill things..and of course we have many processes and enzime systems that are very much like insects and other pests so, they are not too good for us..but Codex has different ideas...Codex has brought back 7 of the 9 forbidden POPS, that 176 countries  banned worldwide,,,Dieldrin..Aldrin...hexaclorabenzine...etc..and the food that is imported from other countries that contains these substances can not be stopped at our borders..because otherwise it would be God Forbid, a Trade Violation...that's how Codex works..Codex, according to the World Trade Organisation  (WTO) and the Food and Agricultural Organisation's (FAO) joint projections..now i didn't  make this up...please if you have unfastened you're Intellectual Seat Belts...put them back on again...if you do the numbers in the who FAO projections in their report headed Diet Nutrition and prevention of Chronic Diseases..that just the vitamin and mineral guideline alone...when it goes into global implimentation..on December 31st, 2009...will result in a minimum of 3 billion (that's B... Bad... Big Billion) deaths - one billion through simple starvation..those folks who die ar not particularily economicly successful from the point of view of the Corporations..when you're starving to death, how much good can you do, when the issue is that how much can you buy.. not a lot.. forget them..but Hah..but the next  two billion...they will die from the preventable diseases (two billion people will die from diseases of under nutrition)..of under nutrition// cancer.. the single most profitable condition know to human kind..CardiovacularDisease..a good second...diabetis...pritty good producer of income...and a whole host of other preventable diseases. Who will die? Who Knows? Who Will Live? Probably those people who are wealthy enough and powerful enough to have their own pushers of clean food and nutriants..that's who will live!!!  You and I? ..probably not...our children? probably not...our grand children?...probably not!!! So we're talking about food regulations that are in fact are the legalisation of the mandated toxicity and under nutrition..It will become illegal..if there is a famine...whereecer there is a famine...to ship high nutriant density biscuits to that country.. and it will be illegal to distribute them...that's what we're talking about!!! Codex is Big and It's Bad..but it's not invunerable. So the point is...that we have to protect ourselves, and I believe we have to regain global leadership, which we have lost. surrendered..squandered..ah..sold..we have sold..just joining the World Trade Organisation (WTO), surended our sovereinghty...however as it just happens I have a team of Constitutional Lawyers..looking at the following question...Are we members of the WTO? Cause if you remember form High School Civics..they way you get a treaty to be a real treaty..is ot have it ratified by a two thirds majority of the Senate...and the way we got into the WTO was, they passed a law allowing Bill Clinton to fast track us into the WTO. "That's Not A Treaty"...the USA is not legally not a member of the WTO..now that's a piece of the battle...Someone says from the audience.."you will have to tell George.." we will tell George Bush , but George Bush will not be relevant when we do tell him..ah..so that's a piece of it, but  that's not going to save our lives right now because..do you know..picture in your mind...a wasp or a bee trap..were ot insect voluntarily goes down the funnel and then can't get up out of the trap again..that's Codex..a regular law can be over turned..it can be repealed...it can be corrected..by  another piece of legislation..but once we become Codex Compliant...in nay area...as long as we are members of the WTO..it can never be repealed...because we have lost the sovereignty to become un_codex compliant as long as we are in the WTO, so it's like going down that funnel and not being able to get back out of it. So it's very important that we make sure that we do not become codex compliant...but we will be hit with all those bis trade sanctions from the countries that are codex compliant,, so that the country will be destroyed economically..right..no remember surprise..one of the principles of war...remember mass..where you take your strength against the enemies weekness ads week points. Well here's what we've done.  We have a team of lawyers, who have spent hundreds of hours with us pro bono..these are good guy lawyers...these two gentlemen and we have spent hundreds of hours studying Codex, understanding it's weekness..it's weeknesses..a lot of weeknesses.. and constructing a strategy..which 'will take the succer down'....It will take it down...but I need you...you are people that other people come to about safe healthy food..and nutrients... National Association of Nutritrional Professionals NANP 2005 Conference..you are ready made disenimation points..you are the thousand million.... hundred million points of light. Here's what is happening/ Every country in the world has ot be Codex compliant in order not to get hit by WTO trade sanctions, as I told you of their members of Codex and the WTO..and there are a few countries that are not, but I can guarantee you they are not of any major significance. So. the question is...What is Codex Compliance mean? Well, most people in most countries..most legislators believe that they have to adopt  as their national standard on that particular subject...what Codex ratified. But that's not the case, any more than we're in the WTO. That's not the case either. What is means is that the format..the issues and the subjects..covered by a Codex Guideline...Standard or Regulation..have to be addressed in the country's guideline standard or regulation on the same topic. So what we have done is create the first of many alternative Codex guidelines. You can go to our website www.HealthFreedomUSA.org and you will see a little button on the upper right handside that says sign this citzen's partition. Now to briefly digress the citizen's partition is not like a grocery store partition that you sign and bring to somebody and say 'I have 200,000 signatures and they dump it in the waist basket, because it is in their mind, it is one signature that you and your friends wrote 200,000 names. No...it is a legal challenge to the policy of the United States Government on Codex. It's called a citizen's partition. It's a legal challenge..We're suing the United States Government..saying what you're doing is illegal folks...let us tell you how..we want hearings of fact...we want redress..we want correction..if we get what we want//that's dandy...if we don't get what we want we have gone through a process..exhausting administrative remedies.. we have made the case ripe for court. So Ok, I need you and everybody you know, to sign this citizen's partition..sating this is a bad policy on mass..and you do this on the web..and you will see the instructions and we present the thousands and thousands of pages that we print out that have people's signatures to the US Codex Office and to the FDA (Federal Drug Administration) and they don't like that at all..but that's OK. However, this time..this is the second amendment of the citizen's partition that we're asking you to sign. This time the revised vitamin and mineral guideline is part of it. It is part of the law suit saying this needs to be US Policy. The more voices that say..this is what I want...and you work for me..mr and mrs beaureaucrat and mr and mrs congressman and mr and mrs senator. The more voices the more weight. So step number one is read and sign the citizen's partition. Step number two diseminate the information..the weblink. put it out in your office. get your patients...your friends and neighbours..your suppliers..to sign the citizens partition and your suppliers..the companies you use,, are going to tell you that you're out of your minds...they will tell you that Codex is not a problem..and the will tell you..anyone here have a dog..OK...dog owners know that you ask a dog to heal..sit down...stay..that's codex in this country and worldwide, because the more people that are in Codex comma, the less trouble they have getting this through...any here of the NNFA.the National Nutrition Foods Association..everybody's heard of the NNFA. Did you know that the members of the NNFA and not just health foods stores and manufacturers..but include companies with names you may have heard...Pfizer ...Merck...Monsanto...Bayer...BASF..Archer Daniels Midland..Glaxo....Aires..clyne welcome you get the idea..why?..because after Tochet was passed and the nutriant business virgined..the pharasutical folks who are not dumb, said there is gold in them there pills..and they brought the means of production of many many many companies.. and they brought the companies themselves..so there in the nutriant business. What better way to kill the nutriant business, which is not nearly as profitable as the toxic chemical drug business, than to take it over. It works everytime..right!! CRN...anybody here know about CRN..Council for Responsablr Nutritian.  Same members...they hav lots of multi level marketing companies...same members..OK..and their serving their members needs. CRN are saying,,,Yeh...Codex is coming..Codex is going to protect us from those dangerous vitamins and minerals and herbs and CRN is saying it's fine...go to sleep lulaby and goodnight..and everything is fine...and they use a report that they commissoned at a reputed cost of $800,000..a report prepared by Sydley Austin Brown and Rute..a law firm in Washington...wrote a report for them..and it said lullaby...and goodnight everything is fine..it won't have an impact on the United States..everything is fine..Sydley Austin Brown and Rute has one major client..who's name you might know..Merk. Now it's entirely possible that the NNFA just did a spectacular bad job of due dilligence..or not..anyway...the report says everything is fine..everything is dandy.there will be no problem..we'ver got dishet( Touchet?) Yeh, sure we do. Now lets talk about Australia...remember five laws befofore congress overturned dishet (?) and you can write to congress on the website...Now congress uses the multiplier of 13,000 to one...every email fax phone call...letter..don't write letters...they get decontaminated, they never get to congress...every email. fax and phone call..counts as 13,000 constituants opinions..they figure that if you write a letter or send an email there are 12,999 lazy who can't bother to get to the computer terminal to do the same thing, but they feel the way you do. interesting..that's power my friends...that's power..that's 13,000 to one. Suppose we have a million people...suppose we have 10 million people..supposed we have 100 million people...saying,,  Don't You Dare!!!  Now congress has one rule...above all others.. anybody know what it is? Gte Re-elected! That's the primary rule,, the prime directive is to get re-elected. No w touchet was passed you may remember by  unaminous congressional consent. Was that because one morning all members of Congress woke up and said..."I See Th Light.. Nutriants Are Better Than Drugs!! "... They said, oh, If I don't go along with this..I'll never be re-elected to anything.....remember critical mass...remember we were out on the streets and we were up on our hind legs and we were making noise and we were rallying...and rallying and we were writing letters and we said....Don't You Dare To Take Away My Health Freedom!!! Remember?   Expect that we got fat dumb and lazy and stopped protecting ourselves ...and we're in the same place again.... exept that it's all food instead of just nutriants. So! Thats point number One. Use the freedom mouse..ride the freedom mouse. We've made it as easy as possible in the site...Sign up, for the emails. I will never sell your information to anyone. I promise you. Plus I will never rent it, I will never share it, you'll only get an email from me, and wee need you to know what's going on. So I''ll send you email blasts. I'll send you things that you can do... or not. It is your choice.. Gte everybody you know..informed....now what else can you do? Now we're going to write a series of alternative guidelines. Everything bad in codes will have am alternative guideline that turns it into a pro health guideline. What have wee done with the vitamin and mineral guideline?  You can see that because we have a mark up copy that has their guideline crossed out and ours written in on the website..It's right there. What we've done is turn it into a guideline that mandates "bio-chemicaly individually determined optimal health" and it;s still Codex compliant...So we said..OK. now we need congress to adopt this, and we need other countries in the world to adopt this, so, Burt and I went to Washington DC and we met Daniel Rorobocker from Orange County, who said to us, he's a representative.... he said "I believe in pesticides...  " I went Oh.. He said I believe in GMO's I went Oh... He said " I believe in Iradiation of food"  I went OH... "But he said...I believe in your right to eat foods that have not been processed that way more than I believe in those technologies... I will take this one..." We said. " OH that's really nice.." He said now..."We need a coilition..."  So we wnet across the ilse across he office building to see Peter Defozio's staff from Oregan who would was a Liberal Democrat., whereas Rorobocker is a Libritarian Republican, and Defazio's on board and we have large numbers of others who actually has never heard of Codex. before we told them about it. Never heard of Codex,,,we have called ever health legislative aid on congress.  what's you're Congressmans's position on Codex?  and they've said "Wah????"...We have spoken to the trade legislative assistants and asked. What's you congressman's position on Codex?  Congress and trade legislative's assistants and staff are not informed on Codex   ... and they all said.. Wah Wah.. They don't know.  We had a congressional briefing set up on the 20th of September, I was going to address Congress...and tell them about it.. I thought that that was cool...10 days before it became a briefing on something else.  Another Freedom Click ... you need to write to Congress on the site and tell them that they need a Congressional Briefing, by God and tell them you want me to brief them. They don't know about Codex ..they've never heard of it any more than the general public has heard of  Codex Gee How did that happen.. who knows? Every negative part of Codex can be over turned by guideline, a regulation or a standard, that is positive, So we need your help because the United States leadership in this guideline and all the positive guidelines that is to follow is what is going to literally follow is what is going to save the population of  the planet earth and save your jobs and your children and your families and mine. Thank you!! Speach by Dr Rimal Laibox MD a director of the the National Association of Nutrition Professionals (NANP) Produced by EON the Ecological Options Network for Bauman College in cooperation with the Natural Solutions Foundation and the National Association of Nutrition Professionals (NANP) 2005 Codex Alimentarius summarized in 7 pointsPublished on 09-30-2009 Codex Alimentarius is scheduled for full global implementation on December 31st, 2009, and not a word has been spoken in main stream media about this threat to humanity. The principle of self medication with herbal/vitamin/mineral food supplements would be restricted to ‘prescription only’ status, if the Codex Alimentarius is applied in the UK and elsewhere, particularly the USA. (UK only) Since the NHS priorities are ill health diagnosis and treatment, the good health preservation that supplements provide will be inaccessible to the majority of our population and the cost to the NHS will increase. According to the projections based on figures from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), a minimum of 3 billion people will die from the Codex mandated vitamin and mineral guidelines alone. http://petitions.number10.gov.uk/Vitamins/ Deadline to sign the petition = 5th September 2009 Codex in Depth: http://www.healthfreedomusa.org/index.php?page_id=161 Codex Alimentarius (World Food Code) Summarized in 7 points 1) Started in 1962 by UN, Imposed by WTO Sanctions Codex Alimentarius was created in 1962 as a trade Commission by the UN to control the international trade of food. Its initial intentions may have been altruistic but it has been taken over by corporate interests, most notably the pharmaceutical, pesticide, biotechnology and chemical industries. Codex Alimentarius is backed up by the crippling trade sanctions of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Any non Codex-compliant nation would face huge economic punishment since they would automatically lose in any food-trade dispute with a Codex compliant country. 2) “Nutrients are Toxins” Is Junk Science Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) has two committees which impact nutrition. One of them, the “Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses” (CCNFSDU), is chaired by Dr. Rolf Grossklaus, a physician who believes that nutrition has no role in health. This is the “top-guy” for Codex nutritional policy, and he has stated that “nutrition is not relevant to health”. As unbelievable as it may sound, Dr. Grossklaus actually declared nutrients to be toxins in 1994 and instituted the use of toxicology (Risk Assessment) to prevent nutrients from having any impact on humans who take supplements! It is worth mentioning that Dr. Grossklaus happens to own the Risk Assessment company advising CCNFSDU and Codex on this issue. This company makes money when its toxicology services are used for the “assessment” of nutrients. Here in the U.S. we call that a “conflict of interest”. Codex is made up of thousands of standards and guidelines. One of them, the Vitamin and Mineral Guideline (VMG), is designed to permit only ultra low doses of vitamins and minerals (and make clinically effective nutrients illegal). How can the VMG restrict dosages of vitamins and minerals? By using Risk Assessment (toxicology) to assess nutrients. While Risk Assessment is a legitimate science (it is a branch of toxicology), it is the wrong science for assessing nutrients! In fact, in this context, it is actually junk science. Biochemistry, the science of life processes, is the correct science for assessing nutrients. Codex Alimentarius treats nutrients as toxins, which is literally insane. Nutrients are not toxins – they are essential for life. undefined No matter what Codex Alimentarius officials say to convince you that Risk Assessment is a “science-based” approach to nutrients, it is not. And it is worth repeating that Dr. Grossklaus, the head of Codex Alimentarius, owns the Risk Assessment company advising CCNFSDU and Codex on the “benefit” of using Risk Assessment to assess nutrients. 3) Not Consumer Protection – That’s Propaganda Contrary to the propaganda, Codex Alimentarius has nothing to do with consumer protection. Nothing! Codex is about the economic ambitions of multi-national corporations, in particular, the pharmaceutical industry. Using their multi billion-dollar marketing budgets, these industries have launched a massive media propaganda campaign to paint Codex Alimentarius as a benevolent tool of “consumer protection”, as well as to negatively taint the image of natural health options and mislead people to fear them as “dangerous”, so they will take drugs (which really are dangerous). Natural health products and options have an amazing safety record and are remarkably effective, especially when compared to pharmaceutical drugs. Unfortunately, one-time defenders of health freedom such as National Nutritional Foods Association (NNFA) and Council for Responsible Nutrition (CRN) have joined the propaganda bandwagon and are spreading false information saying that Codex Alimentarius is either “harmless” or benevolent “consumer protection”. Neither is true. The membership of these one-time defenders of health freedom has become permeated by people from the pharmaceutical industry (for example, CRN counts as its members corporations such as Monsanto® and Bayer®). 4) Codex: Serious Threat to Health and Health Freedom If Codex Alimentarius is implemented in the United States of America, therapeutic dosages of vitamins and minerals (and all other nutrients soon to follow) will become unavailable because they will literally become illegal. Here’s how it would work, in a nut-shell: Due to the junk science use of Risk Assessment (toxicology) to assess supposedly toxic nutrients, a false belief is being engineered saying that “nutritional supplements are dangerous to people’s health”. Using this false belief generates calls to “protect” people from these “toxic” nutrients. After the calls come the bills to set ultra low permissible dosages (remember, nutrients are deemed “dangerous toxins” under this false belief). If enough of us and our Congressional delegates buy this nonsense, we and Congress would blindly comply with Codex Alimentarius’ VMG. And blind compliance is what the industries behind Codex Alimentarius intend. Blind compliance goes hand-in-hand with lack of activism. This lack of activism allows our protective laws, classifying nutrients as foods with no upper limits (such as DSHEA), to be easily repealed and replaced with draconian laws to classify nutrients as toxins. And “harmonization” with the pro-illness, pro-pharmaceutical industry Vitamin and Mineral Guideline is there to fill the void. Only intentionally ineffective, ultra low dose supplements would be legal, with or without a prescription, on the VMG list. If enough people do not take action, we can expect to watch nutritional supplement manufacturers and, thus health food stores, to go out of business, in a domino effect. The only player left standing would be Big Pharma. Therapeutic grade vitamins, minerals, and amino acids would be eliminated from the marketplace (although a few low-dose supplements would be allowed by Codex, as a symbolic measure to avoid suspicion about their ulterior motive). Natural health professionals would lose the tools of their trade (nutritional supplements) and health conscious people would be unable to choose natural health options for health promotion and disease treatment. And that is, in a nutshell, how Codex Alimentarius is poised to make Natural and Nutritional Medicine (NNM) disappear from the legal health world and go underground. Who benefits? Big Pharma. It would take a few years for the above scenarios to be feasible (Codex Alimentarius is meant to go into full global effect by 2010). The slower the process takes, the less alarmed people will be. That’s probably the logic of the architects of Codex Alimentarius. 5) Serves Economic Interests of Sickness Industries Through WTO and Napoleonic Code More and more people are turning to natural health products globally. The “wellness” trend is a major trend in today’s society. The more natural health products people use, the fewer drugs they buy. The pharmaceutical industry, which is part of the “Sickness Industry”, fears the inevitable shift toward natural health care. Instead of accepting the will of the people and rethinking the future of the pharmaceutical industry, the industry has decided upon an unethical course of action: the use of deception and deceit to eliminate natural health products completely. Codex Alimentarius is a shrewd vehicle for protecting the pharmaceutical industry from the loss of income it stands to suffer due to the inevitable growth of natural healthcare. Codex Alimentarius is the resistance of the dinosaurs to inevitability: the burgeoning desire of humanity for a healthier, saner, and more sustainable way of life. The World Trade Organization (WTO) intends to force Codex Alimentarius upon the nations of the world, including the U.S. This would be done under the threat of massive economic sanctions if WTO-countries do not comply with Codex Alimentarius. Furthermore, Codex is based in the Napoleonic Code, not Common Law. That means that under Codex Alimentarius, anything not explicitly permitted is forbidden. Under Common Law, we hold that anything not explicitly forbidden is permitted. The difference is the difference between health freedom and health tyranny. Codex Alimentarius would be able to ban supplements by default. 6) DSHEA Protects America From Codex Alimentarius The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA, 1994), an American law classifying our supplements and herbs as foods (which can have no upper limit set on their use), was passed by unanimous Congressional consent following massive grass-roots support organized by health food stores. Millions of American activists told Congress, in no uncertain terms: “Protect nutritional supplements as foods or we will remove you from office”. Congress listened and carried out the will of the people. DSHEA appropriately classifies nutritional supplements as foods which can have no upper limits set on their use. DSHEA recognizes that people use nutrients safely to deal with their individually differing needs for nutrients. The concept of biochemical individuality means that people have different needs for nutrients at different times. Are nutrients toxins? No, they are not toxins. They are substances essential to prevent, treat and cure any chronic condition, in differing doses at different times in different people. DSHEA protects the US from Codex Alimentarius’ deadly Vitamin and Mineral Guideline. We must reach our Congressional members, educate them about the facts on Codex Alimentarius and direct them to vote against anything that would threaten DSHEA. Congress holds the keys to our health freedom. And it is their job to listen to us. Let’s not allow cynicism to tell us otherwise. We did it for DSHEA in 1994. We can do it again this year. 7) Your Action is Needed Now! DSHEA is under significant legislative attack right now. Your letter-writing is crucial: if the members of Congress know that voting against health freedom means losing their jobs come election time, they will listen. Our job is to make sure they get the message loud and clear. Take action via our 3 easy steps and send personalized emails to Congress right now. After taking action on HealthFreedomUSA.org, consider getting together with others in your area and visit your Congressional members in their home offices. If we wait, we lose our health freedoms. Once we “HARMonize” with Codex, by the way, we no longer have the right, while we belong to the WTO, to repeal or change that “HARMonization”! Conclusion The objective of the pro-Codex Alimentarius multi nationals is to “boil the frog slowly” so that we do not wake up to it in time to avoid Codex. Once we have “HARMonize” to Codex Alimentarius, as long as we are in the WTO, we cannot amend or change what we’ve been “HARMonize” to. Codex Alimentarius will go into global implementation by December 31, 2009, unless We, the People, avert it. We must act now because right now, with $758 Million spent on declared Congressional lobbying by Big Pharma last year, there are members of Congress who are trying to overturn DSHEA and allow Pharma-friendly free reign for Codex. If protective laws like DSHEA are destroyed, the sanctioning power of the autocratic WTO kicks in, and it will be impossible to get out from under Codex Alimentarius. We can protect our access to high potency nutrients and stave off an adulterated food supply only by putting pressure on Congress. If you would like to take action to try and stop Codex Alimentarius <please click here (USA)>, If you would like more in-depth information about Codex Alimentarius <please click here> If you would like to take action to try and stop Codex Alimentarius you can sign a petition to Gordon Brown <please click here (UK)> ~ http://petitions.number10.gov.uk/Vitamins/ ~ Deadline to sign the petition = 5th September 2009 If you would like more in-depth information about Codex Alimentarius <please click here> http://www.healthfreedomusa.org/?page_id=157 http://www.healthfreedomusa.org/?page_id=161 http://www.healthfreedomusa.org/?page_id=183 http://www.healthfreedomusa.org/?page_id=160 http://www.therapure.com/codex.htm http://petitions.number10.gov.uk/Vitamins/ //www.youtube.com/watch?v=nhApQ3QkG0Q&feature=related http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-5266884912495233634 //www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2D4-noTiCg http://www.naturalnews.com/026731_CODEX_food_health.html http://www.anhcampaign.org/campaigns/codex http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius Stop Codex Alimentarius and Protect Health Freedom! Unless stated otherwise everything in this note is © 2009 by Natural Solutions Foundation The Natural Solutions Foundation is a non-profit organization founded to protect and promote health freedom in the USA. Outide links are not covered by this © (rights of content creators respected). http://www.blacklistednews.com/?news_id=5768 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius The Codex Alimentarius (Latin for "food code" or "food book") is a collection of internationally recognized standards, codes of practice, guidelines and other recommendations relating to foods, food production and food safety. Its name derives from the Codex Alimentarius Austriacus.[1] Its texts are developed and maintained by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, a body that was established in 1963 by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The Commission's main aims are stated as being to protect the health of consumers and ensure fair practices in the international food trade. The Codex Alimentarius is recognized by the World Trade Organization as an international reference point for the resolution of disputes concerning food safety and consumer protection.[2][3] Scope The Codex Alimentarius officially covers all foods, whether processed, semi-processed or raw, but far more attention has been given to foods that are marketed directly to consumers. In addition to standards for specific foods, the Codex Alimentarius contains general standards covering matters such as food labeling, food hygiene, food additives and pesticideresidues, and procedures for assessing the safety of foods derived from modern biotechnology. It also contains guidelines for the management of official (i.e., governmental) import and export inspection and certification systems for foods. The Codex Alimentarius is published in Arabic, Chinese, English, French and Spanish. Not all texts are available in all languages.    * Food labelling (general standard, guidelines on nutrition labelling, guidelines on labelling claims)    * Food additives (general standard including authorized uses, specifications for food grade chemicals)    * Contaminants in foods (general standard, tolerances for specific contaminants including radionuclides, aflatoxins and other mycotoxins)    * Pesticide and veterinary chemical residues in foods (maximum residue limits)    * Risk assessment procedures for determining the safety of foods derived from biotechnology (DNA-modified plants, DNA-modified micro-organisms, allergens)    * Food hygiene (general principles, codes of hygienic practice in specific industries or food handling establishments, guidelines for the use of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point or “HACCP” system)    * Methods of analysis and sampling [edit]Specific standards    * Meat products (fresh, frozen, processed meats and poultry)    * Fish and fishery products (marine, fresh water and aquaculture)    * Milk and milk products    * Foods for special dietary uses (including infant formulae and baby foods)    * Fresh and processed vegetables, fruits, and fruit juices    * Cereals and derived products, dried legumes    * Fats, oils and derived products such as margarine    * Miscellaneous food products (chocolate, sugar, honey, mineral water) Controversy The controversy over the Codex Alimentarius relates to a perception that it is a mandatory standard for food - including vitamin and mineral supplement - safety. Supporters of the Codex Alimentarius say that it is a voluntary reference standard for food and that there is no obligation on countries to adopt Codex standards as a member of either Codex or any other international trade organization. From the point of view of its opponents, however, one of the main causes of concern is that the Codex Alimentarius is recognized by the World Trade Organization as an international reference standard for the resolution of disputes concerning food safety and consumer protection.[2][3] Proponents argue that the use of Codex Alimentarius during international disputes does not exclude the use of other references or scientific studies as evidence of food safety and consumer protection. It is reported that in 1996 the German delegation put forward a proposal that no herb, vitamin or mineral should be sold for preventive or therapeutic reasons, and that supplements should be reclassified as drugs.[4] The proposal was agreed, but protests halted its implementation.[4] The 28th Session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission was subsequently held July 4 - July 9, 2005.[5] Among the many issues discussed were the "Guidelines for Vitamin and Mineral Food Supplements"[6], which were adopted during the meeting as new global safety guidelines.[7] This text has been the subject of considerable controversy, in part because many member countries may choose to regulate dietary supplements as therapeutic goods or pharmaceuticals or by some other category. The text does not seek to ban supplements, but subjects them to labeling and packaging requirements, sets criteria for the setting of maximum and minimum dosage levels, and requires that safety and efficacy are considered when determining ingredient sources. The United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) have stated that the guidelines are "to stop consumers overdosing on vitamin and mineral food supplements." The Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) has said that the guidelines call "for labelling that contains information on maximum consumption levels of vitamin and mineral food supplements." The WHO has also said that the Guidelines "ensure that consumers receive beneficial health effects from vitamins and minerals." [8] Similarities have been noted between the EU's Food Supplements Directive and the Codex Alimentarius Guidelines for Vitamin and Mineral Supplements.[9] Texas Republican Rep. Ron Paul has said that the Central American Free Trade Agreement "increases the possibility that Codex regulations will be imposed on the American public." [10] Additional controversy has been expressed by proponents of ecologically and socially sustainable agriculture and food systems, such as the Slow Food movement[11], who view the Codex Alimentarius as antithetical to this goal. According to the Manifesto on the Future of Food, the Codex Alimentarius has "codified policies designed to serve the interest of global agribusiness above all others, while actively undermining the rights of farmers and consumers".[12] See also    * Codex Alimentarius Austriacus    * Food Chemicals Codex    * E number References   1. ^ Codex Alimentarius: how it all began Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website. Accessed 1 January 2009.   2. ^ a b Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures World Trade Organization. Accessed 3 September 2008.   3. ^ a b Understanding the Codex Alimentarius Preface. Third Edition. Published in 2006 by the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed 3 September 2008.   4. ^ a b 'Health supplements: R.I.P.'. The Guardian newspaper, UK. Published 14 September 2002. Accessed 2 August 2008   5. ^ Codex Alimentarius Commission 28th Session, FAO Headquarters, Rome, Italy, 4-9 July, 2005. Official report.   6. ^ Codex Guidelines for Vitamin and Mineral Food Supplements   7. ^ UN commission adopts safety guidelines for vitamin and food supplements United Nations News Centre. Published 11 July 2005. Accessed 1 January 2009   8. ^ UN commission adopts safety guidelines for vitamin and food supplements United Nations News Centre. Published 11 July 2005. Accessed 26 March 2009   9. ^ Nil by mouth. The Observer newspaper, UK. Published 29 February 2004. Accessed 1 January 2009  10. ^ 'The vitamin police', by ALAN BOCK, Sr. editorial writer, The Orange County Register. Published 14 August 2005. Accessed 2 September 2008.  11. ^ http://www.slowfood.com/about_us/eng/campaigns.lasso  12. ^ The International Commission on the Future of Food and Agriculture (July 15, 2003). "Manifesto on the Future of Food".    * Codex Alimentarius Commission - official website    * 'Understanding the Codex Alimentarius' Published in 2005 by the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed 4 May 2007.    * "Authority and Legitimacy in Global Governance: Deliberation, Institutional Differentiation, and the Codex Alimentarius" Michael Livermore, 81 NYU Law Review 766 (2006) The Holocaust http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust Victims of the Holocaust. Ghettos were established in Europe in which Jews were confined before being shipped to extermination camps. The Holocaust (from Greek ????a?st?? [holókaustos]: hólos, "whole" andkaustós, "burnt"[1]), also known as The Shoah (Hebrew: ?????, Romanized ha'shoah; Yiddish: ?????, Romanized churben or hurban[2]) is the term generally used to describe the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II, a program of systematic state-sponsored extermination by Nazi Germany.[3] Some scholars maintain that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the Nazis' systematic murder of millions of people in other groups, including ethnic Poles, Romani, Soviet civilians, Soviet prisoners of war,people with disabilities, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, and otherpolitical and religious opponents.[4] By this definition, the total number ofHolocaust victims would be between 11 million and 17 million people.[5] The persecution and genocide were carried out in stages. Legislation to remove the Jews from civil society was enacted years before the outbreak of World War II. Concentration camps were established in which inmates were used as slave labor until they died of exhaustion or disease. Where the Third Reichconquered new territory in eastern Europe, specialized units called Einsatzgruppen murdered Jews and political opponents in mass shootings. Jews and Romani were confined in overcrowded ghettos before being transported by freight train toextermination camps where, if they survived the journey, the majority of them were killed in gas chambers. Every arm ofNazi Germany's bureaucracy was involved in the logistics of the mass murder, turning the country into what one Holocaust scholar has called "a genocidal state".[6] Assanation  fo JFK The State of the Evidence, The Evidence of the State  by Edward Jay Epstein http://www.edwardjayepstein.com/archived/state.htm Evidence, by its very nature, can be controverted. If it could not be, it would not be evidence but an act of faith. Any document can be a forgery, any witness can give false testimony, and any object can be either fabricated or misidentified. Nevertheless, some evidence is better than other evidence. And when the best evidence is examined, tested and placed in the proper context, it provides the best way we have to establish the facts. In the case of the assassination of President Kennedy, the central facts have been investigated and re-investigated for nearly three decades. The evidence-testers have included the FBI, the Treasury Department, the Warren Commission, the Rockefeller Commission, the House Select Committee on Assassination, the Department of Justice, independent coroners and forensic experts, and assassination researchers. Consider, for example, the much disputed autopsy findings of President Kennedy. Although the autopsy examination itself was badly handled by the Navy, and insufficiently probed by the Warren Commission, many of the problems were resolved the re-examination of the X-rays and photographs of the President's body by the panel of nine independent pathologists (including one Warren Commission critic) appointed by the House Select Committee. These findings, not those in the Warren Commission (or my criticisms of the original process in Inquest) constitute the best evidence.Since as imperfect as the process has been, it has resulted in filling in much of the reality of what happened on November 22nd, 1963. I believe that the seven following questions now can be answered-- or at least narrowed down to finite possibilities.1. Where did the bullets come from that hit President Kennedy and Governor Connally?The best available evidence on the nature of the discernible wounds inflicted on Kennedy is, first, the photographs and X-Rays of the President taken during the autopsy at Bethesda Naval Hospital and, second, the fibers of the President's clothing.Although the photographs and X-Rays were not examined by the Warren Commission or its staff, leading to considerable doubt as to the validity of the Commission's conclusions, they were subsequently examined ,first, by a panel of three pathologists and a radiologist appointed by Attorney General Ramsey Clark in 1981, and then more thoroughly in 1976 by the nine man panel appointed by the House Select Committee. The members of this latter panel had between them experience in performing over 100,000 autopsies. The House Select Committee, moreover, established the authenticity of these photographs by having forensic dentists compare them with Kennedy's pre-mortem dental records and medical X-rays.All these pathologists agreed, without any dissent, that all the detectable wounds in the photographs and X-rays of President Kennedy had been caused by bullets fired from behind and above him, confirming the conclusions of the doctors who had performed the autopsy itself as well as those of the FBI and the Warren Commission. They also agreed unanimously from a reconstruction of the medical evidence that Governor Connally's multiple wounds had been caused by a bullet fired from the same direction. The path of the first bullet to hit the President was further established by the President's shirt and jacket fibers. The FBI analysis, as well as the re-analysis, showed that they were pushed inward, not outward, by the projectile which could only have happened if the President was shot from behind.The path of the bullet that hit Governor Connally was also confirmed by Governor Connally's testimony that he was certain he was hit from behind.The panel also unanimously concluded from the X-Rays that the fatal bullet had entered the rear of the President's head near the cowlick area and exited from the right front. None of the nine pathologist, including Warren Commission critic Dr. Cyril Wecht, were able to find any medical evidence that this massive wound was caused by a bullet fired from in front or side of the President's car. To be sure, a frame-by-frame analysis of the film of the assassination made by Abraham Zapruder shows President Kennedy's head at the time of impact moving backwards, not forward as might be expected. But this is not the evidence it seems to be because, depending on the neurological reactions to such a wound, the head can snap in any direction after being shot. Wound ballistic experts demonstrated this counterintuitive point to the House Select Committee through a filmed experiment that clearly showed that, when hit with a rifle bullet from the rear, the head could move either backward or forward. So there is not necessarily a relationship between the direction that the head moves and the direction from which the bullet strikes the head.By tracing the trajectory of the bullets from the path of the wounds, an analyst from the National Aeronautic and Space Administration was able to plot all three shots to their source the upper floors of the southeast face of the Texas Book Depository. This was the same building that five witnesses --Howard Brennan, Amos Lee Euins, Carolyn Walther, Arnold Rowland and Barbara Rowland-- claimed to have seen a rifle protruding from a South-eastern window at about the time of the assassination (Brennan told police he actually saw the rifle being fired and reloaded before the suspect was apprehended). While it is possible that numerous other shots may have been fired from other locations and directions and missed their target, we know from the best evidence, the autopsy photographs, that the shots that caused all the discernible wounds came from the a high window on the south eastern side of the Texas Book Depository.2. Did the Mannlicher-Carcano rifle found by police on the sixth floor of the Texas Depository fire these shots?The best evidence for identifying the assassination weapon is the two bullet fragments found in the President's car and the nearly whole bullet found in a stretcher in Parkland Hospital in Dallas. In 1964, FBI experts ballistically matched this bullet and fragments to the rifle barrel of the Mannlicher-Carcano by microscopically comparing of the markings in the barrel with those found on the bullet and fragments. A firearms panel of independent experts appointed by the House Select Committee re-examined this evidence in 1977 and re-confirmed that the bullet and fragments had come from that Mannlicher Carcano rifle.In addition, the House Select Committee employed a very advanced form of neutron activation analysis to match the recovered bullet and fragments to the ammunition used in the Mannlicher Carcano. In this technique, traces from the ballistic evidence are bombarded by neutrons in a nuclear reactor so that the precise composition of elements-- antimony, silver, and copper-- can be measured by their emissions on a gamma-ray spectrometer to an accuracy of one-billionth of a gram. The composition of traces from the bullet and fragments were thus compared to that of the unfired bullet found in the chamber of the Mannlicher-Carcano and found to exactly match. This analysis convincingly showed that all the ballistic material that was recovered, and could be tested, came from two bullets, and both bullets identically matched in their composition the ammunition for the Mannlicher-Carcano rifle.Although questions can be raised about the general accuracy of the Mannlicher-Carcano rifle found in the depository, there can be no doubt that the particular weapon can be fired with deadly accuracy at a target 100 yards away-- the distance from the depository to the President's car. After the assassination three different FBI agents fired this exact rifle and scored bull's-eyes two out of three times. Although the suspicion has been raised that the Mannlicher-Carcano rifle was "framed" as the murder weapon by a conspirator who planted the nearly-intact bullet on a stretcher in Parkland Hospital, it lacks any reasonable persuasiveness because i) the conspirator would have no certainty that he could recover from the hospital, car, autopsy and crime scene the "real" bullets that presumably would not match the Mannlicher-Carcano; ii) the fragments found in the car and Governor Connally's wrist match the Mannlicher-Carcano ammunition; iii) it would be pointless to frame the Mannlicher-Carcano, which the conspirators would have had to have in their possession anyway to leave at the murder site, since it was a weapon perfectly capable of hitting its target. So why not use it?We thus know that the Mannlicher Carcano found in the depository fired at least two of the shots at the President's motorcade.3. How many snipers fired at the President's motorcade?The best evidence of the sequence of events remains the ten-second long film taken by Zapruder. It fixes the earliest time Kennedy could have been first hit in the back, the latest time Connally was wounded, and the exact moment the President was shot in the head. From an analysis of this film, the Warren Commission staff determined that the interval between the time Kennedy and Connally were first shot was not long enough for a single rifleman to have fired two shots: therefore either both men were hit by the same bullet, or there had to be two riflemen. This conclusion was confirmed by the more sophisticated photographic analysis of the House Select Committee's photographic evidence panel and of independent researchers.Despite the crucial implications of this photographic evidence, the issue of whether Kennedy and Connally were hit by the same or separate bullets has not been satisfactorily resolved. The FBI concluded it was separate shots, the Warren Commission begged the question as "not relevant" and the House Select Committee, which went most thoroughly into this evidence, was unable to reach a definitive conclusion because members of its 9-doctor panel irreconcilably disagreed. Eight doctors believed it was possible, though not necessarily probable. that the bullet recovered had caused both Kennedy's back wound and Connally's, multiple wounds; one doctor, however, Cyril Wecht concluded from the photographic and medical evidence that it was absolutely impossible for those wounds to have been caused by a single bullet. Since Wecht marshals considerable evidence to support his view (as will be recalled from Epilogue I), we are left with two possible scenarios.A. The Single Bullet ScenarioOne rifleman fired three bullets from the Mannlicher Carcano in the depository. The first bullet missed the motorcade entirely and incidentally wounded a bystander, James Teague. The second bullet hit Kennedy and Connally and was recovered from Connally's stretcher. About three seconds later, the rifleman fired a third bullet which killed Kennedy, abandoned his rifle, and fled the depository.B. The Separate Shot ScenarioOne rifleman fired the first shot that hit Kennedy in the back from an unidentified rifle. The bullet exited the car and was not recovered. He then fired a second shot that went astray and nicked bystander Teague. About one second after the first rifleman fired, a second rifleman, using the Mannlicher Carcano, hit Connally; and, with his second shot, hit Kennedy in the head. While the first rifleman left the depository with his rifle and shell casings, the second rifleman left his behind.Both scenarios are consistent with the testimony of eyewitnesses-- one of whom saw a second person near the sniper's windows-- and the fingerprints found on the boxes arranged at the site. So we can conclude that either one or two riflemen participated in the assassination and that the one with the Mannlicher Carcano killed Kennedy.4. Whose Mannlicher-Carcano was it?The best evidence that identifies the ownership of the murder weapon is the handwriting of the person who ordered the rifle under the name "A. Hidell" from a mail order house in Chicago in March 1963 and rented the post office box in Dallas to which it was shipped.It was Lee Harvey Oswald.FBI and Treasury Department experts determined in 1964 that Lee Harvey Oswald had signed the name "A. Hidell" on both the purchase order for the rifle and the post box application. A half dozen other documents found in his possession, that Oswald used the alias "Hidell". The House Select Committee panel of questioned document experts, after re-examining the signatures, unequivocally agreed. So Oswald had ordered the murder weapon-- and it had been shipped to his post office box from Chicago on March 20,1963.PossessionMarina Oswald confirmed that Oswald had received the rifle in late March, and four other witnesses--George De Mohrenschildt, Jeanne De Mohrenschildt, Alexander Taylor and Gary Taylor-- saw that Oswald had a rifle in either late March or Early April.The best evidence of Oswald's actual possession of the Mannlicher- Carcano, however, is the much disputed photographs of Oswald holding the rifle in his hand that Marina Oswald said she took on Sunday, March 31, 1963 in the backyard of their house in Dallas. Oswald claimed after his arrest that the photograph had been faked by superimposing his head on the rifleman's body but this theory is contradicted by three pieces of evidence established by the House Select Committee. First, De Mohrenschildt produced in 1976 an inscribed copy of the backyard photograph which Oswald had given him in April 1963. The Committee's questioned document panel authenticated the signature-- which meant that Oswald had signed (and dated) the photograph he later claimed was faked. Second, by examining the negative with enhanced analytic techniques, the Committee' panel of photographic experts found a unique random pattern of wear on the rifle in the photograph which corresponded exactly to one on the Mannlicher-Carcano Oswald had purchased. Since the experts agreed this could not be faked, the rifle in the photograph had to be Oswald's. Third, by microscopically examining the scratch marks that Oswald's Imperial Reflex camera distributed on all negatives pulled through it, which are the equivalent of camera fingerprints, the panel established unequivocally that the backyard photographs could only have been taken by Oswald's camera, just as Marina had testified. Moreover, using digital processing analysis and stereo optic viewing techniques that did not exist in 1963, the panel concluded there was no signs of having been faked. Even two experts who had previously disputed the authenticity of the photographs (using copies, rather than the original) now agreed that the photograph was genuine. In light of this evidence, there can be no serious doubt that Oswald possessed the murder weapon at the end of March 1963. UseMarina Oswald testified to the Warren Commission that when Oswald left their house on April 10,1963, he left her dramatic instructions in Russian about what she should if he were arrested, killed or had to go into hiding, and when he returned late that evening, he explained to her that he had just attempted to kill General Edwin Walker with his rifle. Her testimony is corroborated by three elements of evidence.First, the Russian handwriting in the note has been unequivocally identified as that of Oswald by the questioned documents experts of both the Warren Commission and the House Select Committee. The note, which contains details that date it, confirms that Oswald expected to be killed, arrested or a fugitive the week of April 10th 1963.Second, photographs of Walker's house taken from the position were the sniper fired at Walker were found among Oswald's possessions after the Kennedy assassination. Photographic experts established these photographs were taken with Oswald's imperial reflex camera. By referring to construction work in the background, the FBI was able to determine that the photographs were taken on March 9th or 10th (which was just about the date Oswald ordered the Mannlicher Carcano). Such photographs show that Oswald had reconnoitered Walker's house.Third, the previously-discussed Neutron Activation Analysis done in 1977 exactly matched the metallic elements found in the bullet that was recovered in Walker's home to the batch of Mannlicher-Carcano ammunition used in Oswald's rifle in the assassination of Kennedy.So we know the murder weapon was purchased, delivered and shown off in an inscribed photograph, and used in a prior attempted assassination by Oswald. 5. Was Oswald at the sniper's window on the sixth floor of the depository where the murder weapon was found.The best evidence here is three palm prints (which are as uniquely identifiable as fingerprints) found on the boxes stacked in front of the window to support the rifle and the nearby paper sack which was long enough to accommodate the Mannlicher Carcano. FBI experts matched them to Oswald hands. ( A fourth palm print, found on one box, belonged to an unidentified individual). The House Select Committee's fingerprint panel unanimously confirmed this evidence. Since the "freshness" of palm prints is of limited duration, it was further determined that Oswald had handled those boxes and paper sack either the day of the assassination or the preceding day. Moreover, two witnesses testified he carried the paper sack into the depository that morning. So we know Oswald arranged the boxes used by the sniper and handled the paper sack within 24 hours of the assassination and, if the witnesses are correct, brought the sack to the sniper's window the morning of the assassination.6. Was Oswald framed?Whereas there is no doubt that Oswald's rifle was used to shoot President Kennedy, the possibility exists it was used by another party to frame Oswald. If Oswald was totally innocent, his activities after the assassination would reflect his lack of knowledge and involvement in the event. Instead, the evidence is persuasive that he fled the building after the assassination, changed his clothing, armed himself, fatally shot a policeman resisted arrest by attempting to shoot another policeman, and, after his arrest, lied repeatedly to his interrogators about owning the rifle, appearing in the backyard photograph with the rifle, and using the alias "Hidell" (which he purchased both the rifle and pistol).The best evidence that he shot the policeman, J.D. Tippit, is that the cartridge cases found at the murder scene matched the firing pin of the revolver taken out of Oswald's hand when he was arrested. The FBI determined no all other weapon could have ejected these cartridges-- and these conclusions were reaffirmed by the Select Committee's firearms panel. Oswald admission that he had decided only on the spur of the moment to fetch this weapon effectively rules out the possibility he was framed since no one but Oswald could have known he would be carrying it.In addition, five witnesses identified Oswald from the police line up as either the person who shot Tippit or the person who fled from the scene with a gun in hand. The House Select Committee produced an additional witness who testified he saw Oswald stand over the downed policeman and fire a bullet into his head.His post-arrest actions, especially his mendacity in consistently denying ownership of the rifle to representatives of the FBI, Secret Service, Post Office, and district attorney, further indicate consciousness of guilt about owning the rifle. This would not be consistent with the behavior of a framed and innocent man -- who believed his rifle was still wrapped in a blanket in a friend's garage.While none of this evidence is unimpeachable-- no evidence is-- and none of it proves that Oswald was the only person involved in the shooting of Kennedy, Tippit or General Walker, it convinces me that he was involved in the assassination.The Conspiracy QuestionOne question, perhaps the only one that still matters, cannot be answered by the state's evidence: was Oswald part of a conspiracy? As we have seen, the re-investigations of the assassination have left unresolved the issue of whether or two shooters were involved but, even if they had definitively established, as the Warren Commission attempted to do, that a lone gunman had fired all the shots on November 22nd 1963, it would not logically diminish the possibility that the assassination resulted from a conspiracy.Conspiracies do not necessarily require more than one rifleman to accomplish their purpose. In many cases, such as the highly-sophisticated Rightist conspiracy in France to assassinate President Charles De Gaulle, a single "Jackal" rifleman was employed. One accurate rifleman might be preferable to a conspiracy when it is expected that the intended victim could be protected by his bodyguard immediately after the first shot is fired, because each additional snipers would increase the chances of detection, both before and after the act, but not necessarily increase the probability of success. Moreover, if multiple gunmen are captured (or killed), it would be difficult to divert the investigation away from the conspiracy, whereas a lone gunman, especially if killed himself, can be dismissed as a lone lunatic.The larger issue then is: was Oswald, whether firing alone or in tandem, acting at the behest of others.Oswald was not, to be sure, the sort of well-adjusted individual with whom most people would want to associate. He was wantonly self-destructive (e.g. his suicide attempt in Moscow); militantly hostile towards symbols of authority (e.g. the threat he made to blow up the FBI headquarters in Dallas); contemptuous of legal restraints (e.g. his plan to hijack an airliner to get to Cuba) and homicidal (e.g. his brutal murder of Tippit). As early as 1960, he expressed a cold-blooded willingness to commit political murder in a letter he presciently wrote his brother from Moscow: "What I say now I do not say lightly or unknowingly ... I would kill any American who put a uniform on in defense of the American Government, Any American". The one position that such unrestrained aggression would not exclude a person for employment would be a political assassin.In this context, the bullet Oswald coolly fired at General Walker was, whether he meant it to be or not, an advertisement of his willingness to kill or be killed for a political cause. Less than a week before he went out to assassinate Walker he distributed an inscribed photograph of himself to De Mohrenschildt (and perhaps others). It showed him dressed in black, armed to kill with a rifle and telescopic sight, and holding in his hand the radical newspaper, The Militant. When he went to Mexico to offer himself to the Cubans, he brought with him the tell-tale photographs of Walker's house to establish his bona fides as a revolutionary. Was his have gun, will kill message picked up of any antennae that summer? Just as De Mohrenschildt and Marina learned of his assassination attempt, so may have others in pro-Castro, anti-Castro and other fringe groups he was active with in the summer of 1963 (not to mention the various intelligence and police agencies monitoring his movements).There couldn't be that many potential assassins hanging around the militant peripheries of the Cold War with Oswald's perverse virtues: a convenient defector background, military training, complete disregard for human life, including his own, and possession of a rifle he was more than ready to use. Here was as assassin awaiting a mission. Did anyone pick him up as a shooter-- or, lacking a sponsor but finding an opportunity, did he act alone? http://karws.gso.uri.edu/jfk/conspiracy_theories/Primer/Primer_of_assassination_theories.html A Primer of Assassination Theories The whole spectrum of doubt, from the Warren commissioners to Ousman Ba Esquire, December 1966, pp. 205 ff. HOW IT HAPPENED 1. SINGLE-BULLET THEORY Proponents: A 4-3 majority of the Warren Commission (see chart). And most Commission lawyers, notably Arlen Specter, who developed the theory in March, 1964, and Norman Redlich, who advocated it as the only alternative to a two-assassin theory. Thesis: The first bullet wounded both Kennedy and Connally. A second bullet hit Kennedy in the head and killed him. Another bullet missed the car entirely and was never found. Selling Point: This is the only theory that explains the assassination in terms of a single assassin. Why? Because films of the assassination show that a maximum of only 1.8 seconds could have elapsed between the earliest point at which Kennedy was first hit and the latest point at which Connally was first hit. Since the bolt of the murder rifle cannot be operated in less than 2.3 seconds, it could not possibly have been fired twice during the time in which both men were hit. Either both men were hit by the same bullet or there were two assassins. undefined This precise bullet path is essential to the Commission's theory that the first bullet went through Kennedy and then hit  Connally (Exhibit 385). Any slight difference would rule this out and thereby suggest a second assassin. Drawback No. 1: The single-bullet theory is tenable if and only if the three F.B.I. reports (November 26, December 9 and January 13) are completely wrong on their statements of the autopsy. Why? Because these three reports all state that the first bullet did not go completely through Kennedy and therefore it could not have gone on to hit Connally, who was seated in front of Kennedy. Retorts: 1. The Incompetent F.B.I. J. Lee Rankin, at the time the Commission’s general counsel, and Norman Redlich, his deputy, have said—after the December 13 F.B.I. Summary Report was published in Inquest—that the “so-called F.B.I. Summary Report” (which the Commission considered of “principal importance”) was “evaluated and discarded” during the inquiry. Redlich further said “the Commission study used the actual (November 26) reports of the F.B.I. investigative agents, not just the summary.” (However, the actual report, just recently found in the National Archives, corroborates the Summary Report.) 2. Time magazine proposes that the F.B.I. was completely wrong on all reports and has long since publicly admitted these errors. (However, the F.B.I. told The Washington Post that its Summary Report was accurate as of when it was prepared, implying the doctors later may have changed their opinion. The F.B.I. declined comment to The New York Times in June, 1966, on the question of whether or not its reports were erroneous. Even to Commission champion Fletcher Knebel, the F.B.I. would only admit that it was possible that their initial reports did not reflect a subsequent decision by the doctors.) 3. The Commission’s Post-Report, reported by Fletcher Knebel, holds that the day after the autopsy, on receiving further information about the throat wound from the Dallas doctors, the autopsy doctors reached the conclusions that the bullet exited from Kennedy’s throat. Aside from the fact that this theory contradicts the version of the autopsy given in The Warren Report, it still leaves unresolved the problem of the bullet wound “below the shoulder” (reported by the F.B.I.), that later apparently moved up to the back of the neck. Drawback No. 2: Photographs of the President’s shirt and jacket support the F.B.I. report that the first bullet struck Kennedy below the shoulder. If the bullet fired from above did enter below the shoulder it is highly unlikely that it exited through the throat. Retorts: 1. The Creeping Shirt. Norman Redlich has suggested (after the F.B.I. photographs were published in Inquest) that the President’s shirt somehow rose up a few inches so that the bullet hole in the shirt coincided with a hole in the rear of the neck. Experimentation indicates, however, that raising the shirt over the collar line entails doubling it up, which would produce two holes in the back of the shirt. undefinedundefined Exhibits 59 and 60 indicate that the bullet entered lower than the Commission said it had. 2. Newsweek magazine suggests that Kennedy may have been bent over so far that his shoulder was higher than his throat. But the films of the assassination show that Kennedy was sitting erect, and his back brace, according to the Warren Report “tended to make him sit up straight.” undefined . This photograph of the F.B.I. restaging, which appeared in several editions of the Warren Report, not only contradicts the Commission's placement of the bullet path but shows that if the bullet entered where the hole in the jacket is, and then went on to hit Connally, it would have come out Kennedy's chest, not his throat. And Kennedy had no chest wounds Drawback No. 3: Governor Connally says it is in conceivable that he could have been struck by the same bullet that hit Kennedy. He remembers that after hearing the first shot he turned to his right but could not see the President. He then began to turn to his left, and was hit. His story is corroborated by Mrs. Connally. Retort: Connally was confused. The Commission brushed aside Governor Connally’s testimony (and his wife’s) by declaring that in view of the circumstances he could hardly be expected to recall clearly what happened. 2. F.B.I. THEORY Proponents: The F.B.I. Thesis: 1. The first bullet hit Kennedy below the shoulder and penetrated “only a distance of a finger length.” This bullet was “expelled” onto the President’s stretcher when the Dallas doctors applied external heart massage. 2. The second bullet struck Connally. 3. The third bullet entered Kennedy’s head and fragmentized. (The impact of the shot sent a tiny fragment of bone through Kennedy’s throat, causing a small throat wound.) All shots came from the Book Depository. undefined Exhibit No. 397, the autopsy sketch drawn by Dr. Humes, shows a bullet wound lower than the Commission's Exhibit 385 does. Selling Points: 1. An entry wound below the shoulder would explain the shirt and jacket holes being about six inches below the top of the collar. It would also serve to explain the autopsy sketch showing a wound well below the collar line. And it would explain the Secret Service testimony that it was six inches below the collar. 2. The supposition that the bullet also fell out of Kennedy’s back accounts for the bullet found on the stretcher. (See Planted-Bullet Theory.) 3. The tiny bone fragment accounts for the small throat wound. Also, a bone fragment would explain the absence of metallic traces on the holes in the front of the shirt. Drawback No. 1: The F.B.I. Theory, by positing that Kennedy and Connally were hit by separate bullets, leads to a two-assassin theory. As one Commission lawyer bluntly put it: “To say that they were hit by separate bullets is synonymous with saying that there were two assassins.” Drawback No. 2: The Fourth Bullet. Late in the investigation, it was discovered that a bystander, James Tague, had been wounded by one of the shots. The F.B.I. Theory holds that all three shots hit inside the President’s car. Yet it was unlikely that Tague was wounded by any of these shots since he was standing about 260 feet away at the time of the fusillade. This raises the possibility that Tague was wounded by a fragment from a fourth bullet. But only three shells were found in the Book Depository. Drawback No. 3: If the F.B.I autopsy report is accurate, then the Commission’s autopsy findings had to be purposely falsified. The implications of this are almost too disturbing to imagine. Yet, the fact that the autopsy surgeon, Commander Humes, burned “certain preliminary notes” has given rise to the theory that the “preliminary notes” actually contained the earlier version of the autopsy referred to by the F.B.I. This question is unresolved. One of the main stimuli for theories that shots came from someplace other than the Book Depository is an amateur eight-millimeter film of the assassination taken by Abraham Zapruder. In ten seconds of color film, virtually the entire sequence of events is recorded. The Zapruder film shows the motorcade proceeding down Elm Street with the President smiling and waving, then suddenly he reaches for his throat, apparently hit. About a second later Connally grimaces with pain and begins toppling over. A few seconds elapse, then a bullet visibly strikes the President’s head. From the film. the Commission judged that the President was first hit between film frame 210 and 225, and the fatal head shot occurred on film frame 313. By determining the shutter speed of the camera (18.3 frames per second), the Commission ascertained: 1) a maximum of 5.6 seconds elapsed from the first to the final shot; and 2) no more than 1.8 seconds elapsed between the time Kennedy and Connally were first hit. This time bind led directly to the Commission’s Single-Bullet Theory (see above). The Zapruder film also led to four other interesting theories. 3. HEAD MOVEMENT THEORY Proponent: Vincent Salandria, a Philadelphia lawyer. Using two slide projectors, and superimposing frame 316 over frame 313, Salandria finds that after the fatal head shot, Kennedy’s head moves sharply backward and to the left, a direction inconsistent with shots from the Depository. Salandria extrapolated the trajectory from the direction in which the head moves and concludes that the shot came from behind the picket fence or the arcade on the grassy knoll. Salandria also suspects that, because of the massive devastation, this second wound, unlike the first, may have been caused by a dumdum bullet—which couldn’t have come from Oswald’s rifle. undefined 4. EARLY HIT THEORY A group of California theorists has used the Zapruder film to show that the first shot hit Kennedy between film frames 190 and 210. If true, this would be significant because the Commission established that during this interval the line of sight from the sixth-floor window in the Depository was obstructed by the foliage of an oak tree; therefore the shot must have come from elsewhere. Harold Weisberg also uses the Zapruder film to prove the Early-Hit Theory. Since Zapruder testified that he saw Kennedy hit, and Zapruder’s view was blocked by a traffic sign between film frames 205 and 225 (by which time Kennedy had already been hit), Weisberg concludes that Kennedy was hit before film frame 205. 5. MISSING-FRAME THEORY The fact that film frames 208 through 211 have been deleted from the black-and-white frame-by-frame photographs published by the Warren Commission (Exhibit 885) and from the color slides of the Zapruder film at the National Archives—and the fact that frames 207 and 212 show obvious splice marks—has led a number of theorists to suspect that Kennedy was shot during that interval and that the four missing film frames were suppressed deliberately. Drawback: Life magazine owns the original film and according to those who have seen it, the film is complete, no frames are missing, and Kennedy does not appear to have been hit in the sequence. The Archive’s frames may just have been damaged innocently. 6. TRAFFIC SIGN THEORY David Lifton, a U.C.L.A. graduate student, claims that he can detect stress marks coming from the traffic sign starting at frame 212 and continuing until frame 221. He interprets these as shock waves caused by a bullet hitting the sign. This shot, he figures, could not have been the same one that Oswald is supposed to have fired because of the timing. And strangely, right after the assassination the sign was removed. 7. ENTRY WOUND THEORY Proponents: Mark Lane, Thomas Buchanan, Joachim Joesten, et. al. Thesis: Early statements were made by Dallas doctors suggesting that the throat wound was made by a bullet entering the throat. Since films of the assassination firmly establish that the President’s car was past the Book Depository when he was shot, a bullet entering the throat must have come from a point well in front of the Depository. “In front” was at first interpreted to mean the railroad overpass; however, when the Commission showed that a bullet did not in fact pass through the limousine’s windshield, as was believed by the proponents of this theory, “in front” was then interpreted to mean the grassy knoll. Mark Lane states in his latest version that Kennedy was directly facing the knoll when he was shot in the throat, although none of the films indicates this to be the case. undefined Selling point: The entry-wound theory explains the Dallas doctors’ early statements and the relatively small diameter of the wound, although the doctors later testified that under certain conditions an exit wound would have the same appearance as an entry wound. Drawback: The entry-wound theory does not explain what finally happened to the bullet that entered the throat. Since no exit wound was found in the President’s back (and no bullet was in the President’s body), the entry-wound theory depends on the assumption that the autopsy and other evidence was changed. 8. OVER THE FENCE THEORY Proponents: Maurice Schonfeld, U.P.I., Jack Fox, U.P.I., Burt Reinhardt, U.P.I. In the United Press-International film library, a New York hobbyist found an eight-millimeter color film of the assassination made by Orville Nix. One of the frames of the Nix film particularly interested him because it showed an object behind the wall on the grassy knoll. He then employed a film specialist to blow the frame up, and it became clear that the object was in fact a vehicle. On the roof of the vehicle, he discerned a man aiming what appeared to be a rifle at the President’s car. He immediately took his photograph to Dallas and asked eyewitnesses about it. U.P.I. editors, apparently impressed with the photograph, sent reporter Jack Fox to Dallas to interview witnesses to the assassination. Lee E. Bowers, Jr. told him that the photograph was “exactly what I saw.” S. M. Holland, who was standing on the overpass and had one of the best views of any eyewitness, told Fox there were four shots: “…the first came from the book building and hit the President. The second came from the same place and hit Governor John Connally….The third shot came from behind the picket fence to the north of Elm Street. There was a puff of smoke under the trees like someone had thrown out a Chinese firecracker and a report entirely different from the one which was fired from the book building…” According to Holland, the fourth shot came from the Book Depository. When Holland reached the fence he found a station wagon and a sedan. On the bumper of the station wagon there were two muddy marks “as if someone had stood there to look over the fence.” At least seven other witnesses on the overpass saw smoke rising from the same area, and many other witnesses thought the shots came from behind the picket fence. One Dallas policeman, J. M. Smith, even claimed to have “caught the smell of gunpowder” behind the wooden fence. The Nix-U.P.I. film and partial blowup. 9. EYEWITNESS THEORIES Eyewitness accounts of the assassination are perhaps the most popular source of two-assassin theories—virtually any armchair student of the assassination, given the Report’s twenty-six volumes of testimony, can develop an interesting theory as to where the shots came from. Right after the twenty-six volumes were made public, Harold Feldman, a writer on the psychology of assassins, counted up the various sources of shots reported by 121 eyewitnesses. His tally revealed that 38 gave “no clear opinion,” 32 thought the shots came from the Book Depository, and 51 though the shots came from the grassy knoll area. Largely on the basis of this analysis, Feldman advanced the theory that there were two assassins: one on the grassy knoll and one in the Book Depository. Drawback: Eyewitness recollections often conflict: which means that somebody has to be wrong. WHO DID IT? The following six theories name Lee Harvey Oswald as the lone assassin. 10. UNDERGROUND MAN THEORY Proponent: The Warren Commission. The Commission did not reach a final conclusion as to why Oswald killed President Kennedy. Instead, it listed five “factors” (which, a Commission lawyer said, read like clichés from a TV soap opera). They were:    hostility to his environment;    failure to establish “meaningful relationships”;    desire for a place in history;    a commitment to Marxism and communism (a “factor” inserted at the insistence of Commissioner Gerald Ford);    a capacity to act decisively without regard to the consequences. According to this theory, Oswald had no motive; he acted out of blind resentment. 11. MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE THEORY Proponents: Some Commission lawyers and members of the C.I.A. Since Oswald spent considerable time in a Soviet hospital, a few Commission lawyers entertained the theory that Oswald might have been brainwashed and conditioned as a “sleeper” assassin; then he went haywire (i.e., he was accidentally turned on). The Commission decided to send a letter to the C.I.A. requesting information on the “present status of Soviet ‘mind-conditioning’ techniques.” A few weeks later, a C.I.A. agent replied that this possibility was still “a main school of thought” at the C.I.A. on the assassination, and although such techniques were still in a relatively primitive stage, this form of conditioning could be induced by drugs. The theory, however, was not further developed. 12. DOMESTIC QUARREL THEORY Proponent: Representative Gerald Ford. Commissioner Gerald Ford, in his book, Portrait of the Assassin, suggests that Oswald was still hedging on the eve of the assassination when he returned home to see his wife, Marina. She spurned him. Oswald then went to the garage. He got his rifle. 13. HORRIBLE ACCIDENT THEORY Proponent: Marina Oswald. In her final testimony before the Commission, Marina Oswald advanced her own theory of Lee’s motive. She said she believed her husband was actually trying to shoot Governor John Connally, and missed, and by a horrible accident he killed the President. 14. OEDIPAL THEORY Proponent: Dr. Renatus Hartogs, coauthor of The Two Assassins. Dr. Hartogs, a psychiatrist who evaluated Oswald as a thirteen-year-old boy, has recently advanced a theory explaining the assassination in terms of Oswald’s repressed lust for his mother. Hartogs observes that Oswald slept in his mother’s bed long after he should have had a bed of his own, and suggests that inner guilt feelings may have led him to kill President Kennedy. Dr. Hartogs finds it significant that Oswald shot at both Kennedy and Tippit three times, since the number “three” in psychoanalytic thinking symbolizes the masculine genitals. However, Sylvia Meagher points out in her review of Hartogs’ book that Tippit was shot four times. 15. KILLER-INSTINCT THEORY Proponent: John J. McCloy. In a secret colloquium between the Commission and three psychiatrists, Commissioner McCloy advanced the “killer-instinct” theory. He noted that Oswald had killed two men and had attempted to shoot at least three others (Governor Connally, General Walker, and the police officer who tried to arrest him). McCloy reasoned that this indicated a pattern of innate violence. By the time the report was written, however, McCloy’s hypothesis seems to have been lost in the shuffle. The following four theories are based on the belief that Oswald was innocent, that he was framed for both the Kennedy assassination and murder of officer J. D. Tippit by the real conspirators who planted evidence against him before and after the assassination. The logic of these theories inevitably leads to a high-level conspiracy involving law-enforcement agencies. For example, to believe that Oswald did not kill Tippit, it is necessary to assume: a) shells from Oswald’s revolver were planted at the scene by the real murderers; b) the revolver then was planted on Oswald by the Dallas police (the plot obviously could not have depended on Oswald going home and conveniently fetching his pistol; and c) Oswald’s admission that he had his revolver with him when arrested was fabricated. 16. PLANTED-RIFLE THEORY Proponent: Mark Lane. Thesis: A 7.65 caliber German Mauser was found in the Book Depository, and later Oswald’s 6.5 caliber Italian Mannlicher-Carcano rifle was substituted for it. This theory is based on testimony (and an affidavit) indicating that the three Dallas law officers first described the rifle as a Mauser. The problem with this theory is that the bullet fragments found in the President’s car ballistically match Oswald’s Carcano, proving that it was employed in the assassination (no matter where or when it was found). 17. PLANTED-BULLET THEORY Proponents: Professor Richard H. Popkin, Professor Josiah Thompson, Sylvia Meagher, Vincent Salandria, Léo Sauvage, Harold Weisberg, Mark Lane and Ray Marcus. Thesis: A bullet, which the Warren Report states was found on Connally’s stretcher, was fired from Oswald’s rifle sometime prior to the assassination. Then, after the assassination, it was planted on a stretcher in the Dallas hospital where Kennedy and Connally were treated, thereby framing Oswald. This theory is based on the fact that evidence developed by the Commission precluded both Kennedy’s and Connally’s stretchers as possible sources for the stretcher bullet. The Commission’s autopsy report stated that the bullet exited Kennedy, therefore it could not have come from his stretcher. And Drs. Finck, Humes, and Shaw testified that more fragments were found in Connally’s wrist than were missing from the bullet, thus ruling out Connally’s stretcher as a source for the bullet. Furthermore, in missing tapes of the doctors’ press conference, which was held after the stretcher bullet was found, Dr. Shaw supposedly says that a nearly whole bullet was lodged in Connally’s thigh. The theorists thus deduce that the bullet must have been planted on the stretcher. The fact that no blood or other organic material was found on the bullet reinforces their argument. Professor Thompson further points out that the only bullet similar in appearance to the stretcher bullet was obtained by firing Oswald’s rifle into a long tube of cotton. He believes that this test indicated that the stretcher bullet was probably obtained by firing the bullet into cotton. The Commission claims this bullet pierced Kennedy's neck and Connally's shoulder, ribs, wrist and thigh. Theorists say it's a fake. The Commission claims this bullet pierced Kennedy’s neck and Connally’s shoulder, ribs, wrist and thigh. Theorists say it’s a fake. 18. OSWALD IMPERSONATOR THEORY Proponents: Léo Sauvage, Harold Weisberg, Sylvia Meagher, (See also Popkin’s Two-Oswald Theory). Thesis: Before the assassination, someone impersonating Oswald planted clues that would incriminate Oswald in the assassination. According to this theory, the impersonator made himself conspicuous at a nearby rifle range, brought a gun into a neighborhood gunsmith, cashed large checks, and acted suspiciously. The impersonator probably took part in the assassination. undefined Who is this man? A C.I.A. report on Lee Harvey Oswald arrived at the F.B.I. field office in Dallas they day of the assassination. It revealed that Oswald had visited the Cuban Embassy in Mexico City on September 27, 1963, and included a photograph taken by a secret C.I.A. camera of the man identified as Oswald leaving the Embassy. After the assassination, a problem developed; the man in the C.I.A. photograph was not Oswald! Oswald’s mother added to the confusion by claiming the man in the photograph was Jack Ruby. (Obviously, it isn’t.) Commission lawyers, attempting to find out if the man in the photograph was associated with Oswald or impersonating him, were never able to identify the mystery man. All the C.I.A. would say was that it was a “mix-up.” 19. FALL-GUY THEORY Proponent: Joachim Joesten Thesis: That the assassination was the work of a conspiracy involving some officers of the C.I.A. and the F.B.I. as well as some Army figures and some reactionary oil millionaires. The conspirators used Oswald as a “fall guy, a red herring, to draw attention while the murderers escaped.” The F.B.I. for reasons of its own, completed the frame of Oswald and covered up evidence of the real conspirators. The next three theories explain how the second assassin escaped from the grassy knoll. 20. BOGUS SECRET-SERVICE MAN THEORY Proponent: Sylvia Meagher. Dallas policeman J. M. Smith ran to the parking lot behind the grassy knoll immediately after the assassination. He suddenly encountered a stranger and pulled his gun. The stranger identified himself as a Secret Service agent and showed Smith his credentials (although Smith later could not recall his name). Smith’s account is corroborated to some degree by two other law officers—Deputy Constable Weitzman and Sergeant Harkness. Sylvia Meagher, an independent researcher, made a meticulous check of Secret Service records and found that no Secret Service agent was on or near the knoll area at the time that Smith encountered the “agent.” Mrs. Meagher suggests that the assassin may have escaped by using fake Secret Service credentials. 21. TRUNK THEORY Proponents: S. M. Holland, Richard H. Popkin. Soon after the shots were fired, S. M. Holland rushed to the picket fence behind the knoll (where he thought he saw smoke) and found a station wagon and a sedan parked near the fence (see Over the Fence Theory). Muddy footprints led from the bumper of the station wagon to the sedan and then mysteriously ended. Holland said: “I’ve often wondered if a man could have climbed into the trunk of that car and pulled the lid shut on himself, then someone else have driven it away later.” Other theorists, like Professor Popkin, have thought it more likely that the knoll assassin simply hid the rifle in the car, then fled on foot. 22. STORM DRAIN THEORY Proponent: Lillian Castellano. Mrs. Castellano, a California accountant, located what appeared to be a storm drain in a photograph of the grassy knoll taken at the time of the assassination. However, it could not be located in later photographs of the grassy knoll. Through a contact in Dallas, Mrs. Castellano obtained a chart of the sewer and drainage system surrounding the grassy knoll. Apparently, the drain was filled in after the assassination. Mrs. Castellano suspected that it could have been part of an escape system. 23. OSWALD AS F.B.I. INFORMER According to Secret Service report 767, Alonzo Hudkins, a Houston reporter, told the Secret Service that he had heard from Chief Allan Sweatt of the Dallas sheriff’s office that Lee Harvey Oswald “was being paid two hundred dollars per month by the F.B.I. in connection with their subversive investigation” and that “Oswald had informant number S-172.” The Commission never called Hudkins or Sweatt to testify. There are a number of other interesting circumstances surrounding Oswald’s possible relationship with the F.B.I.    Warren De Brueys, an F.B.I. agent who covered both the New Orleans and Dallas beat, asked Carlos Bringuier to furnish the F.B.I. information about the activities of his Anti-Castro group. When Bringuier refused, De Brueys threatened to send an under-cover agent to infiltrate the group.    Later, Lee Harvey Oswald came to New Orleans from Dallas and tried to infiltrate Bringuier’s group by pretending he was an Anti-Castroite. Bringuier, at first, did not think this was a coincidence.    When Oswald was arrested for fighting with Bringuier, he asked to see an F.B.I. agent. An F.B.I. agent visited him in jail and questioned him about the activities of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee.    Oswald’s address book contained the address and license plate number of Dallas F.B.I. agent James Hosty. It was later deleted from the police list of Oswald’s addresses. Drawback: J. Edgar Hoover categorically denied that Oswald had any connection with the F.B.I. and offered the F.B.I.’s file on Oswald to the Commission. (The Chief Justice refused it, however, on the grounds that it might contain secret information.) 24. OSWALD AS SECRET AGENT Proponents: Mrs. Marguerite Oswald and Norman Mailer. Mrs. Oswald suggested long before the assassination, and is still of the belief, that her son was a C.I.A. agent. His trip to Russia was a C.I.A. mission, and so were his later activities. If Oswald was involved in the assassination, Mrs. Oswald suggests, “Now it could have been that my son and the Secret Service were all involved in a mercy killing,” explaining, “If he [Kennedy] was dying of an incurable disease, this would be for the security of our country.” Norman Mailer, on the other hand, believes that it is quite possible Oswald was an undercover agent for not one, but a number of espionage services (who “tend to collect the same particular small agents in common”). Mailer wrote in Book Week: “It was all but a comedy of the most horrible sort, but when Kennedy was assassinated, the espionage services of half the world may have discovered in the next hour that one little fellow in Dallas was…a secret, useless little undercover agent who was on their private lists; what nightmares must have ensued.” Oswald was then liquidated by one of his employer-agencies. According to Mailer’s scenario, we hear an Ivy League voice cry out in some unknown council-of-war room: “Well, can’t something be done, can’t we do something about this man?”, and a little later a phone call made and another, and finally a voice saying to our friend Ruby, “Jack, I got good news. There’s a little job…” 25. TWO OSWALDS THEORY Proponent: Richard H. Popkin. Thesis: Professor Popkin (Chairman, Philosophy Department, University of California at San Diego) has advanced a rather ingenious theory to explain certain discrepancies in the Commission’s findings. Certain witnesses claim to have encountered Oswald prior to November 22 in places where he could not possibly have been. To explain these anomalies, Popkin suggests that there were actually “two Oswalds”; the second “Oswald” closely resembled the real Oswald. The real Oswald’s role was to be a decoy—that is, he would lead the police astray by becoming the prime suspect. The escape of the second Oswald, who actually fired the shots from the Depository, was thus facilitated. When Oswald’s trial came up, he would undoubtedly produce a surprise alibi, and the evidence would be so confused by the second Oswald’s pre-assassination maneuvers that the Oswald-on-trial would be acquitted. What went wrong, however—and here the theory becomes a mite complicated—was that the real Oswald met Officer Tippit, who knew the second Oswald, and waved him down. In the ensuing confusion, Oswald panicked and shot Tippit. This theory differs from the Oswald Impersonator Theory in one important way: here, the real Oswald is guilty. Drawback: The sightings of this “second Oswald” all occurred before it was even known that Kennedy would be coming to Dallas. Thus it seems unlikely that a carefully deceptive plot cold have been underway. Retort: Oswald and his double were only one of many pairs of assassins being set up all over the country on a contingency basis, should the opportunity for action arise. 26. POST-ASSASSINATION DOMINO THEORY Proponents: Penn Jones Jr. and Mark Lane. Penn Jones, the editor of the Midlothian, Texas, Mirror, notes that a number of key witnesses have died under “clouded circumstances” since the assassination and he suggests the theory that people who know too much about the assassination are being silenced. For example, Jones cites a meeting at Ruby’s apartment at which two newspaper reporters, Bill Hunter and Jim Koethe, were present. Bill Hunter was later killed by the “accidental discharge” of a policeman’s revolver in a police station in Long Beach, California. Jim Koethe was killed by a “karate chop” in his Dallas apartment. The murder is still unsolved. Ruby’s lawyer, Tom Howard, also attended the meeting. He later died of a “heart attack” (Jones notes “no autopsy was performed”). Jones suggests that some important information was divulged at the meeting, and those who heard the information had to be disposed of. Moreover, Jones’s paper has maintained a death-count on other relevant individuals.    Hank Killam, whose wife was a waitress at Ruby’s nightclub and whose friend lived in Oswald’s rooming house, was found on a Florida street with his throat cut.    Dorothy Kilgallen, the only journalist who was granted a private interview with Ruby, died. Jones points out (erroneously) that her death occurred on the night of the “strange” Northeast Power Blackout. (Jones missed the connection that the announcer of What’s My Line, John Daly, is the Chief Justice’s son-in-law.)    William Whaley, the cabdriver who took Oswald home after the assassination and possibly talked to him, died in a car crash—the first cabdriver to be killed on duty in Dallas since 1937.    Karen Bennett Carlin, another performer at Ruby’s club and the last person to talk to Ruby before he shot Oswald, died of gunshot wounds in Houston, according to Penn Jones. This seems quite strange since she testified to a Commission lawyer after the reported date of her death.    Earlene Roberts, the housekeeper at Oswald’s rooming house who claimed she saw a police car stop in front of the house about ten minutes before Oswald encountered Tippit, also died. Mark Lane adds the case of Warren Reynolds, a witness to the Tippit shooting, who was shot through the head (but survived); Nancy Money, a former stripper in Ruby’s nightclub who also provided an alibi for the man accused of shooting Reynolds, hanged herself in the Dallas jail; and Lee E. Bowers, Jr., a bystander who saw a car making a getaway from the grassy knoll, was killed in a car accident to which there were no witnesses. 27. RACIST THEORY Proponents: Léo Sauvage, Hans Habe (author of The Wounded Land). Sauvage, an American correspondent for Figaro, suggests the theory that Kennedy could have been killed by a conspiracy of Southern racists to prevent him from carrying out his civil-rights program. To turn blame away from themselves and onto Leftists, they methodically framed Oswald (by impersonating him and by planting evidence against him). Oswald’s murder, however, was not part of the racist conspiracy, but a separate plot instigated by the Dallas police to prevent a trial in which he might be acquitted of the crime 28. CUI BONO THEORY Proponents: Izvestia, Trud, Joachim Joesten, Barbara Garson, Don B. Reynolds, Jack Ruby and others. Thesis: Although not one shred of hard evidence has been uncovered to prove them right, many people have taken the “Who benefited?” line of pursuit and point an accusing finger at Lyndon Johnson. The Soviet Government newspaper Izvestia, after condemning The Warren Report as slanderous to Russia, hinted by sly innuendo that President Johnson may have been implicated in the assassination. They cite the soon-to-be published works of Joachim Joesten (seven volumes to be sold by subscription for $200) which argues that Johnson has been covering up. The next day, Trud, the trade-union paper, made the accusations more forcefully. Californian Barbara Garson has written a satire, based on Macbeth, called Macbird in which L.B.J. and Lady Bird take the parts of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth in the murder of J.F.K. and Adlai Stevenson (the Egg of Head). In January of 1964 the Warren Commission learned that Don B. Reynolds, insurance agent and close associate of Bobby Baker, had been heard to say that the F.B.I. knew that Johnson was behind the assassination. When interviewed by the F.B.I., he denied this. But he did recount an incident during the swearing in of Kennedy in which Bobby Baker said words to the effect that the s.o.b. would never live out his term and that he would die a violent death. Reynolds also vaguely suggested that Governor Connally may have called long distance from Washington to Lee Oswald who was staying in a Dallas Y.M.C.A. He had no proof. A number of letters allegedly written by Jack Ruby and smuggled out of jail were auctioned off by New York autograph dealer Charles Hamilton. Penn Jones, Jr. bought one and published part of it. "I walked into a trap the moment I walked down the ramp Sunday morning. This was the spot where they could frame the Jew, and that way all of his people will be blamed as being Communists, this is what they were waiting for. They alone had planned the killing, by they I mean Johnson and others.” “…read the book Texas Looks at Lyndon and you may learn quite a bit about Johnson and how he fooled everyone.” Drawback: In a letter to J. Lee Rankin, J. Edgar Hoover wrote, “I have not received any information to implicate President Johnson or Governor Connally in the assassination.” 29. DALLAS OLIGARCHY THEORY Proponent: Thomas Buchanan. According to Buchanan’s theory, “Mr. X,” a right-wing Texas oil millionaire, had to eliminate Kennedy and Khrushchev to gain world domination of the oil market. He decided to assassinate Kennedy in such as way that Khrushchev would be discredited. Oswald was to be framed as the assassin, then executed by Tippit. With Oswald dead, the Soviet Union would be blamed for the assassination. Oswald, however, outdrew Tippit and was captured alive later. The conspirators then induced Ruby to kill Oswald as a means of silencing him for good. Aside from Mr. X, Buchanan names the following “additional conspirators”:    The assassin on the bridge. (He hints this was Ruby.)    A second assassin in the Depository who was wearing a police uniform.    A police officer involved in Oswald’s arrest (who was, next to Mr. X, the key conspirator).    Tippit.    Oswald.    One of the policemen who missed Oswald as he left the building. 30. CUBA-FRAMED THEORY Proponent: Fidel Castro. About a week after the assassination, Castro suggested that the conspirators intended that Cuba be blamed for the assassination. According to this theory, Oswald may have been one of the riflemen, but his prime role in the conspiracy was to ghost a trail that would lead directly to Cuba. Thus, a few months before the assassination, Oswald set up a phony Fair Play for Cuba Committee in New Orleans and Dallas, engaged in “brawls” with anti-Castro Cubans, and identified himself with Castro and Cuba on radio programs. Then he went to Mexico where he tried to obtain a Cuban visa. (Castro notes that Oswald had no reason to go to Cuba. If Oswald wanted to go to Russia, as he claimed, it was shorter and easier to go via Europe.) After the assassination, the plan called for Oswald to disappear. Evidence planted at the scene would identify Oswald as the assassin, and Oswald’s pre-assassination activities and other planted clues would lead to the conclusion that Oswald had fled to Cuba. This, in turn, might serve as a pretext for an American invasion of Cuba. There is some later evidence which fits in very neatly with the Castro thesis.    On September 26, just before Oswald’s trip to the Cuban Embassy in Mexico, Mrs. Sylvia Odio, a Cuban Refugee leader, claims that three men visited her in Dallas. Two were Latins, possibly Cubans, the third was American. The American was called “Leon Oswald.” After the assassination Mrs. Odio as well as her sister definitely identified this man as Lee Harvey Oswald. The three men said that they had just come from New Orleans (the Commission established Oswald left New Orleans about September 25) and were about to take a trip. They wanted backing for some violent anti-Castro activities, but Mrs. Odio suspected that they might in fact be Castro agents. The next day one of the Latins called Mrs. Odio and told her that Oswald was “kind of nuts” and that he had said Kennedy should have been assassinated after the Bay of Pigs, and that “it is so easy to do it.” Thus, Oswald established himself as a potential assassin traveling with two Cubans.    Two days before the assassination, three people spoke to Wayne January, manager of Red Bird airport in Dallas, about renting a plane. They told him they wanted to be flown to Yucatán Peninsula on November 22. After the assassination, January told the F.B.I. that one of the three persons was Oswald. January later said that he suspected the threesome might want to hijack his plane and go to Cuba, and thus decided not to rent them the plane.    Shortly after the assassination, there were literally dozens of allegations and “tips” that Oswald was closely connected with the Cubans. For example, one Latin American free-lance intelligence agent claimed that he saw Oswald receive $6,500 for the purpose of assassinating Kennedy. (The Commission found these allegations to be false.) However, if Oswald escaped and disappeared, these tips might very well have fed suspicion that Oswald was in Cuba. 31. CRYSTAL BALL THEORY Proponent: Jeane Dixon. In December, 1963, prophetess Jeane Dixon “got psychically” an inside line on the assassination. “As I interpret my symbols,” she wrote, “Fidel Castro believed that President Kennedy and Premier Khrushchev had gotten together on a plan to eliminate him and replace him with someone more acceptable to the United States and the U.N. Castro, in his conniving way, therefore arranged for the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Lee Harvey Oswald was the triggerman, but there were other people involved in the plot.” 32. MAFIA THEORY Proponent: Sergei Groussard. In a series of articles in L’Aurore, Groussard offers the theory that Kennedy was assassinated in order to forestall a planned crackdown on organized crime. The “Al Capone gang” in Chicago ordered Ruby to set up the assassination. Ruby then sent Oswald (who was in his debt) to Mexico to visit the underworld’s own plastic surgery clinic and other escape facilities; and Oswald agreed to be the rifleman. Tippit was supposed to drive Oswald out of Dallas, but when he learned that Oswald was the assassin he tried to arrest him and Oswald killed him. Ruby then had to finish the job personally. 33. JUNTA THEORY Proponent: M. S. Arnoni. The editor of The Minority of One envisions a “titanic power struggle” in the U.S. Government. He postulates that the insurrectionist forces included the C.I.A., the Air Force, relevant defense contractors, and a number of congressmen and that the Junta’s leaders were high-ranking Air Force and Navy officers. The object was to deliver the U.S. into the hands of a “military-industrial cabal.” Because President Kennedy attempted to oppose the Junta, he had to be eliminated. His fate was sealed when he signed the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963—which he, according to this theory, “signed in his own blood.” 34. RED EXECUTION THEORY Proponent: Revilo P. Oliver. Professor Oliver, in an article for the John Birch Society magazine, advanced the theory that Moscow ordered Oswald to assassinate Kennedy. It seems that Kennedy was threatening to desert the Communists and “turn American.” But the President’s aides persuaded him to go to Dallas where he was “executed.” Although the assassin’s accomplices escaped, Oswald himself was apprehended by dint of the heroic action of J. D. Tippit, and so it became necessary that “Jakob Rubenstein” eliminate Oswald. 35. EVIL-FORCES THEORY Proponent: Ousman Ba, Foreign Minister of Mali. Ba charged in the United Nations Security Council that “Kennedy’s assassination, the murder of Patrice Lumumba and Dag Hammarskjóld’s death were all the work of forces that were behind the recent U.S.-Belgian rescue operation in the Congo.” Ba did not elaborate. Ahead to Second Primer of Assassination Theories http://karws.gso.uri.edu/jfk/conspiracy_theories/Second_Primer/Second_primer.html A Second Primer of Assassination Theories Esquire, May 1967, pp. 104 ff. Last December we thought we had offered you the complete works of the assassination buffs. The opus grows: here are twenty-five new entries As reported in last December’s Esquire, the Warren Commission’s crucial Single-Bullet Theory (hereafter, the S.B.T.) seemed to be in real trouble. This theory posits that President Kennedy and Governor Connally both were first hit by the same bullet—a crucial assumption because the Commission established that there was not enough time for the murder rifle to be fired twice within the interval that both men were first hit (1.8 seconds or less). In short, either the S.B.T. stands, or a Two-Assassin Theory emerges. Trouble first developed for the S.B.T. with the publication of previously classified F.B.I. reports by Edward Jay Epstein’s Inquest, which flatly contradicted the Commission’s autopsy statement that the first bullet passed clean through President Kennedy and exited his throat. The F.B.I. reports instead stated that the autopsy showed that the bullet in question did not exit from the President’s throat, a fact which would make it impossible for this bullet to continue on to hit Governor Connally and thus would rule out the S.B.T. Next, Life magazine enlarged its 8mm amateur film of the assassination frame by frame, and, on the basis of this new evidence, concluded that Connally and Kennedy may indeed have been hit by separate bullets. Governor Connally also viewed the Life film frame by frame and stated categorically that he was hit by a separate bullet. The most unkind cut of all came when Governor Connally called a press conference for the express purpose of defending the Commission, then inadvertently mentioned that he still had a fragment of the bullet in his thigh. Alas, that fact alone would invalidate the S.B.T. because the bullet that is supposed to have wounded both men was found virtually intact. Finally, Senator Richard Russell, member of the Commission who now claims the dubious distinction of having been the only member “who bucked the Report,” stated that “from the outset” he never really believed in the S.B.T. Then Commissioner Hale Boggs followed suit during a Face the Nation interview by expressing his own doubts about the faltering S.B.T. But even as Commission members began deserting the sinking S.B.T., a number of last-ditch theories were proposed by the defenders of the Commission. undefined 1. THE SECOND-THOUGHT AUTOPSY REPORT Proponents: Arlen Specter and other Commission lawyers. Thesis: Arlen Specter, a key investigator for the Commission and principal author of the S.B.T., has attempted to explain the contradiction between the F.B.I. Summary Reports and the Commission’s autopsy report in terms of two different autopsy conclusions. In the one and only autopsy examination conducted on the night of the assassination at Bethesda Hospital, the doctors arrived at the “tentative” conclusion that the bullet which struck President Kennedy in the back penetrated only a short distance, then fell out through the point of entrance when the Dallas doctors applied external heart massage. The next day, however, the autopsy doctors found out about the throat wound (which was obscured by the tracheotomy operation) and changed their conclusion, now deciding that the bullet went completely through the neck. This conclusion was reached without benefit of having the corpse before them (or the autopsy and X-ray photographs). Then, according to Specter’s theory, Commander Humes incinerated his original autopsy report in his recreation-room fireplace, and drew up a new autopsy report stating that the bullet exited the President’s throat. The F.B.I. was not shown the new report and reiterated the old conclusion in their summary reports. Drawback: Specter’s theory contradicts The Warren Report’s description of the autopsy, which he himself wrote in 1964. In The Warren Report (pp. 88-89), Specter states that, during the autopsy, doctors rejected the possibility that the bullet penetrated only a short distance, and that the evidence from Dallas of a throat wound “confirmed” this conclusion. Thus, whereas The Warren Report states that there was only and only one conclusion of the autopsy reached during the examination, the autopsy conclusion was changed (not confirmed) the next day by evidence from Dallas, and thus there were two autopsy conclusions. The question remains: Which one of these conflicting statements is true? 2. THE HOOVER HEGELIAN THEORY Proponent: J. Edgar Hoover. Thesis: Although the F.B.I. Supplementary Report of January 13, 1964, states that the bullet that struck President Kennedy in the back penetrated “to a distance of less than a finger length,” and the Commission’s autopsy report states that this same bullet passed clean through the neck and exited the throat, J. Edgar Hoover finds that there is no “conflict” between the two statements of the autopsy, only a “difference in the information reported.” Hoover further claims that the F.B.I. of course knew that the bullet passed clean through the President’s neck at the same time that the reported the bullet penetrated only a finger’s length into his back. Since they also knew that the Commission knew the true contents of the autopsy report, there was no reason, Hoover insists, to make a false statement of the autopsy results. Moreover he dialectically explains that although the F.B.I. report flatly stated that the bullet did not pass through the President’s body, the F.B.I. itself helpfully pointed to weaknesses in its own theory by stating that there was a hole in the President’s shirt caused by an exiting projectile. Drawback: Thesis plus antithesis doesn’t equal J. Edgar’s synthesis. Aside from the fact that the F.B.I. Supplementary Reports were prepared initially for public release and not for the Warren Commission, a major problem in Hoover’s explanation is that the F.B.I. told The Washington Post on December 18, 1963, that the hole in the shirt was caused by a fragment from the third shot which exploded against the President’s head (not from the first shot). Therefore, the F.B.I. report of the shirt hole does not “clearly” indicate that the autopsy doctors’ early observation “that the bullet penetrated only a short distance into the Presidents head probably was in error,” as Hoover postulates. 3. VIEW FROM THE BRIDGE THEORY Proponent: Lawrence Schiller, a photographer and producer of Capitol Records album, The Controversy, on the assassination. Thesis: A number of critics assume that shots came from the knoll because a number of witnesses state they saw smoke coming from the knoll area. The most celebrated puff-of-smoke witness is S. M. Holland. Schiller brought Holland back to the exact spot where he said he was standing, placed a camera level with his shoulder, aimed it at the spot where Holland said he saw the puff of smoke, and snapped a photograph. The photograph shows that directly behind and slightly higher than the spot where Holland claims the smoke came from is the sixth-floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Thus, Schiller suggests, “Maybe both Holland and the Warren Commission are right: the shots came from the Book Depository but from Holland’s perspective the smoke and the report of a gun appeared to come from the knoll.” S. M. Holland (shown on the overpass where he stood November 22, 1963) saw smoke under the tree directly above his right thumb. Drawback: Holland, whose depth perception is normal, was just possibly able to distinguish the knoll, 180 feet away, from the Book Depository, which was 120 feet beyond that. Also, Schiller’s analysis is destroyed completely in view of the fact that witnesses at other points also thought the shots came from the knoll: the policeman who ran up it, Abraham Zapruder, and others. 4. THE NOBLE LIE THEORY Proponents: Drew Pearson, Henri Nannen (editor of Der Stern), and Jacob Cohen (former instructor at Brandeis summer school and author of Honest Verdict). Thesis: Drew Pearson quotes Der Stern’s explanation that the original autopsy report was suppressed “on the grounds that President Kennedy was suffering from Addison’s disease” and “his family did not want it known.” Why? Because “politically Kennedy’s illness could become dangerous. Addison’s illness—it sounds sinister.” Thus, according to this theory, the Kennedys withheld the autopsy report and “hid the X-rays, even from the Warren Commission.” And “this would also explain the lack of a date on the Warren Commission autopsy report” which was changed “so that it contained no mention of the President’s illness,” as well as why the autopsy surgeon burned the original autopsy report (“otherwise hundreds of people would have been faced with lying under oath, which would have been deplorable”). Drawback: The fact that Kennedy had Addison’s desease was in the Warren Report (as well as in Sorenson’s biography of Kennedy), so why delete it from the autopsy report? And the Commission files show that Attorney General Robert Kennedy explicitly gave his approval to the Commission to look at the autopsy photographs and X-rays. 5. MANCHESTER THEORY Proponent: William Manchester. Thesis: In his sometime authorized account, author Manchester recognizes that there was hardly enough time for Oswald to have fired three shots. He therefore proposes that only two shots were fired: the first hitting Kennedy in the back and then going on to cause all of Connally’s wounds, the second inflicting Kennedy’s fatal head wound. According to this theory, Oswald left an extra cartridge case at the scene [from the Walker shooting?] and the some hundred witnesses who thought they heard three or more shots actually heard only two and echoes. Drawback: More than a hundred witnesses heard more than two shots, and a number of witnesses claim that they saw a bullet miss and hit the pavement. Finally, one man, James Tague, was wounded by a fragment from a bullet. As he was standing 260 feet from the President’s car at the time of the head shot, it does not seem likely that he was wounded by a fragment from that bullet. Gaining wobbly support from the preceding sources, the S.B.T. runs into stiff competition from most of the following theories. 6. CONNALLY’S SMALL-DETAIL THEORY Proponent: John B. Connally, Governor of Texas. Thesis: Immediately after he single-handedly demolished the S.B.T. in Life, creating a nationwide outcry to reopen investigation, Connally called a press conference in Texas. He said that although he was not hit by the same bullet which hit Kennedy, it was only a small “detail,” and he advised everyone to have faith in the Warren Commission because they were all patriotic men. Drawback: None. 7. RUSSELL LONG THEORY Proponent: Senator Russell Long. Thesis: The whole controversy over the S.B.T. was made to appear a bit irrelevant when Senator Long told the A.P. that he didn’t doubt Oswald played a part in the assassination. “But,” he added, “whoever fired that second shot was a lot better shot than Oswald.” 8. SHOT-THROUGH-THE-TREE THEORY Proponent: Alexander M. Bickel. Thesis: Professor Bickel, writing in Commentary, finds that although the S.B.T. is untenable, the single-assassin theory can be rescued by constructing an alternate hypothesis to explain the first two shots. The Commission concluded that the first shot could not have come before the 210th frame (photo A) on the Zapruder film because before that point an oak tree blocked the assassin’s line of sight. Bickel has found, however, that on frames 185-186 on the Zapruder film there was a “break” or window in the foliage of the tree (photo B). Bickel thus suggests that Oswald might have fired through the foliage at this point, which would have left sufficient time to operate the bolt and fire again at frame 232 to wound Connally, then fire the fatal head shot at film frame 313. According to this theory, the first bullet lodged in the President’s back and was later expelled on his stretcher at Parkland Hospital in Dallas, accounting for its pristine condition. The second bullet wounded Connally and fragmentized, accounting for the two fragments found in the front seat of the Presidential limousine, and the final shot disintegrated when it struck the President’s head, sending a minute fragment out through the throat and accounting for the throat wound. undefined Drawback: Although Professor Bickel’s theory is certainly a possible alternative to The Warren Report, it still leaves a few unsolved problems. First, the opening in the tree gave the assassin a view of the car for no more than a tenth of a second. It seems improbable that a rifleman could aim, squeeze the tiger, and fire off an accurate shot in this brief interval. Second, this theory means that the President was hit in frame 186 but did not react until frame 225—a two-second delayed reaction. Finally, the theory fails to account for the shot that went astray and hit a bystander (although conceivably Oswald had time to fire a fourth shot, but then why were only three cartridge cases found?). 9. THE STEROID THEORY Proponent: Ellen Leopold, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Thesis: President Kennedy may indeed have had a two-second delayed reaction to the first shot “if he was on steroids.” Not infrequently, Miss Leopold points out, sufferers of Addison’s disease are put on steroids because they tend to suppress reactions of the adrenal glands. This theory lends unexpected support to Professor Bickel’s Shot-Through-The-Tree Theory and also to the Early-Hit Theory (which posits a shot before the tree, as reported in Esquire for December, 1966). Drawback: The Warren Commission, possibly for reasons pointed out by Drew Pearson, never determined whether or not Kennedy was on steroids. Until this question is settled, the Steroid Theory will be academic. 10. RIDDLE-NEWTON THEORY Proponent: R. A. J. Riddle, member of the Brain Research Institute and former Professor of physics at U.C.L.A. Thesis: Dr. Riddle finds a discrepancy between the Warren Report and Newton’s second law of motion—i.e. that an object struck by a projectile will be given the same direction as that of the projectile. Because the film of the assassination shows that the general direction of motion of Kennedy is backward and to the left (viz. Vincent Salandria’s “Head Movement Theory,” Esquire, December, 1966) and because there is no evidence of a sudden acceleration of the car and on the assumption that a neuromuscular reaction can be ruled out as the cause for President Kennedy’s sudden violent backward motion, Dr. Riddle believes that the projectile must have come from in front of the President. His computations add weight to Vincent Salandria’s “Head Movement Theory.” Drawback: Are Newton’s laws sound if they contradict the Warren Commission? 11. DOUBLE HEAD-SHOT THEORY Proponents: Professor Josiah Thompson and Ray Marcus, independently. Thesis: The “third” shot, which caused Kennedy’s fatal head wound, was actually two nearly simultaneous shots, one coming from the rear and another from the right front. This theory takes Vincent Salandria’s “Head Movement Theory” and Riddle’s computations one step further. In a forthcoming book, Thompson uses precise scientific studies made of the Zapruder film frames and close analysis of the medical evidence to show that the damage was inflicted by two bullets, not one. Also, he cites ear- and eyewitness reports which back up his claim that the third shot was really a third and fourth. 12. MARK LANE’S FRENCH FIVE-SHOT THEORY Proponent: Mark Lane. Thesis: In the French edition of his Rush to Judgment, Lane first proposed a theory which was later appended to his paperback edition of Rush to Judgment. In his original French version bullet “une” strikes President Kennedy from the back. Bullet “deux” strikes Kennedy in the throat. Bullet “trois” hit Governor Connally. Bullet “quatre” misses and wounds the bystander James Tague. And bullet “cinq” fired from the grassy knoll hits Kennedy in the head. Since one shot came from behind the President (bullet no. 1), one shot came from in front of the President (bullet. No. 2)—he was facing straight ahead when hit in the throat—and one shot (bullet No. 5) came from the right (the knoll), there must have been at least “trois” assassins firing from different directions. Drawbacks: If a bullet hit President Kennedy from in front, as Lane suggests, where did it go? There are no exit wounds that could account for a bullet entering through the throat. Then too, if the bullet entered the head from the rear, as the autopsy shows, it could not have entered from the right front, as Lane claims. 13. DAL-TEX THEORY Proponent: Harold Weisberg (Whitewash series). Thesis: Some of the shots may have come from the Dal-Tex Building across the street from the Texas School Book Depository. In Whitewash II, a sequel to his first book, Weisberg enlarges an A.P. photo of the motorcade (A and B) and claims to see “a man in seeming distress” on a fire escape (arrow) on the side of the Dal-Tex Building and “an arm-like object projecting from the open second-story window” (circle). undefined This theory receives some corroboration from a photograph that appeared in The Saturday Evening Post on December 14, 1963 (C). It purportedly showed the assassin’s line of sight through the cross hairs of a telescopic lens. What the Post did not notice is that the corner of the Texas School Book Depository is visible in the right edge of the photo. Their photographer was shooting from the Dal-Tex Building, not having been able to gain entrance into the Depository. And strangely enough, according to Weisberg, the established bullet trajectories still bear him out. A tantalizing note adds intrigue to the theory: a man was arrested in the Dal-Tex Building shortly after the assassination, allegedly for having no business being there. 14. THE 24 FRAMES-PER-SECOND THEORY Proponent: Harold Weisberg. Thesis: The Commission’s conclusion that all three shots were fired in 5.6 seconds is based on the assumption that Abraham Zapruder’s camera was operating at a speed of 18.3 frames per second. The 103 frames that elapsed between frame 210 (the earliest point the Commission says the first shot could have been fired) and frame 313 (the point at which the third shot struck Kennedy’s head), divided by the speed of the camera (18.3 frames per second), yields the 5.6-seconds time that the assassin had to fire in. Weisberg has found, however, an F.B.I. report in the National Archives in which Abe Zapruder claimed that his camera was set to operate at twenty-four frames per second, not 18.3. This would mean that the entire assassination occurred in less than 4.3 seconds (103 frames divided by 24), which is less time than the murder weapon could be fired twice. Drawback: The F.B.I. established the film speed of the camera by filming the sweep second hand of a clock, and the camera’s manufacturer recently confirmed that the camera speed was less than a tenth of a frame from the figure reported by the F.B.I. 15. INDUCED CANCER THEORY Proponents: Jack Ruby, Mark Lane, Penn Jones, Jr., Norman Mailer, and an unidentified Russian newspaper. Thesis: That Jack Ruby’s death was planned and brought about by members of a conspiracy whose prior business had been the murders of President Kennedy, Patrolman J. D. Tippit and, possibly, Lee Harvey Oswald. According to an Associated Press story by Bernard Gavzer (datelined Dallas, January 3, 1967), Ruby had expressed the belief that mustard gas had been seeped into his cell and that he was injected with cancer. The Dallas Times Herald states in an editorial that “the Communist Russian press has accused the city of Dallas of being “‘Co-Conspirators’ who…might have deliberately injected cancer cells into the veins of Ruby.” This theory might in turn stem from such statements as the one uttered by Mark Lane after a screening of his movie, Rush to Judgment. Before a celebrity-packed audience he mused, “Isn’t it strange that Ruby’s sniffles went from a cold to pneumonia to cancer in twenty-four hours?” Ditto Penn Jones, whose assassination-connected death count is now at twenty (before ruby: the motorcycle death of James Worrell, who allegedly saw somebody run out of the back door of the Texas School Book Depository). Jones, of course, finds Ruby’s death “very suspicious.” In a rambling, emotional obituary entitled A Requiem for the Rube, Norman Mailer offers his own interpretation of Ruby’s death and the significance thereof. “Jack Ruby added a point to the general median cancer potential by bugging the hope we could find one answer via Lee Harvey Oswald. In turn, us, Great American Pure Breed Public, in for feed, gave him his cans back. He died of cancer this morning, told us the way. We do not know the cure, but son, now we know the way. We know how to give cancer now…” 16. TWO-MEN IN-A-WINDOW THEORY Proponent: Mrs. Eric Walther. Thesis: A few weeks after the assassination, Mrs. Walther stated in an F.B.I. report that she saw a rifleman in one window of the Texas School Book Depository, and next to the man with the rifle was another man in a brown suit coat. Mrs. Walther was unable to see whether or not the second man had a rifle. A second rifleman of course would explain how Governor Connally and President Kennedy were both hit less than two seconds apart. The Commission never evaluated Mrs. Walther’s statement. Drawback: The window next to Oswald’s was closed during the assassination. Retort: The second man may only have been a lookout. 17. DOCTORED PHOTOGRAPH THEORY Proponents: Mark Lane, Harold Weisberg, David Lifton, et al. Thesis: The photographs showing Oswald with the Kennedy and Tippit murder weapons are clever paste-ups of Oswald’s head on another man’s body. When the Dallas police found the two photographs they were certain they had positive evidence linking Oswald with the weapons. Life magazine ran one of the pictures on its cover. Newsweek and The New York Times also printed the picture. Confusion reigned shortly. Careful observers had noticed that all three publications had retouched the rifle and the pistol, but each did it in different ways. Their editors were forced to write humiliating letters to the Warren Commission admitting their alterations, but in essence none had falsified the photographs. Those accusations were to come later. Mark Lane and Harold Weisberg noticed that the shadow under Oswald’s nose seemed to be inconsistent with the other shadows in the picture. Both the F.B.I. and the Dallas police rushed to prove such a photograph was possible, but only succeeding in adding a touch of Dogberry humor. The Dallas police shot a picture of a plainclothesman on the scene, but on a cloudy day. The F.B.I. posed an agent on a roof in bright sunlight, but the photograph they sent to the Commission had the head cut off. undefined 18. FALSE KNOLL THEORY Proponent: David Lifton, a U.C.L.A. engineering graduate student and coauthor of the three-assassins article in Ramparts which introduced Riddle’s analysis. (See No. 11.) Thesis: On the day of the assassination, three types of camouflage were employed by conspirators positioned beneath, on, and above the grassy knoll. Lifton reached this hypothesis after minute study of photographs of the area during and after the assassination. It answers the question why, despite the fact that eyewitness reports and the Head Movement Theory indicate shots came from the grassy knoll, nothing at all was found there immediately afterward. Underground camouflage: Lifton suggests that prior to the assassination, the grassy knoll was excavated from beneath and a system of tunnels and bunkers was built into it. Peepholes covered by grass-mesh camouflage were placed on the sloping surface of the knoll. Subterranean nooks would explain the statement of witness Garland Slack: “I have heard this same sort of sound when a shot had come from within a cave…” Lifton goes further to suggest that the puff of smoke seen by some people on the grassy knoll may have been the exhaust from a gas engine incorporated within the camouflage mechanization. Surface camouflage: Lifton finds alterations (“bulges”) in the wall and the hedgerow on the grassy knoll, netting in the bushes and faint images of heads. Borrowing support from deputy Constable Weitzman who ran toward the wall and who said, “I scaled the wall and, apparently, my hands grabbed steam pipes. I burned them,” Lifton points out that there are no steam pipes atop the wall. This might, he says, be an indication that things may have been altered for that day. Weitzman also says a witness told him that he saw somebody throw something through a bush. Elevated camouflage: Because a comparison of certain photographs taken during the assassination with others taken afterward indicates that some tree structures had been altered on the knoll, and because he sees images up in the trees in assassination photos, Lifton believes there was some camouflage in the trees. Eyewitnesses S. M. Holland, Austin Miller and Frank Reilly all state that shots seemed to have come out of the trees. Drawbacks: As even Lifton admits, the photo enlargements are of extremely grainy quality (they could not be reproduced properly here) and interpretations of them are questionable at best. 19. BLUNDERBUSS THEORY Proponents: Mark Lane and Harold Weisberg. Thesis: At least five witnesses saw a puff of smoke during the assassination. Commission lawyers didn’t investigate because they believed no modern weapon would emit puffs of smoke conforming to the witnesses’ descriptions. (Some of the witnesses, when queried, guessed the smoke came from a motorcycle or steam pipe.) Since Commission lawyers were willing to accept the fact that Oswald used “an antiquated rifle and twenty-year-old ammunition,” as Mark Lane frequently points out on TV, why preclude the possibility that the second assassin used even a more antiquated weapon? 20. MAKING OF THE PRESIDENT Proponent: Vincent Salandria, a Philadelphia lawyer. Thesis: Mr. Salandria finds a curious passage in Theodore H. White’s The Making of the President, 1964. “On the flight [back to Washington aboard Air Force One] the party learned that there was no conspiracy; learned of the identity of Oswald and his arrest.” Salandria posits that this announcement was deliberately misleading and may have been the first sign of a conspiracy cover-up. The theory, obviously, would have to implicate strategically powerful individuals. The argument is as follows: Johnson’s party landed in Washington at 4:58 p.m. Dallas time. But at this point, Oswald had not been charged with the assassination. He had not yet been identified by any eyewitnesses in the Tippit killing, much less the assassination. The rifle found in the Depository had not yet been traced. The photographs of Oswald holding a rifle and wearing a revolver in his holster were not discovered until the next afternoon. No fingerprints were taken from him for comparison purposes until sometime after six p.m. The fiber on the rifle was not examined until Saturday morning. The brown-paper bag had not been linked to him. Marina Oswald had not yet been questioned. In short, none of the evidence itemized in the table of contents of The Warren Report under Chapter IV, “The Assassin,” was known to the Dallas police at the time. As to the statement that there was “no conspiracy,” Salandria believes that the announcement was suspiciously premature. At 4:58 p.m. it was understood that the shots had come from the front, yet the suspect Oswald was positioned behind the President. District Attorney Henry M. Wade told the Warren Commission that discussions relating to a conspiracy charge were carried on by telephone between his office and Washington until late that night. As far as Wade could remember, these included calls from the White House, the F.B.I. and the State Department. The general drift of the calls seemed to be to discourage any conspiracy charge. Salandria finds this disturbing. During Commission hearings, Congressman Gerald Ford told Secretary of State Dean Rusk that a comment he made the day after the assassination indicating that no foreign power was involved seemed a bit hasty. Said Ford, “You really didn’t have much time to evaluate all of the evidence.” Ford was concerned about who in the State Department might have made telephone calls to Texas urging that no charge of conspiracy be alleged. Drawback: As yet the precise text of the announcement on the plane is not known, nor is its origin. Theodore White refuses to comment except to say that the plane was in constant touch with the White House, and messages were relayed through a Signal Corps center in the Midwest. But the announcement may have been based, innocently, on the lack of any indication that there was a conspiracy afoot. 21. THE I-MURDER THEORY Proponent: Malcom Muggeridge. Thesis: According to this theory, Oswald “kills Kennedy for Intelligence’s own sake; the perfect I-murder.” Presume that Oswald was at least a double agent, recruited first by Soviet Intelligence during his stay in Minsk, then turned around by the F.B.I., and “finally reduced to a condition of bemusedness and lost identity which led him, in a trance-like state, to murder the President, as van der Lubbe, in a similarly trance-like state, set fire to the Reichstag.” His shooting at Walker, Pro- and Anti-Cuban activities, etc. were all done as a cover, in the hope he would lead the F.B.I. to the Soviet contact. This bizarre game caused Oswald to lose touch with reality, and, not knowing who he was working for or why, he shot Kennedy. To avoid undue embarrassment, he had to be shot, and Jack Ruby was standing by. 22. THE SUGAR THEORY Proponent: J. I. Rodale, editor of Prevention and Organic Gardening and Farming. Thesis: Oswald was seen minutes after the assassination with a Coke bottle in his hand. This fact leads health-crusader J. I. Rodale to suggest “Oswald was not responsible for this action: his brain was confused because he was a sugar drunkard. So what is called for now is a full-scale investigation of sugar consumption and crime.” The Curb Exchange. James Tague, who was standing on the curb along the south side of Main Street near the overpass, was struck sharply on the cheek at the time of the shooting. Police officers investigated immediately and said they found a “fresh chip in the curb” near where he was standing. A photograph was taken of the chip in the curb the next morning (photo A). Eight months later (July, 1964) the photographer and two F.B.I. men returned to the site to make measurements, but could not find the chip. The F.B.I. men hypothesized that in the interim “there [had] been numerous rains that could have possibly washed away such a mark and also…the area is cleaned by a street-cleaning machine about one a week, which would also wash away such a mark.” A month after that, J. Edgar Hoover wrote the Commission that the F.B.I. had cut out the section of curb with the mark (a photo of which he enclosed, B), and that indeed the mark was the same as that in the original photograph! This internal F.B.I. contradiction was discovered by Raymond Marcus, who also claims that the curb cutout doesn’t have any mark at all. 23. THE WASHING-MACHINE THEORY : Proponent: George de Mohrenschildt. Thesis: Marina Oswald, on the eve of the assassination, told her husband that they couldn’t live together “unless he would equip the apartment with a washing machine.” This demand caused a bitter argument which evoked in Oswald “the wish to strike and hurt someone.” Drawback: According to the Warren Commission, Oswald had the materials for making the paper bag for his rifle before he visited with his wife. Anyhow, as the Warren Report notes, they had lived near a Laundromat. 24. KENNEDY LIVES THEORY Proponent: George Thomson, a Los Angeles swimming-pool engineer and writer. Thesis: Thomson, in monographs and tapes which have been underground best sellers (reportedly 42,000 sold to date), advances the theory that Tippit was substituted for Kennedy in the Presidential limousine, and consequently it was Tippit not Kennedy who was shot. (Kennedy, years after, was the secret guest of honor at Truman Capote’s celebrated party.) This explains the illegal removal of Kennedy’s body from Dallas by his close cohorts, the missing X-ray and autopsy photographs, and subsequent confusion in reporting medical facts. The Kennedy controversy, for Thomson, revolves around the question of where Kennedy is today. 25. THE “WHAT HAVE WE HERE!” THEORY Proponent: T. N. Tastmona. Thesis: In a privately-printed 200-page volume called It Is As If: ($20), Mr. Tastmona (“American born of American-born parents) scrutinizes the details of the assassination and the text of The Warren Report, finding bizarre parallels with the life of Benjamin Franklin, Sherlock Holmes, Mormon doctrine and American history. One example, among many, is cited here as an extreme example of assassination theorizing. In the Chronology index of The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Tastmona finds mention of Arthur Lee, an American commissioner accompanying Franklin to France. Three pages later he finds a reference to Richard Oswald, Chief British negotiator. “The names ‘Lee’ and ‘Oswald’ sounded a responsive chord. Lee Oswald!—assassin of President Kennedy. Could some sort of historic parallel be coming to light? Could a Harvey be involved in these diplomatic deals?” Sure enough, on the next page of the Franklin autobiography Tastmona finds David Hartley, a British envoy. “Hartley!—a close approximation of ‘Harvey’… “‘Hartley’ differs from ‘Harvey’ by two letters. Perceive a composite form—Har TLV ey. What have we here! TLV equals a better approximation for ‘television’ that even plain TV. Lee Oswald was shot by Jack Ruby in full view of a national television audience.…It is as if this television crime had somehow been arranged to expound the disparity existing between the names Hartley and Harvey.” Tastmona goes on to reveal that David Hartley was really David Hartley Junior, or Jr., and “it was Jack Ruby with initials J. R. who by this brutal system of criminal cryptology painstakingly identified the Hartley of scholarly historical allusion to be J R. or Junior. “While in Russia, Lee Oswald kept what he called a ‘Historic Diary.’ He affected interest in his place in history. This attitude must be considered as part of a pre-instructed clue system, hinting the historical parallels just adduced.”  Back to First Primer of Assassination Theories http://www.edwardjayepstein.com/archived/warrenreport.htm Who's Afraid of the Warren Report? by Edward Jay Epstein (With annotations by K. A. Rahn) Esquire, December 1966 The Warren Commission was supposed to end all doubts about the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Tragically, it hasn’t. The distinguished members of the Commission never intended that their Report should become the basis for an amateur detective game. Yet this is precisely what is happening. A growing number of people are spending their leisure hours scouring the Commission’s Report and the twenty-six volumes of testimony and exhibits for possible clues to a conspiracy. Others, using high-powered magnifying glasses and infrared lights, are scrutinizing photographs of the assassination scene, hoping to find snipers concealed in the shrubbery. Still others are combing the National Archives on the hunch that they will locate something relevant in the three hundred cubic feet of documents that the Commission deemed irrelevant. Since the National Archives will provide microfilm copies of any nonclassified document in the assassination file at five cents a page, including F.B.I. and Secret Service investigative reports, a syndicate of private researchers is planning to buy all the available documents. Presumably they will then subdivide the 20,000 or so pages into areas (e.g., Ruby, Oswald, eyewitnesses, etc.) , and attempt a more definitive study than the Commission itself conducted.1 Elizabeth Hardwick, a literary critic of considerable stature, is considering joining the syndicate for another purpose. She believes it might contain the American comédie humaine. Meanwhile, more active private investigators are tracking down leads in Dallas and re-interviewing star witnesses. A few are keeping the death count2 on those who have been even remotely connected with the case. And there is a burgeoning grapevine through which assassination news is rapidly disseminated. As soon as a new discovery is made, assassination buffs across the country are alerted by a telephonic chain letter.This phenomenon would not be particularly disturbing if the players were merely kooks. However, most of them are not. Assassination buffs apparently are serious people—professionals, students, housewives, etc.—bent on solving what they consider to be an unsolved mystery. Perhaps this is all part of the American folklore tradition of amateurs stepping in and solving cases that baffle the police. Already amateurs have made some constructive contributions to the case. Mrs. Sylvia Meagher, a U.N. careerist, has completely indexed the  twenty-six volumes of testimony, a feat the Commission never had time to accomplish. Mr. and Mrs. George Nash, sociologists, found three new witnesses to the Tippit murder by following a tip given to them by a Dallas undertaker. Vincent Salandria, a Philadelphia lawyer, has charted the precise movements of the President’s head after the bullet’s impact by superimposing on each other the individual frames of the film of the assassination taken by a bystander.3 And Paul Hoch, a Berkeley graduate student, has unearthed some extremely important documents in the National Archives, including the original F.B.I. report on the autopsy. The man who has undoubtedly done the most to propagate the assassination cult is Mark Lane, thirty-nine-year-old attorney and sometime New York State Assemblyman. Lane began lecturing in coffeehouses, them stumped the college circuit, and is currently promoting both a book and a two-and-a-half-hour documentary film on the assassination. Above all, the Warren Commission itself shares at least part of the responsibility for the game. The Commission was obliged to publish all twenty-six volumes of data, although Commissioner Allen Dulles saw no point in doing so. “Nobody reads,” he said. “Don’t believe people read in this country. There will be few professors who will read the record.” Making the record public, however, is The American Way. Indeed, the number of people who have bothered to read the record has been small (less than a thousand sets of the twenty-six volumes have been sold to date). But they have been an inquisitive group, often ingenious. With their help, the public record has spawned a school of theories that have been swimming in the eddies of the public press, lately with increasing dizziness. Many of the theories, it is true, depend on fragments of evidence which, although clear enough, are palpably irrelevant (i.e., the death of several peripheral witnesses since the assassination). But they are no more irrelevant than many of the Report’s own meticulous entries (i.e., in July of 1962 Oswald spent $3.87 for a subscription to Time). Assassination buffs have seized, perhaps too eagerly, on discrepancies in the testimony of witnesses who were understandably shaken and confused. But in this they are no more at fault than the Commission, which appeared to accept testimony, even though it may have been ambiguous, so long as it aided its predisposition to prove Oswald the lone assassin. While the Commission was obviously intent on proving there was no conspiracy, selecting testimony and evidence for their Report that particularly suited them, the assassination buffs have responded by being suspicious of everything in which the Commission put credence. Throughout the case, where an omission or a contradiction seems best explained as simple human error, the private theorists loudly claim intentional deceit on the part of the Dallas police, the F.B.I., the witnesses, and the Commission itself.  Most of these accusations would be difficult to prove without further evidence, and thus for the time being they are rendered moot. But from the mass of such charges there has emerged one flagrant contradiction in the Report which can be proved or disproved very easily. More important, it is a crucial contradiction upon which all of the other leading theories depend.   This contradiction involves the one and only autopsy conducted on the President at the Bethesda (Maryland) Naval Medical Center on the night of the assassination. The report of the autopsy findings, published by the Commission, virtually precluded the possibility of a second assassin. First, it shows that both bullets that hit the President came from behind and the general direction of the Texas School Book Depository (where Oswald was at the time). This finding of course would cut the ground out from under early theories that the shots came from a point in front of the motorcade. Mark Lane’s theory that the throat wound was an entrance wound, Thomas Buchanan’s theory that the shots came from the triple overpass, and the many theories based on eyewitness testimony that the shots came from the grassy knoll would all be rendered invalid by the autopsy findings.  Second, the autopsy report states that the first bullet hit the President in the back of the neck and then exited through his throat. This led the Commission to believe that the same bullet that exited from Kennedy’s neck proceeded to wound Connally, who was seated directly in front of the President. This finding would explain the split-second time lapse between the first two shots. An amateur film of the assassination shows that both Kennedy and Connally were hit no more than 1.8 seconds apart. Yet, the bolt of the murder rifle cannot be operated in less than 2.3 seconds. In other words, both men were shot in less time than the rifle could be fired twice. And this fact has given rise to a number of two-assassin theories. But if both men were hit by the same bullet, as the autopsy report suggests, the time problem is resolved, and there is only one assassin  Finally, if in fact Connally and Kennedy were hit by the same bullet, it can be deduced that all the bullet fragments found in the President’s car came from the rifle of Lee Harvey Oswald. Since the autopsy findings indicate that only two bullets hit Kennedy, and one bullet was found virtually intact (raising some other problems), all the fragments must have come from the other bullet. Since some of these fragments matched Oswald’s rifle, the other fragments which were too deformed to be ballistically identified also must have come from Oswald’s rifle. The autopsy report thus leaves little ground for the two-assassin theories.  But the Commission’s account of the autopsy is not the only one. Two F.B.I. Summary Reports that were not published by the Commission give an alarmingly different version of the autopsy findings. After the F.B.I. Reports were published in my book Inquest, Norman Redlich, a former Commission lawyer, told the New York Times that these Summary Reports had to be deemed erroneous and instead the Commission relied on the original F.B.I. report of the autopsy (known as the Sibert-O’Neill report), prepared by the two F.B.I. agents who were present at the autopsy. This heretofore unpublished F.B.I. report was only recently made available to me. It gives a detailed description of the autopsy: “Upon completion of X-rays and photographs, the first incision was made at 8:15 p.m.” The F.B.I. Report then states that Commander J. J. Humes, the chief autopsy surgeon, made a detailed examination of the head wound to determine the exact path of the bullet. Only later, in “the latter stages of autopsy,” did Commander Humes discover the wound in the President’s back. It was, according to the F.B.I. Report, “below the shoulders.” In probing the wound, Humes found that the bullet had barely penetrated the skin “inasmuch as the end of the opening could be felt with the finger.” The autopsy surgeons were puzzled. The bullet hole was only a few inches deep, yet there was no bullet to account for it. The doctors then learned that a bullet had been found on a stretcher in the Dallas hospital where President Kennedy was first treated, and Commander Humes concluded: “The pattern was clear that one bullet entered the President’s back and worked its way out of the body during external cardiac massage.” The autopsy examination ended about eleven p.m.    Ten months later, The Warren Report described autopsy findings entirely different form those reported by the F.B.I. Now, in the Report, there was no wound “below the shoulders.” Instead, there was a wound in the back of the neck. Rather than barely penetrating the skin, the bullet had gone clean through the neck and exited through the throat. The Warren Report states these conclusions were reached during the autopsy, the same autopsy that the F.B.I. report described. How can two such accounts, diametrically opposed to each other, be reconciled?  Former Commission lawyers have recently explained that at the time of the autopsy the doctors were not aware of the wound in the President’s throat. The outlines of this wound had been obliterated by a tracheotomy performed earlier in the day in Dallas. Learning of the throat wound the next day, the autopsy doctors changed their opinion and deduced that the bullet exited through the throat. This would seem to explain why a bullet that was first thought to have penetrated the back only a distance of a few inches was later thought to have passed entirely through the body. But it begs the question of how a wound below the shoulder became a wound in the back of the neck. Obviously, no amount of information about the throat wound could alter the location of the back wound. And this is the crucial contradiction. Of course, the contradiction might be dismissed (as Time magazine dismisses it) simply as an F.B.I. error. But the fact is that other evidence seems to corroborate the F.B.I. version. A diagram of the President’s body, prepared by Commander Humes4 during the autopsy, very clearly shows the wound to be below the shoulder. The other autopsy surgeon, Lieutenant Colonel Pierre Finck, was quoted by a secret Service agent as saying: “There are no lanes for an outlet in this man’s shoulder.” Another Secret Service agent, who was called in after the autopsy for the express purpose of viewing the President’s body, later testified that he observed the back wound to be “about six inches below the neckline.” F.B.I. photographs taken of the President’s shirt and jacket (which were never published by the Commission) show the bullet hole to be about six inches below the top of the collar of both shirt and jacket, a position which corresponds with the F.B.I.’s assertion of a wound “below the shoulders.” Perhaps all this evidence of a wound below the shoulder is only a strange series of random coincidences. But so long as these other discrepancies stand, the contradiction cannot be discounted merely as an “F.B.I. error.”   Nor can it be dismissed as irrelevant. It is true, as former Commission lawyers now point out, that an investigation as complex as the Kennedy assassination is bound to have a few “loose ends.” But the contradiction between the F.B.I. and Commission account of the autopsy findings is more than just a “loose end.” It is crucial to the question of whether or not Oswald acted alone.5 For if the bullet did hit the President below the shoulders, it could not have exited through the throat and continued on to wound Governor Connally. This is because the bullet was traveling downward and was undeflected. If the F.B.I. report is accurate, President Kennedy and Governor Connally were hit by two different bullets which, in turn, gives grounds for theories of a second assassin.    Perhaps this is why the publication of the F.B.I. Summary Reports and photographs in my book precipitated a good deal of debate and wrangling over the contradiction in the autopsy findings. In Look magazine, Fletcher Knebel attempted to prove that the F.B.I. did not receive a copy of the official autopsy findings until after its Summary Reports were published. He stated that Treasury Department records show that the Secret Service sent the autopsy report to the F.B.I. on December 23, 1963. However, Professor Richard Popkin countered in The New York Review of Books that Knebel inadvertently had proved that the F.B.I. did have the final autopsy report in hand when its final summary report was prepared on January 13, 1964 (a fact Knebel apparently missed).6 Newsweek suggested that Kennedy “might have been bent forward enough” to place the back wound higher than the throat wound. But Life’s film of the assassination indicated that the President was seated erect at the time of the shot. And Philadelphia District Attorney Arlen Specter, a former Commission lawyer, attempted to demonstrate to the Greater Philadelphia Magazine7 how a shirt could rise high enough on the neck to that a bullet hole about six inches below the top of the collar would be consistent with a neck wound. The interviewer was not, however, fully convinced since it appeared that this feat would require doubling over a portion of the shirt—and there was only one bullet hole in the back of the President’s shirt. Throughout the debate, the F.B.I. has remained coyly ambiguous. It told The Washington Post that its December 9 Summary Report was “based on the medical evidence at that time.” But it told the Los Angeles Times that the F.B.I. report was wrong when it said that there was “no point of exit” for the bullet, explaining “F.B.I. agents were not doctors, but merely quoting doctors.” To the New York Times and other papers, the F.B.I. declined comment.    The great irony of the controversy is that it can be settled decisively by available evidence that neither the Commission nor its critics have seen. Color photographs, taken during the autopsy, would show exactly where the bullet entered the President’s back, whether it was below the shoulders, as F.B.I. reports claim, or in the back of the neck, as the Commission’s autopsy report claims. After the autopsy, these photographs were turned over undeveloped to the Protective Research Section of the Secret Service. What happened to the photographs after this is not definitely known: some Commission lawyers believe they were given to the Kennedy family, others believe that they remained with the Secret Service or White House. In any case, the Commission never received either the autopsy photographs or X-rays. Not that the Commission lawyers did not try to obtain them: Arlen Specter reportedly was on the verge of tears when he found out that they were not to be requested by the chairman     The whereabouts of these photographs and X-rays has remained a mystery. Newsweek recently reported that a two-month inquiry by its staff “failed to turn up a single government official who can, or will, give a simple answer to the question: ‘Where are the Kennedy autopsy pictures?’”    Moreover, it is not known whether the autopsy photographs were ever developed. Undeveloped color film tends to lose detail and decompose in about five years. Three years have already elapsed. If the photographs fade or are somehow accidentally destroyed, the opportunity to resolve the contradiction will be lost forever. What is ascertainable today may become a moot point in the near future.   What is to be done? The Commission’s investigation of the assassination of President Kennedy cannot be considered complete so long as the contradiction in the autopsy findings remains unresolved. By viewing the photographs, the contradiction can be resolved once and for all time. If they show the wound to be in the back of the neck, then there can be no further doubt as to the accuracy and authenticity of the autopsy report. Theories of a second assassin, evolving out of the contradiction, would be quashed. And virtually all of the speculation would be reduced, at least among thinking people, to groundless banter.   There is another possibility. The photographs might show the bullet wound to be below the shoulders. If this were the case, the Commission (or any other fact-finding body) would have very serious unfinished business to attend to.8  Already, the conspiracy theories are proliferating at an alarming rate. As the following Primer shows, doubts about the authenticity of the autopsy report are at the root of all the two-assassin theories. The assumption, either explicit or implicit, that the autopsy report was changed makes tenable the theories that hold that a shot came from the front of the President’s car. This in turn leads to theories of suppressed and planted evidence, which implicates the authorities and other important figures in the conspiracy. Finally, there come theories speculating on the forces behind the conspiracy to kill Kennedy, some of which go so far as to accuse those with power to suppress evidence. Annotations by K. Rahn 1.  This syndicate never materialized. 2. Refers mainly to the death count of Penn Jones, Jr., newspaper editor of Midlothian, Texas. 3. The film, of course, was the famous Zapruder film. The superposition of frames by Vincent Salandria revealed the backward movement of the head and body. But the frames that Salandria chose missed the more important forward snap from a couple frames earlier. This seriously misled Salandria and may have set the tone for misleading nearly the entire research community. 4. It was actually prepared by Dr. Boswell. 5. Actually, it is not crucial to the question of one assassin versus two. The basic argument from the number of entrance and exit wounds in the body, plus the lack of a bullet in the body, is far stronger. 6. The FBI may have had the official autopsy report on hand but not used it. 7. The reporter was Gaeton Fonzi, later a staff investigator for the HSCA. For the full text of this article by Fonzi, click here. 8. The autopsy photographs are now available via a set that was stolen and reproduced for the public. Ironically, Kennedy's back has enough blood spots still on it that it is very hard to determine where the wound is. Dr. Robert Artwohl, one of the few to have viewed the original photos, says that the wound is significantly less than six inches below the top of the collar. http://www.edwardjayepstein.com/archived/oswald.htm Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald WALL STREET JOURNAL November 22, 1983 by Edward Jay Epstein The endless tangle of questions about bullets, trajectories, wounds, time sequences and inconsistent testimony that has surrounded the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and has obsessively fascinated, if not entirely blinded, a generation of assassination buffs-probably never will be resolved. Within this morass of facts. however, there is a central actor, Lee Harvey Oswald. His rifle, which fired the fatal bullet into the president, was found in the sniper's nest, His cartridge cases were also found near the body of a murdered policeman on the route his flight. He was captured resisting arrest with the loaded murder revolver in his hand. In light of this overwhelming evidence, the issue that ought to have concerned Americans was not Oswald's technical guilt but his dangerous liaisons abroad. Only eight weeks before the assassination he had excited FBI and CIA interest in his activities by renewing his contacts with Cuban and Soviet intelligence officers in Mexico City. Although these foreign connections remained of great concern to the two U S. intellige agencies, they were considered too sensitive to be aired, publicly in the emotional aftermath of the president's slaying. Oswald was not a "loner- in the conventional sense. Ever since he was handed a pamphlet about the Rosenberg prosecution at the age of 15, he had sought out affiliations with political organizations, front groups and foreign nations that opposed the policies of the U.S. When he was 16. he wrote the Socialist Party "I am a Marxist and have been studying Socialist Principles for well over five years" and he requested information about joining their "Youth League-." He also attempted to persuade a friend to join the youth auxiliary of the Communist Party. He subsequently made membership inquiries to such organizations as the Socialist Workers Party, the Socialist Labor Party, The Gus Hall-Benjamin Davis Defense Committee, the Daily Worker, The Fair Play for Cuba Committee and the Communist Party, USA— correspondence that brought him under surveillance by the FBI,  While still in the early stages of his flirtation with political causes, 0swald joined the Marine Corps . In October 1959, after a two-year stint as a radar operator, Oswald became the first Marine to defect to the Soviet Union, In Moscow, he delivered a letter stating. "I affirm that my allegiance is to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics." Not only did he publically renounce his American citizenship but he told the U.S. consul that he intended to turn over to the Soviet Union military secrets that he had acquired while serving in the Marines, adding that he had data of "Special interest" to the Russians. Since he indeed had exposure to military secrets such as the U-2 spy piane and radar identitification system, and since he may have collected data while on active duty, his defection had serious espionage implications. Oswald thus had compromised all the secret data he had come in contact with in the Marines. He had also through this act put himself in the hands of his hosts.He was now completely dependent on the Soviets for financial support, legal status and protection. Before disappearing into the Soviet hinterland for a year, Oswald spelled out his operational creed in a long letter to his brother. From Moscow, he wrote presciently of his willingness to commit murder for a political cause: "I want you to understand what I say now, I do not say lightly, or unknowingly, since I've been in the military .... In the event of war I would kill any American who put a uniform on in defense of the American Government --", and then ominously added for emphasis, " Any American." Although his letter was routinely intercepted by the CIA and microfilmed, no discernable attention was paid to the threat contained in it . When Oswald returned from the Soviet Union in June 1962 (with a little help from a State Department eager to demonstrate that it could win back a defector from the Soviets), joined by a Russian wife, he retained his militant convictions. In Dallas, where he settled, he purchased a rifle with telescopic sights and a revolver from a mail-order house under a false name. He also lectured his more liberal acquaintances on the need for violent action rather than mere words. General Edwin A. Walker, an extreme conservative, who had been active in Dallas organizing anti-Castro guerrillas became in the Spring of 1963 a particular focus of Oswald's attention. He repeatedly suggested to a German geologist, Volkmar Schmidt, and other friends, that General walker should be treated like a "murderer at large". He did not stop at fierce words. For weeks, he methodically stalked Walker's movements, photographing his residence from several angles. He then had his wife photograph him, dressed entirely in black, with his revolver strapped on a holster on his hip, his sniper's rifle in his right hand, and two newspapers --~The Worker~ and the~Militant~ -- in his left hand. He made three copies of the photograph-- one of which he inscribed, dated "5--IV-63" and sent to a Dallas acquaintance, George De Mohrenschildt. He then left with his rifle wrapped in a raincoat, telling his wife he was off to "target practice", but his target, General Walker, was out of town that night. Five nights later, Oswald returned to Walker's house, and fired a shot at him that missed his head by inches, demonstrating that he had the capacity as well as the willingness to kill "Any American". After the failed assassination, Oswald went to New Orleans, where he became the organizer for the Fair Play for Cuba Committee. Aside from printing leaflets, staging demonstrations, getting arrested and appearing on local radio talk shows in support of Castro that summer, Oswald attempted to personally infiltrate an anti-Castro group that was organizing sabotage raids against Cuba. He explained to friends that he could figure out his "anti-imperialist" policy by "reading between the lines" of the Militant and other such publications. In August, he wrote the central committee of the Communist Party USA asking "Whether in your opinion, I can compete with anti-progressive forces above ground, or whether I should always remain in the background,i.e. underground". During this hot summer, while Oswald spent evenings practicing sighting his rifle in his backyard, the Militant raged on about the Kennedy Administration's "terrorist bandit" attacks on Cuba. And as the semi-secret war against Castro escalated, Oswald expressed increasing interest in reaching Cuba. Oswald told his wife he planned to hijack an airliner to Havana, suggesting, as the summer progressed, that he might even earn a position in Castro's government. On September 9th, in a report that appeared on the front page of the New Orleans Times-Picayune, Castro himself warned that if American leaders continued "aiding plans to eliminate Cuban leaders ... they themselves will not be safe". The implication of this threat was not lost on Oswald. Telling his wife that they might never meet again, he left New Orleans two weeks later headed for the Cuban Embassy in Mexico City. To convince the Cubans of his bona fides-- and seriousness-- he had prepared a dossier on himself, which included a 10 page resume, outlining his revolutionary activities, newspaper clippings about his defection to the Soviet Union, propaganda material he had printed, documents he had stolen from a printing company engaged in classified map reproduction for the U.S Army, his correspondence with the Fair Play for Cuba Committee executives and photographs linking him to the Walker shooting. Oswald applied for a visa at the Cuban Embassy on the morning of September 27th 1963. He said that he wanted to stop in Havana en route to the Soviet Union. On the application the consular office who interviewed him, noted: "The applicant states that he is a member of the American Communist Party and Secretary in New Orleans of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee." Despite such recommendations, Oswald was told that he needed a Soviet visa before the Cuban visa could be issued. He argued over this requisite with the Cuban counsel, Eusebio Azque, in front of witnesses, and reportedly made wild claims about services he might perform for the Cuban cause. During the next five days, he traveled back and forth between the Soviet and Cuban embassies attempting to straighten out the difficulty. When he telephoned from the Cuban embassy to arrange an appointment at the Soviet Embassy with an officer called Valery Vladimirovich Kostikov, he set off alarm bells at the CIA, which had been surreptitiously monitoring the phone line. Kostikov was a KGB officer who had been under close surveillance in Mexico by the FBI ( and who,in 1971, was identified by a KGB defector in London as the head of sabotage operations in Mexico). By the time the CIA had identified Oswald, and notified the FBI, he had left Mexico. When he returned to Dallas that October, Oswald assumed a different identity--"O.H.Lee-- and, separating himself from his family, he moved to a rooming house. He also forbade his wife from divulging his whereabouts. He then got a job at the Texas Book Depository, which overlooked the convergence of the three main streets into central Dallas. On October 18th, Oswald's visa was approved by the Cuban Foreign Ministry (despite the fact that he had not officially received a Soviet visa,as required.) Three weeks later, he wrote another letter to the Soviet Embassy, referring to his meeting with Kostikov in Mexico, and adding cryptically: "Had I been able to reach the Soviet Embassy in Havana as planned, the embassy there would have had time to complete our business." FBI counterintelligence, which had intercepted this letter in Washington, and evidently was interested in Oswald's "business" in Havana, urgently requested its field agents in Dallas to locate him. An FBI agent, James Hosty, rushed over to the home where Oswald's family was living, and questioned his wife, but he did not find him Oswald until November 22nd, when he had been arrested for the murder of a Dallas policeman and President Kennedy. In the final analysis, the Warren Commission turned out to be right: Oswald was the assassin. He had brought his rifle to work on November 22nd, carefully prepared a concealed sniper's position at a sixth floor window, and, waiting in ambush for almost an hour, shot the President as the motorcade passed below. The possibility that he had assistance-- for example, someone setting off a firecracker as a diversion-- can never be precluded. But the real question is not how but why Oswald assassinated the President. The most obvious motive was provided by Oswald himself in his letter from Moscow: To kill any American who put on a uniform against his cause. He openly subscribed to the terrorist creed that a man with a rifle could change history; and, as far as Oswald was concerned, President Kennedy and General Walker were both actively working to destroy his avowed hero-- Castro. Whether Oswald , given his clear disposition towards killing an American leader, was prodded or otherwise induced into committing the assassination was the question that vexed American intelligence after the shooting. Oswald had disappeared in the Soviet Union for more than a year, without yielding a trace of what, if any, training and indoctrination he had undergone. The only record of this missing year was a "diary" he brought out with him, which had in fact been written in two days presumably to provide him with a consistent cover story or legend. His five days with the Cubans in Mexico City were also a blank -- although friendly sources within the Cuban Embassy indicated that he was pressured to prove his loyalty and worth. Although the Cuban government insisted, through both official and intelligence channels, that Oswald was presumed crazy and dismissed as such by the embassy staff, it left unanswered the disturbing question of why a visa was approved for Oswald-- after the report was received from the embassy. Among the eleven questions prepared by the CIA for Mexican interrogators was one that expressed its direct concern: "Was the assassination of of President Kennedy planned by Fidel Castro ... and were the final details worked out inside the Cuban Embassy". In Dallas, before Mexican investigators could question their sources, Oswald was shot dead, and with his death ended the hope of unraveling his motive. The Big Picture ? "The end goal is to get everybody chipped, to control the whole society, to have the bankers and the elite people control the world."Nick Rockefeller quoted by Aaron Russo in this interview. It's not about more power, it's not about more money, it's about the survival of the elite pyramid Several years ago, after his popular video Mad As Hell was released and he began his campaign to become Governor of Nevada, Russo was noticed by Rockefeller and introduced to him by a female attorney. Seeing Russo's passion and ability to affect change, Rockefeller set about on a subtle mission to recruit Russo into the elite's CFR (Council of Foreign Relation) organization. Aaron Russo, the famous Film Maker of Trading Places starring Eddy Murphy, also made a film called "America: Freedom To Fascism". The motive behind this latter is surely linked to Nick (Nicholas) Rockefeller revelation about the ultimate aim of the Elites New World Order. As Russo refused to join them, Rockefeller coldly questioned why Russo cared about the "serfs" Russo rejected the invitation, saying he had no interest in "enslaving the people" to which Rockefeller coldly questioned why he cared about the "serfs." "I used to say to him what's the point of all this," states Russo, "you have all the money in the world you need, you have all the power you need, what's the point, what's the end goal?" to which Rockefeller replied (paraphrasing), "The end goal is to get everybody chipped, to control the whole society, to have the bankers and the elite people control the world."Rockefeller even assured Russo that if he joined the elite his chip would be specially marked so as to avoid undue inspection by the authorities. Other themes are 9/11, agenda behind feminism the Rockefeller Foundation has helped promoted with CIA and depopulation of the world by 50%. The Big Picture ? Latest hubs on human microchips    VeriChip: A Precursor of 666?    It all seems rather harmless and it serves a real purpose-having a small microchip implanted just under your skin that can be scanned for ID or medical record information. The chip called, VeriChip, is just... - 5 weeks ago    Truth in the bible? Truth in god?    Religion is the most confusing subject i can think of. The first thing that comes to my mind when i think religion is divination of labels like Christian, Hindu, Catholic. etcIsn't religion supposed to... - 5 weeks ago    BeatTheChip    FROM BORDC http://www.constitutioncampaign.org/blog/?p=291 Since the passage of the PATRIOT Act, Â pervasive citizen surveillance and data collection have been combined as part of an ambitious effort to... - 2 months ago    As Above So Below    An Egyptian legend, tells us about the Emerald Tablet, written by the thrice great Hermes Trimegistus. In the tablet, Hermes Trismegistus, discuss about the process of creation and summarized in the quotation... - 2 months ago    Embedded Systems: Choosing the right development board    Have you ever been in the situation where you don't know which dev board you need to buy? As an engineer I find it quite difficult to choose which board is right form my needs. Some FPGA boards have way too... - 3 months ago    Pic chip - how to make a traffic light    Here is a way of making a set of traffic lights using a 16f84 micro controller from Microchip. It is fairly simple, all you have to do is wire up the microcontroller with a pair of red, green and yellow leds.... - 3 months ago    A SHORT TAIL ABOUT A DOG    A short story about a small pet. Several weeks back, as I was trudging home from a particularly engaging meeting, I had the distinct feeling that I was being followed. It had been a long day and it was nigh on the twilight hours. Each... -4 months ago    Microchipping Your Pet - Unforeseen danger you need to know about!    Microchipping your pet is the best way to ensure that you are reunited with your loved one â so what is the problem? The problem is, there are some unforeseen errors with the process you must know about in order to ensure your pet is protected... - 4 months ago http://hubpages.com/hub/Federal_Reserve_Act Federal Reserve Act: the most Influential Act in US/World History since the Constitution72 By thecounterpunch "In his final Senate years, Aldrich chaired the National Monetary Commission. His Aldrich Plan, providing for flexible cash reserves, was the forerunner of the Federal Reserve System." -- Senate.gov "This Act establishes the most gigantic trust on earth... The worst legislative crime of the ages is perpetrated by this banking and currency Bill." -- Charles A. Lindbergh, Sr (father of famous aviator), Congressman in his book Banking and Currency and The Money Trust, 1913 "The Congress shall have Power... To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures [see on the origin of the Gold Standard] ..."-- Article One, Section Eight of the U.S. Constitution "The name of Central Bank is carefully avoided, but the ‘Federal Reserve Association’, the name given to the proposed central organization, is endowed with the usual powers and responsibilities of a European Central Bank." -- Nation Magazine, January 19, 1911 The Federal Reserve Act was proposed in 1908 by Nelson Aldrich - whose unique daughter married unique Rockefeller's son - in theAldrich-Vreeland Act after the Panic of 1907.The Act created the "Federal Reserve System" which transferred control of the money supply from Congress [see above Article One, Section Eight of the U.S. Constitution] to the banking system. Though the Treasury still coins and prints our money under the authority of Congress, neither the Treasurynor the Congress has the slightest thing to do with its issue or regulating the value thereof. The Act was signed by President Woodrow Wilson - under the influence of Colonel House - founder of the CFR (controlled byRockefeller) - on December 23, 1913 during the night (see timeline below) eighty years after President Jacksonrepelled the charter of the Second Bank Of United States. The Incredible Timeline The Federal Reserve Act was scheduled during the unlikely hours of 1.30 am to 4.30 am - were most members probably sleeping ? - on Monday 22 December 1913, at which 20 to 40 substantial differences in the House and Senate versions were supposedly described, deliberated upon, debated, reconciled and voted upon in a near-miraculous four-and-a-half to nine minutes per item, at that late hour. At 4.30 am, a prepared report of this Committee was handed to the printers. Senator Bristow of Kansas, the Republican leader, stated on the Congressional Record that the Conference Committee had met without notifying them, and that Republicans were not present and were given no opportunity either to read or sign the Conference Committee report. The Conference report is normally read on the Senate floor. The Republicans did not even see the report. Some senators stated on the floor of the Senate that they had no knowledge of the contents of the Bill. At 6.02 PM on 23 December, when many members had already left the Capital for the Christmas holiday, the very same day that the Bill was hurried through the House and Senate, President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 into law. Mike Mathiesen  says: 2 years ago This one of the many ways they have watered down the Constitution and our rights over the years. There are more going on today. J D Murrah  says: 2 years ago Colonel House did a lot of damage to the Constitution through Wilson. His influence allowed massive centralization to occur in Washington. The only person who managed doing more damage to the Constitution was Lincoln. I heard a new saying the other day that the Federal Reserve is neither Federal nor does it have a Reserve. Jeffrey Murrah, author Texans Always Move Them: A True History of Texas. DNKStore  says: 15 months ago We still live today under the influence of actions taken by venal corrupt men taken nearly 100 years ago. Nothing has changed much in this regard. Socio-Image  says: 10 months ago Do you know if there was some process that is on the record of the Republicans or whoever did not like the bill, after it passed, took action to try and declare it as unconstitutional and have it thrown out? Certainly it would seem logical especially if they pushed the bill in the early morning hours before Christmas. James Jesse Emery St. Louis  says: 7 months ago: Hey Guys Did you know these same men now operate 130 Central Banks in 130 Different Sovereign Nations The EU is their Conquest of Consent, no more habeus corpus in europe, Corpus Jurus, Judgement by the State, by The Court it's self, Double Joepardy is a thing of the past in the European Union, The North American union (Yes, that's, Mexico, Canada and The United States Merging their Economies and infrastructure) Is the Next Step in Their Plan, Their Plan is this Fraudulent, Manipulative, Self Destructive, Monetary-Communism via Central Banking, issuance of the currency, but on a global scale, The INTERNATIONAL Monetary (MONEY) Fund, The WORLD Health Organization, the WORLD Trade Organization and the WORLD BANK. we are fucked because the rothschilds are fucking satanists, they financed hitler's rise to power because he was harshly prejudiced, and would accomplish their goals for them, goals such as mass genocide, They financed Mao, who slaughtered 60 Million, because they are fucking satanists, and want no more than 500 Million People to "Burden" the Earth The Money Changers express their goals openly in the Georgia Guidestones, They are Raping third world countries of their resources, and spinning the world on it's head upside down drowing in debt 6 inches deep, and made of written agreements our own politicians signed, They are going to outlaw nutrients with codex alimentarius (not GNC Prodoucts, nutrients in our food) and neglect the world, legislated famine in the Name of the Earth, the environment, NCMR, you're ideas are not you're own "You Won't See this in the News" Rick and Dick abc cnn msnbc viacom NbC bbc npr pbs and everyone else didn't tell you about this, secret history, and current events, the banker will venture elsewhere, and profiteer (See what he Can BUY, to Make More MONEY) The Banker invested in industry, wartime industry, and he invested in public awareness,in general knowledge, in ideals, when he bought the newspapers, when he bought the Radio stations and the television broadcasters, the Networks, and then, He Proceeded to Buy, our Senators and representatives, and now he has bought us barack, bush, cheney, clinton, rumsfeld, Kissinger, Woodrow Wilson, Nixon, Greenspan, FDR, Ben Bernanke, Jay Rockefeller and many others, forging our future economically through the issuance and manipulation of the currency and it's value the other part of that qute is "This Act Legalizes the INVISIBLE GOVERNMENT of the Monetary (MONEY) Power." that was a hundred fucking years ago, nobody believes this shit because it's not feasible that our ideas are manipulated along with the economy to perpetuate debt to the men that killed kennedy, lincoln, bobby kennedy and bobby kennedy jr. Taft was killed for saying something about the monetary power two weeks after being elected, and americans are all kept ignorant of the history of these tycoons, manipulating governments through the issuance of the currency all the way back to the dark ages to Egypt and Ceaser, the world is kept ignorant to the true state of technology, and the possibilities of modern science. MikeNV  says: 2 months ago American People are uneducated and unaware. I am amazed that an issue so important to the freedom and prosperity of our country, and the world for that matter gets absolutely no press. It's unfortunate but the average American is an idiot. They play the party politics game continuing to vote for politicians who perpetuate the fraud. People vote for candidates not on issues of relevance but on issues of emotion that are created in the media each election year. All the talk about the economy is laughable. People like Fed Chairman Bernanke perpetuating the lie with a straight face. I don't know how an issue so important can not make it to the mainstream - other than to say that the wealthy bankers own the media and continue to buy politicians so it can not. I wish I could vote your hub up to 100. But I can only press the button once. http://hubpages.com/hub/Nelson_Aldrich Nelson Aldrich: the Rockefeller's Middle Man who crafted the Income Tax and the Central Federal Reserve System 69  By thecounterpunch "There are two distinct classes of men...those who pay taxes and those who receive and live upon taxes." -- Thomas Paine (1737–1809), pamphleteer and revolutionary "You know, gentlemen, that I do not owe any personal income tax. But nevertheless, I send a small check, now and then, to the Internal Revenue Service out of the kindness of my heart." -- David Rockefeller (1915-), before a Congressional Committee "In his final Senate years, Aldrich chaired the National Monetary Commission. His Aldrich Plan, providing for flexible cash reserves, was the forerunner of the Federal Reserve System." -- Senate.gov Aldrich introduced established an income tax, although he had declared a similar measure "communistic" a decade earlier Born in Rhode Island, Nelson Aldrich (1841–1915) was a direct descendant of Rhode Island founder, Roger Williams. He had directed the Finance Committee and was tightly linked to Rockefeller as his only daughter married the only son ofJohn D. Rockefeller (Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller is his grandson and his son Winthrop Aldrich's will become chairmanship of the Chase National Bank - Rockefeller's Bank). In 1909, Aldrich introduced a constitutional amendment to establish an income tax, although he had declared a similar measure "communistic" a decade earlier. In 1908 he became the chief sponsor of the Aldrich-Vreeland Act which created the National Monetary Commission, later to become the Federal Reserve in 1913. Aldrich became wealthy with investments in street railroads, sugar, rubber and banking. In 1906 Aldrich and other American financiers invested heavily in mines and rubber in the Belgian Congo. They supported Belgium's King Leopold II, who was alleged to have imposed slave labor conditions in the colony. TAGS    business    finance    education    politics    history    bank    tax    federal reserve    income tax    elite    ron paul    fed    central bank    banking system    rockefeller    chase manhattan bank    financial history    rockfeller    aldrich http://hubpages.com/hub/Astonishing_Interview_with_Aaron_Russo_who_met_with_Nick_Rockefeller Astounding Interview of Aaron Russo about Nicholas Rockefeller who asked him to join the CFR 69 Conspiracy Video's Illuminati, New World Order, Occult, Freemasonry, New Age Short Breaks UK holidays & short breaks at Center Parcs. Book online! "The end goal is to get everybody chipped, to control the whole society, to have the bankers and the elite people control the world." - Nick Rockefeller quoted by Aaron Russo in this interview.    Protest against youtube who has erased the Video Speech of Dick Cheney about the CFR    It was only a 1 min Video of a PUBLIC SPEECH and youtube pretends it violates their TOS. Does youtube participate in the coverup about the CFR ? It's not about more power, it's not about more money, it's about the survival of the elite pyramid Several years ago, after his popular video Mad As Hell was released and he began his campaign to become Governor of Nevada, Russo was noticed by Rockefeller and introduced to him by a female attorney. Seeing Russo's passion and ability to affect change, Rockefeller set about on a subtle mission to recruit Russo into the elite's CFR (Council of Foreign Relation) organization. Aaron Russo, the famous Film Maker of Trading Places starring Eddy Murphy, also made a film called "America: Freedom To Fascism". The motive behind this latter is surely linked to Nick (Nicholas) Rockefeller revelation about the ultimate aim of the Elites New World Order. As Russo refused to join them, Rockefeller coldly questioned why Russo cared about the "serfs" Russo rejected the invitation, saying he had no interest in "enslaving the people" to which Rockefeller coldly questioned why he cared about the "serfs." "I used to say to him what's the point of all this," states Russo, "you have all the money in the world you need, you have all the power you need, what's the point, what's the end goal?" to which Rockefeller replied (paraphrasing), "The end goal is to get everybody chipped, to control the whole society, to have the bankers and the elite people control the world." Rockefeller even assured Russo that if he joined the elite his chip would be specially marked so as to avoid undue inspection by the authorities. Other themes are 9/11, agenda behind feminism the Rockefeller Foundation has helped promoted with CIA and depopulation of the world by 50%. The Big Picture ? Aaron and Nick were friends ...until the Revelation about Microchips ... until the Revelation about Microchips. TAGS    business    finance    education    politics    kids    freedom    woman    interview    democracy    secret    socialism    capitalism    revelation    privacy    communism    feminism    liberty    big brother    globalization    propaganda    cia    911    elite    ron paul    population    venezuela    fascism    1984    feminist    war on terror    rfid    rockefeller    overpopulation    microchip    chavez    cfr    aaron russo    irak    neo-nazism    best of thecounterpunch    formal socialism    malthusianism http://hubpages.com/hub/The_Bilderberg_Group The Bilderberg Group - no more a secret in mass Medias - 64 By thecounterpunch Cities of the UnderworldUnveil the Hidden World Beneath Major Cities. Videos at HISTORY Freemasony Warning: Do Not Join The Freemasons Until You've Seen This... BBC - Bilderberg's head Viscount Davignon In 1974, U.S. Senator James Buckley wrote: "I don't subscribe to the theory that there exists an organization of international bankers called the Bilderbergers." Bilderberg Group, so called because of their first meeting in May 1954 at the Bilderberg Hotel, was kept in secrecy for several dozens of years. Today they prefer not to hide any more at least on European medias like the BBC (for example through their article "Inside the secretive Bilderberg Group"). Prince Bernhard, the Dutch aristocrat, former member of the honorary German Reiter SS Corps, founded the group and chaired meetings for more than 30 years. Over the years the group became a model for transnational diplomacy, lending support to European integration and oil company policies. Its steering committee was virtually a who's who of international finance; David Rockefeller, Gabriel Hauge (Manufacturer's Hanover Trust), Emilio Collado (Standard Oil, later Exxon) international lawyers such as Arthur Dean and George Ball. All U.S. steering committee members were also members of the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), Rockefeller's organization (founded by Colonel House), which has dominated US foreign policy planning since World War II. Take George Ball, for example. A long-time CFR member, director of the Trilateral Commission (founded by Brzezinski for David Rockefeller - lifetime member), Undersecretary of State, and lawyer with Lehman Brothers. Or Arthur Dean. CFR member, partner in Sullivan and Cromwell law firm, whose partners included John Foster and Allen Dulles. Before World War II Sullivan and Cromwell worked with German chemical and steel monopolies. By the time the Bilderbergers began to meet, attorney Allen Dulles had become CIA director. Is Bilderberg goal the same as described by Caroll Quigley, Bill Clinton's mentor, in his book "Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time" ? "The powers of financial capitalism had far-reaching aim, nothing less than to create a world system of financial control in private hands able to dominate the political system of each country and the economy of the world as a whole. This system was to be controlled in a feudalist fashion by the central banks of the world acting in concert." Carroll Quigley, Bill Clinton's mentor Globalization: Astounding Interview of Aaron Russo about Nicholas Rockefeller who asked him to join the CFR Globalization: Maurice Allais, French Economics Nobel Prize for the "theory of markets and efficient utilization of ressources" Links    BBC - Inside the secretive Bilderberg Group    The World Bank, GATT and Free Trade by Noam Chomsky    Novus Ordo Seclorum or New World Order        THE HISTORY CHANNEL HISTORYS MYSTERIES SECRET SOCIETIES Current Bid: $2.96 Conspiracy Theories and Secret Societies For Dummies    Conspiracy Theories and Secret Societies For Dummies Current Bid: $13.77 Secret Societies DVD Illuminati Bohemian Club   Secret Societies DVD Illuminati Bohemian Club Current Bid: $11.95 Secret Societies - History Channel DVD Skull & Bones    Secret Societies - History Channel DVD Skull & Bones Current Bid: $4.99 Comments William F. Torpey  says: 2 years ago : Fascinating stuff, counterpunch. The wealthy and powerful don't need a secret conspiracy; they've had an open conspiracy for decades (and much longer.) These people deal with each other in business, attend all the same dinners and luncheons, belong to the same exclusive golf courses, gather in the same backroom political circles, etc. Just as the average guys meet at the public golf courses and fraternal organizations etc. The wealthy feel they are doing the world a favor by making all the big decisions. It's a little bit like the old slave owners who would brag about how well they treated their slaves, often refusing to believe their slaves would even want to be free and fend for themselves. Obviously, the world is headed in the wrong direction, and if something isn't done about it, well. BBC - Bilderberg's head Viscount Davignon He plays down the group's role in setting the international agenda He plays down the group's role in setting the international agenda http://hubpages.com/hub/Tragedy_and_Hope Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time by Carroll Quigley (Bill Clinton's mentor) - 75 By thecounterpunch Summary "The powers of financial capitalism had far-reaching aim, nothing less than to create a world system of financial control in private hands able to dominate the political system of each country and the economy of the world as a whole. This system was to be controlled in a feudalist fashion by the central banks of the world acting in concert." -- Carroll Quigley, Bill Clinton's mentor Read before    H.G. Wells on "a scientific investigation of the origins of the Banking System"    "... there remains a residuum of original and intelligent people, who do realize that banking plays a very important and interesting part in the world's affairs... Their enquiries carry them inevitably outside the bankers' habitual field ..."    Home-School.Com: an astonishing interview with John Taylor Gatto    "When Bill Clinton was nominated by the Democratic Party for the presidency in 1991, the New York Times printed his acceptance speech for the nomination. The speech ended with the tribute to a college professor who had been Clinton's mentor"    Amazing: Youtube has erased the Dick Cheney video speech    "it's good to be back at the Council on Foreign Relations [Rockefeller's organization]. As Pete mentioned, I have been a member for a long time, and was actually Director for some period of time. I never mentioned that when I was campaigning ..."    David Rockefeller proud to be an Internationalist and "Conspirator in Chief" of the Global Empire    "Some believe we are part of a secret cabal working against the best interests of the United States, characterizing my family and me as 'internationalists' ... If that's the charge, I stand guilty, and I am proud of it."    Confessions of an Economic Hit Man    Economic hit men are highly paid professionals who cheat countries around the globe out of trillions of dollars. They funnel money from the World Bank, U.S. Agency for International Development, for a few wealthy families who control the planet.    Astounding Interview of Aaron Russo about Nicholas Rockefeller who asked him to join the CFR    "The end goal is to get everybody chipped, to control the whole society, to have the bankers and the elite people control the world." Excerpt “There does exist, and has existed for a generation, an international Anglophile network which operates, to some extent, in the way the radical Right believes the Communists act. In fact, this network, which we may identify as the Round Table Groups, has no aversion to cooperating with the Communists, or any other groups, and frequently does so. I know of the operations of this network because I have studied it for twenty years and was permitted for two years, in the early 1960's, to examine its papers and secret records. I have no aversion to it or to most of its aims [theCounterpunch: not any more see Home-School.Com: an astonishing interview with John Taylor Gatto] and have, for much of my life, been close to it and to many of its instruments. I have objected, both in the past and recently, to a few of its policies (notably to its belief that England was an Atlantic rather than a European Power and must be allied, or even federated, with the United States and must remain isolated from Europe), but in general my chief difference of opinion is that it wishes to remain unknown, and I believe its role in history is significant enough to be known.” “The Rhodes Scholarships, established by the terms of Cecil Rhodes's seventh will, are known to everyone. What is not so widely known is that Rhodes in five previous wills left his fortune to form a secret society, which was to devote itself to the preservation and expansion of the British Empire. And what does not seem to be known to anyone is that this secret society was created by Rhodes and his principal trustee, Lord Milner, and continues to exist to this day. To be sure, this secret society is not a childish thing like the Ku Klux Klan, and it does not have any secret robes, secret handclasps, or secret passwords. It does not need any of these, since its members know each other intimately. It probably has no oaths of secrecy nor any formal procedure of initiation. It does, however, exist and holds secret meetings, over which the senior member present presides. At various times since 1891, these meetings have been presided over by Rhodes, Lord Milner, Lord Selborne, Sir Patrick Duncan, Field Marshal Jan Smuts, Lord Lothian, and Lord Brand. They have been held in all the British Dominions, starting in South Africa about 1903; in various places in London, chiefly Piccadilly; at various colleges at Oxford, chiefly All Souls; and at many English country houses such as Tring Park, Blickling Hall, Cliveden, and others.” “No country that values its safety should allow what the Milner group accomplished in Britain, that is, that a small number of men should be able to wield such power in administration and politics, should be given almost complete control over the publication of the documents relating to their actions, should be able to exercise such influence over the avenues of information that create public opinion, and should be able to monopolize so completely the writing and teaching of the history of their own period.” “The powers of financial capitalism had far-reaching aim, nothing less than to create a world system of financial control in private hands able to dominate the political system of each country and the economy of the world as a whole. This system was to be controlled in a feudalist fashion by the central banks of the world acting in concert, by secret agreements arrived at in frequent meetings and conferences. The apex of the systems was to be the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, Switzerland, a private bank owned and controlled by the world's central banks which were themselves private corporations. Each central bank...sought to dominate its government by its ability to control Treasury loans, to manipulate foreign exchanges, to influence the level of economic activity in the country, and to influence cooperative politicians by subsequent economic rewards in the business world.” Links BIS - Bank of International Settlement: the Mother of all Central Banks    John Kenneth Galbraith on the Central Federal Reserve Bank    Milton Friedman on the Central Federal Reserve Bank http://hubpages.com/hub/BIS_-_Bank_of_International_Settlement undefined BIS - Bank of International Settlement: the Mother of all Central Banks 59 Free Offshore Banking And 0% Entry Fees. No Time Limit. Open An Offshore Account Banking Get a Business Checking Account & Check Card That Save You Money The BIS was originally established in May 1930 by bankers and diplomats of Europe and the United States to collect and disburse Germany's World War I reparation payments (hence its name). It was truly an extraordinary arrangement. Although the BIS was organized as a commercial bank with publicly held shares, its immunity from government interference, and even taxation, in both peace and war was guaranteed by an international treaty signed in The Hague in 1930. Although all its depositors are central banks, the BIS has made a profit on every transaction. And because it has been highly profitable, it has required no subsidy or aid from any government. Since it also provided, in Basel, a safe and convenient repository for the gold holdings of the European central banks, it quickly evolved into the bank for central banks. As the world depression deepened in the Thirties and- financial panics flared up in Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Germany, the governors in charge of the key central banks feared that the entire global financial system would collapse unless they could closely coordinate their rescue efforts. The obvious meeting spot for this desperately needed coordination was the BIS, where they regularly went anyway to arrange gold swaps and war-damage settlements. Even though an isolationist Congress officially refused to allow the U.S. Federal Reserve to participate in the BIS, or to accept shares in it (which were instead held in trust by the First National City Bank [owned by William Rockefeller]), the chairman of the Fed quietly slipped over to Basel for important meetings. World monetary policy was evidently too important to leave to national politicians. During World War 11, when the nations, if not their central banks, were belligerents, the BIS continued operating in Basel, though the monthly meetings were temporarily suspended. In 1944, following Czech accusations that the BIS was laundering gold that the Nazis had stolen from occupied Europe, the American government backed a resolution at the Bretton Woods Conference calling for the liquidation of the BIS. The naive idea was that the settlement and monetary-clearing functions it provided could be taken over by the new International Monetary Fund. What could not be replaced, however, was what existed behind the mask of an international clearing house: a supranational organization for setting and implementing global monetary strategy, which could not be accomplished by a democratic, United Nations-like international agency. The central bankers, not about to let their club be taken from them, quietly snuffed out the American resolution. After World War 11, the BIS reemerged as the main clearing house for European currencies and, behind the scenes, the favored meeting place of central bankers. When the dollar came under attack in the 1960s, massive swaps of money and gold were arranged at the BIS for the defense of the American currency. It was undeniably ironic that, as the president of the BIS observed, "the United States, which had wanted to kill the BIS, suddenly finds it indispensable." In any case, the Fed has become a leading member of the club, with either Chairman Paul Volcker or Governor Henry Wallich attending every "Basel weekend." Originally, the central bankers sought complete anonymity for their activities. Their headquarters were in an abandoned six story hotel, the Grand et Savoy Hotel Universe, with an annex above the adjacent Frey's Chocolate Shop. There purposely was no sign over the door identifying the BIS, so visiting central bankers and gold dealers used Frey's, which is across the street from the railroad station, as a convenient landmark. It was in the wood-paneled rooms above the shop and the hotel that decisions were reached to devalue or defend currencies, to fix the price of gold, to regulate offshore banking, and to raise or lower short-term interest rates. And though they shaped "a new world economic order" through these deliberations, according to Guido Carli, the governor of the Italian central bank,, the public, even in Basel, remained almost totally unaware of the club and its activities. In May 1977, however, the BIS gave up its anonymity, against the better judgment of some of its members, in exchange for more efficient headquarters. The new building, an eighteen story-high circular skyscraper that rises over the medieval city like some misplaced nuclear reactor, quickly became known as the "Tower of Basel" and began attracting attention from tourists. "That was the last thing we wanted," Dr. Fritz Leutwiler, its president told me, when I interviewed him in 1983. "If it had been up to me, it never would have been built." While we talked, he kept his eyes glued to the Reuters screen in his office, which signaled currency fluctuations around the globe. Bank Jobs Bank Jobs, Vacancies & Salary News in Banking & Financial Markets.www.eFinancialCareers.co.uk Links and other Related Articles    Source: The Money Club by Journalist Edward J. Epstein    [BBC History Video Channel] Banking with Hitler during World War II: not only the Swiss Banks . These related pages might interest you instead ...    The Most Famous Shipwrecks in American History    Celebrating Christmas in Distant Jungles During World War II    Top 5 Action World War II Movies    Polish Poetry of World War II (Part 3)    Polish Poetry of World War II (Part 2)    Polish Poetry of World War II (Part 4) Bilderberg's head Viscount Davignon plays down the group's role in setting the international agenda Bill Clinton was featured at a Bilderberg meeting while he was governor of Arkansas http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4290944.stm " There need to be places where these people can think about the main challenges ahead, co-ordinate where policies should be going, and find out where there could be a consensus ".....Professor Kees van der Pijl " Business influences society and politics influences society - that's purely common sense ..." Will Hutton Economist who has attended a Builderberg meeting.Will Hutton, an economic analyst and former newspaper editor who attended a Bilderberg meeting in 1997, says people take part in these networks in order to influence the way the world works, to create what he calls "the international common sense" about policy. Inside the secretive Bilderberg Group How much influence do private networks of the rich and powerful have on government policies and international relations? One group, the Bilderberg, has often attracted speculation that it forms a shadowy global government. As part of the BBC's Who Runs Your World? series, Bill Hayton tries to find out more. The chairman of the secretive - he prefers the word private - Bilderberg Group is 73-year-old Viscount Etienne Davignon, corporate director and former European Commissioner. In his office, on a private floor above the Brussels office of the Suez conglomerate lined with political cartoons of himself, he told me what he thought of allegations that Bilderberg is a global conspiracy secretly ruling the world. "It is unavoidable and it doesn't matter," he says. "There will always be people who believe in conspiracies but things happen in a much more incoherent fashion." Lack of publicity In an extremely rare interview, he played down the importance of Bilderberg in setting the international agenda. "What can come out of our meetings is that it is wrong not to try to deal with a problem. But a real consensus, an action plan containing points 1, 2 and 3? The answer is no. People are much too sensible to believe they can do that.  Every year since 1954, a small network of rich and powerful people have held a discussion meeting about the state of the trans-Atlantic alliance and the problems facing Europe and the US. Organised by a steering committee of two people from each of about 18 countries, the Bilderberg Group (named after the Dutch hotel in which it held its first meeting) brings together about 120 leading business people and politicians. At this year's meeting in Germany, the audience included the heads of the World Bank and European Central Bank, Chairmen or Chief Executives from Nokia, BP, Unilever, DaimlerChrysler and Pepsi - among other multi-national corporations, editors from five major newspapers, members of parliament, ministers, European commissioners, the crown prince of Belgium and the queen of the Netherlands. "I don't think (we are) a global ruling class because I don't think a global ruling class exists. I simply think it's people who have influence interested to speak to other people who have influence," Viscount Davignon says.  "Bilderberg does not try to reach conclusions - it does not try to say 'what we should do'. Everyone goes away with their own feeling and that allows the debate to be completely open, quite frank - and to see what the differences are. "Business influences society and politics influences society - that's purely common sense. It's not that business contests the right of democratically-elected leaders to lead". For Bilderberg's critics the fact that there is almost no publicity about the annual meetings is proof that they are up to no good. Jim Tucker, editor of a right-wing newspaper, the American Free Press for example, alleges they organise wars and elect and depose political leaders. He describes the group as simply 'evil'. So where does the truth lie? Professor Kees van der Pijl of Sussex University in Britain says such private networks of corporate and political leaders play an informal but crucial role in the modern world. "There need to be places where these people can think about the main challenges ahead, co-ordinate where policies should be going, and find out where there could be a consensus." 'Common sense' Will Hutton, an economic analyst and former newspaper editor who attended a Bilderberg meeting in 1997, says people take part in these networks in order to influence the way the world works, to create what he calls "the international common sense" about policy.  "On every issue that might influence your business you will hear at first-hand the people who are actually making those decisions and you will play a part in helping them to make those decisions and formulating the common sense," he says. And that "common sense" is one which supports the interests of Bilderberg's main participants - in particular free trade. Viscount Davignon says that at the annual meetings, "automatically around the table you have internationalists" - people who support the work of the World Trade Organisation, trans-Atlantic co-operation and European integration. Bilderberg meetings often feature future political leaders shortly before they become household names. Bill Clinton went in 1991 while still governor of Arkansas, Tony Blair was there two years later while still an opposition MP. All the recent presidents of the European Commission attended Bilderberg meetings before they were appointed. 'Secret Government' This has led to accusations that the group pushes its favoured politicians into high office. But Viscount Davignon says his steering committee are simply excellent talent spotters. The steering committee "does its best assessment of who are the bright new boys or girls in the beginning phase of their career who would like to get known." "It's not a total accident, but it's not a forecast and if they go places it's not because of Bilderberg, it's because of themselves," Viscount Davignon says. But its critics say Bilderberg's selection process gives an extra boost to aspiring politicians whose views are friendly to big business. None of this, however, is easy to prove - or disprove. Observers like Will Hutton argue that such private networks have both good and bad sides. They are unaccountable to voters but, at the same time, they do keep the international system functioning. And there are limits to their power - a point which Bilderberg chairman was keen to stress, "When people say this is a secret government of the world I say that if we were a secret government of the world we should be bloody ashamed of ourselves." Informal and private networks like Bilderberg have helped to oil the wheels of global politics and globalisation for the past half a century. In the eyes of critics they have undermined democracy, but their supporters believe they are crucial to modern democracy's success. And so long as business and politics remain mutually dependent, they will continue to thrive. http://www.edwardjayepstein.com/archived/moneyclub.htm Ruling The World of Money HARPER'S November 1983 by Edward Jay Epsteinhttp://www.edwardjayepstein.com/archived/moneyclub.htm Ten times a year— once a mouth except in August and October— a small elite of well dressed men arrives in Basel, Switzerland. Carrying overnight bags and attache cases, they discreetly check into the Euler Hotel, across from the railroad station. They have come to this sleepy city from places as disparate as Tokyo, London, and Washington, D.C., for the regular meeting of the most exclusive, secretive, and powerful supranational club in the world. Each of the dozen or so visiting members has his own office at the club, with secure telephone lines to his home country. The members are fully serviced by a permanent staff of about 300, including chauffeurs, chefs, guards, messengers, translators, stenographers, secretaries, and researchers. Also at their disposal are a brilliant research unit and an ultramodern computer, as well as a secluded country club with tennis courts and a swimming pool, a few kilometers outside Basel. The membership of this club is restricted to a handful of powerful men who determine daily the interest rate, the availability of credit, and the money supply of the banks in their own countries. They include the governors of the U.S. Federal Reserve, the Bank of England, the Bank of Japan, the Swiss National Bank, and the German Bundesbank. The club controls a bank with a $40 billion kitty in cash, government securities, and gold that constitutes about one tenth of the world's available foreign exchange. The profits earned just from renting out its hoard of gold (second only to that of Fort Knox in value) are more than sufficient to pay for the expenses of the entire organization. And the unabashed purpose of its elite monthly meetings is to coordinate and, if possible, to control all monetary activities in the industrialized world. The place where this club meets in Basel is a unique financial institution called the Bank for International Settlements-or more simply, and appropriately, the BIS (pronounced "biz" in German).THE BIS was originally established in May 1930 by bankers and diplomats of Europe and the United States to collect and disburse Germany's World War I reparation payments (hence its name). It was truly an extraordinary arrangement. Although the BIS was organized as a commercial bank with publicly held shares, its immunity from government interference, and even taxation, in both peace and war was guaranteed by an international treaty signed in The Hague in 1930. Although all its depositors are central banks, the BIS has made a profit on every transaction. And because it has been highly profitable, it has required no subsidy or aid from any government.Since it also provided, in Basel, a safe and convenient repository for the gold holdings of the European central banks, it quickly evolved into the bank for central banks. As the world depression deepened in the Thirties and- financial panics flared up in Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Germany, the governors in charge of the key central banks feared that the entire global financial system would collapse unless they could closely coordinate their rescue efforts. The obvious meeting spot for this desperately needed coordination was the BIS, where they regularly went anyway to arrange gold swaps and war-damage settlements.Even though an isolationist Congress officially refused to allow the U.S. Federal Reserve to participate in the BIS, or to accept shares in it (which were instead held in trust by the First National City Bank), the chairman of the Fed quietly slipped over to Basel for important meetings. World monetary policy was evidently too important to leave to national politicians. During World War 11, when the nations, if not their central banks, were belligerents, the BIS continued operating in Basel, though the monthly meetings were temporarily suspended. In 1944, following Czech accusations that the BIS was laundering gold that the Nazis had stolen from occupied Europe, the American government backed a resolution at the Bretton Woods Conference calling for the liquidation of the BIS. The naive idea was that the settlement and monetary-clearing functions it provided could be taken over by the new International Monetary Fund.What could not be replaced, however, was what existed behind the mask of an international clearing house: a supranational organization for setting and implementing global monetary strategy, which could not be accomplished by a democratic, United Nations-like international agency. The central bankers, not about to let their club be taken from them, quietly snuffed out the American resolution.After World War 11, the BIS reemerged as the main clearing house for European currencies and, behind the scenes, the favored meeting place of central bankers. When the dollar came under attack in the 1960s, massive swaps of money and gold were arranged at the BIS for the defense of the American currency. It was undeniably ironic that, as the president of the BIS observed, "the United States, which had wanted to kill the BIS, suddenly finds it indispensable." In any case, the Fed has become a leading member of the club, with either Chairman Paul Volcker or Governor Henry Wallich attending every "Basel weekend."Originally, the central bankers sought complete anonymity for their activities. Their headquarters were in an abandoned six story hotel, the Grand et Savoy Hotel Universe, with an annex above the adjacent Frey's Chocolate Shop. There purposely was no sign over the door identifying the BIS, so visiting central bankers and gold dealers used Frey's, which is across the street from the railroad station, as a convenient landmark. It was in the wood-paneled rooms above the shop and the hotel that decisions were reached to devalue or defend currencies, to fix the price of gold, to regulate offshore banking, and to raise or lower short-term interest rates. And though they shaped "a new world economic order" through these deliberations, according to Guido Carli, the governor of the Italian central bank,, the public, even in Basel, remained almost totally unaware of the club and its activities.In May 1977, however, the BIS gave up its anonymity, against the better judgment of some of its members, in exchange for more efficient headquarters. The new building, an eighteen story-high circular skyscraper that rises over the medieval city like some misplaced nuclear reactor, quickly became known as the "Tower of Basel" and began attracting attention from tourists. "That was the last thing we wanted," Dr. Fritz Leutwiler, its president told me, when I interviewed him in 1983. "If it had been up to me, it never would have been built." While we talked, he kept his eyes glued to the Reuters screen in his office, which signaled currency fluctuations around the globe.Despite its irksome visibility, the new headquarters does have the advantages of luxurious space and Swiss efficiency. The building is completely air-conditioned and self-contained, with its own nuclear-bomb shelter in the sub-basement, a triply redundant fire-extinguishing system (so outside firemen never have to be called in), a private hospital, and some twenty miles of subterranean archives. "We try to provide a complete clubhouse for central bankers ... a home away from home," said Gunther Schleiminger, the supercompetent general manager, as he arranged a rare tour of the headquarters for me. The top floor, with a panoramic view of three countries, Germany, France, and Switzerland, is a deluxe restaurant, used only to serve the members a buffet dinner when they arrive on Sunday evenings to begin the "Basel weekends." Aside from those ten occasions, this floor remains ghostly empty.On the floor below, Schleiminger and his small staff sit in spacious offices, administering the day-today details of the BIS and monitoring activities on lower floors as if they were running an out-of-season hotel. The next three floors down are suites of offices reserved for the central bankers. All are decorated in three colors— beige, brown, and tan— and each has a similar modernistic lithograph over the desk. Each office also has coded speed-dial telephones that at a push of a button directly connect the club members to their offices in their central banks back home. The completely deserted corridors and empty offices, with nameplates on the doors and freshly sharpened pencils in cups and neat stacks of incoming papers on the desks, are again reminiscent of a ghost town. When the members arrive for their forthcoming meeting in November, there will be a remarkable transformation, according to Schleiminger, with multilingual receptionists and secretaries at every desk, and constant meetings and briefings.On the lower floors are the BIS computer, which is directly linked to the computers of the member central banks and provides instantaneous access to data about the global monetary situation, and the actual bank, where eighteen traders, mainly from England and Switzerland, continually roll over short" term loans on the Eurodollar markets and guard against foreign-exchange losses (by simultaneously selling the currency in which the loan is due). On yet another floor, gold traders are constantly on the telephone arranging loans of the bank's gold to international arbitragers, thus allowing central banks to make interest on gold deposits.Occasionally there is an extraordinary situation, such as the decision to sell gold for the Soviet Union, which requires a decision from the "governors," as the BIS staff calls the central bankers. But most of the banking is routine, computerized, and riskless. Indeed, the BIS is prohibited by its statutes from making anything but short-term loans. Most are for thirty days or less that are government guaranteed or backed with gold deposited at the BIS. The profits the BIS receives for essentially turning over the billions of dollars deposited by the central banks amounted to $162 million last year.As skilled as the BIS may be at all this, the central banks themselves have highly competent staffs capable of investing their deposits. The German Bundesbank, for example, has a superb international trading department and 15,000 employees— at least twenty times as many as the BIS staff. Why then do the Bundesbank and the other central banks transfer some $40 billion of deposits to the BIS and thereby permit it to make such a profit?One answer is of course secrecy. By commingling part of their reserves in what amounts to a gigantic mutual fund of short term investments, the central banks created' a convenient screen behind which they can hide their own deposits and withdrawals in financial centers around the world. And the central banks are apparently willing to pay a high fee to use the cloak of the BIS.There is, however, another reason why the central banks regularly transfer deposits to the BIS: they want to provide it with a large enough profit to support the other services it provides. Despite its name, the BIS is far more than a bank. From the outside, it seems to be a small, technical organization. Just eighty-six of its 298 employees are ranked as professional staff. But the BIS is not a monolithic institution: artfully concealed within the shell of an international bank, like a series of Chinese boxes one inside another, are the real groups and services the central bankers need-and pay to support.The first box inside the bank is the board of directors, drawn from the eight European central banks (England, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, France, Belgium, Sweden, and the Netherlands), which meets on the Tuesday morning of each "Basel weekend." The board also meets twice a year in Basel with the central banks of other nations. It provides a formal apparatus for dealing with European governments and international bureaucracies like the IMF or the European Economic Community (the Common Market). The board defines the rules and territories of the central banks with the goal of preventing governments from meddling in their purview. For example, a few years ago, when the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in Paris appointed a low-level committee to study the adequacy of bank reserves, the central bankers regarded it as poaching on their monetary turf and turned to the BIS board for assistance. The board then arranged for a high-level committee, under the head of Banking Supervision at the Bank of England, to preempt the issue. The OECD got the message and abandoned its effort.To deal with the world at large, there is another Chinese box called the Group of Ten, or simply the "G-10." It actually has eleven full-time members, representing the eight European central banks, the U.S. Fed, the Bank of Canada, and the Bank of Japan. It also has one unofficial member: the governor of the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority. This powerful group, which controls most of the transferable money in the world, meets for long sessions on the Monday afternoon of the "Basel weekend." It is here that broader policy issues, such as interest rates, money-supply growth, economic stimulation (or suppression), and currency rates are discussed-if not always resolved.Directly under the G-10, and catering to all its special needs, is a small unit called the "Monetary and Economic Development Department," which is, in effect, its private think tank. The head of this unit, the Belgian economist Alexandre Larnfalussy, sits in on all the G-10 meetings, then assigns the appropriate research and analysis to the half dozen economists on his staff. This unit also produces the occasional blue-bound "economic papers" that provide central bankers from Singapore to Rio de Janeiro, even though they are not BIS members, with a convenient party line. For example, a recent paper called "Rules versus Discretion: An Essay on Monetary Policy in an Inflationary Environment," politely defused the Milton Friedmanesque dogma and suggested a more pragmatic form of monetarism. And last May, just before the Williamsburg summit conference, the unit released a blue book on currency intervention by central banks that laid down the boundaries and circumstances for such actions. When there are internal disagreements, these blue books can express positions sharply contrary to those held by some BIS members, but generally they reflect a consensus of the G-10.Over A bratwurst-and-beer lunch on the top floor of the Bundesbank, which is located in a huge concrete building (called "the bunker") outside of Frankfurt, Karl Otto Pohl, its president and a ranking governor of the BIS, complained to me in 1983 about the repetitiousness of the meetings during the "Basel weekend." "First, there is the meeting on the Gold Pool, then, after lunch, the same faces show up at the G-10, and the next day there is the board which excludes the U.S., Japan, and Canada, and the European Community meeting which excludes Sweden and Switzerland." He concluded: "They are long and strenuous-and they are not where the real business gets done." This occurs, as Pohl explained over our leisurely lunch, at still another level of the BIS: "a sort of inner club." The inner club is made up of the half dozen or so powerful central bankers who find themselves more or less in the same monetary boat: along with Pohl are Volcker and Wallich from the Fed, Leutwiler from the Swiss National Bank, Lamberto Dini of the Bank of Italy, Haruo Mayekawa of the Bank of Japan, and the retired governor of the Bank of England, Lord Gordon Richardson (who had presided over the G-10 meetings for the past ten years). They are all comfortable speaking English; indeed, Pohl recounted how he has found himself using English with Leutwiler, though both are of course native German-speakers. And they all speak the same language when it comes to governments, having shared similar experiences. Pohl and Volcker were both under secretaries of their respective treasuries; they worked closely with each other, and with Lord Richardson, in the futile attempts to defend the dollar and the pound in the 1960s. Dini was at the IMF in Washington, dealing with many of the same problems. Pohl had worked closely with Leutwiler in neighboring Switzerland for two decades. "Some of us are very old friends," Pohl said. Far more important, these men all share the same set of well-articulated values 'about money.The prime value, which also seems to demarcate the inner club from the rest of the BIS members, is the firm belief that central banks should act independently of their home governments. This is an easy position for Leutwiler to hold, since the Swiss National Bank is privately owned (the only central bank that is not government owned) and completely autonomous. ("I don't think many people know the name of the president of Switzerland-even in Switzerland," Pohl joked, "but everyone in Europe has heard of Leutwiler.") Almost as independent is the Bundesbank; as its president, Pohl is not required to consult with government officials or to answer the questions of Parliament-even about such critical issues as raising interest rates. He even refuses to fly to Basel in a government plane, preferring instead to drive in his Mercedes limousine.The Fed is only a shade less independent than the Bundesbank: Volcker is expected to make periodic visits to Congress and at least to take calls from the White House-but he need not follow their counsel. While in theory the Bank of Italy is under government control, in practice it is an elite institution that acts autonomously and often resists the government. (In 1979, its then governor, Paolo Baffi, was threatened with arrest, but the inner club, using unofficial channels, rallied to his support.) Although the exact relationship between the Bank of Japan and the Japanese government purposely remains inscrutable, even to the BIS governors, its chairman, Mayekawa, at least espouses the principle of autonomy. Finally, though the Bank of England is under the thumb of the British government, Lord Richardson was accepted by the inner club because of his personal adherence to this defining principle. But his successor, Robin Leigh-Pemberton, lacking the years of business and personal contact, probably won't be admitted to the inner circle.In any case, the line is drawn at the Bank of England. The Bank of France is seen as a puppet of the French government; to a lesser degree, the remaining European banks are also perceived by the inner club as extensions of their respective governments, and thus remain on the outside.A second and closely related belief of the inner club is that politicians should not be trusted to decide the fate of the international monetary system. When Leutwiler became president of the BIS in 1982, he insisted that no government official be allowed to visit during a "Basel weekend." He recalled that in 1968, U.S. Treasury undersecretary Fred Deming had been in Basel and stopped in at the bank. "When word got around that an American Treasury official was at the BIS," Leutwiler said, "bullion traders, speculating that the U.S. was about to sell its gold, began a panic in the market." Except for the annual meeting in June (called "the Jamboree" by the staff ), when the ground floor of the BIS headquarters is open to official visitors, Leutwiler has tried to enforce his rule strictly. "To be frank," he I have no use for politicians. They lack the judgment of central bankers." This effectively sums up the common antipathy of the inner club toward "government muddling," as Pohl puts it.The inner-club members also share a strong preference for pragmatism and flexibility over any ideology, whether that of Lord Keynes or Milton Friedman. Rather than resorting to rhetoric and invoking principles, the inner club seeks any remedy that will relieve a crisis. For example, earlier this year, when Brazil failed to pay back on time a BIS loan that was guaranteed by the central banks, the inner club quietly decided to extend the deadline instead of collecting the money from the guarantors. "We are constantly engaged in a balancing act-without a safety net," Leutwiler explained.THE FINAL and by far the most important belief of the inner club is the conviction that when the bell tolls for any single central bank, it tolls for them all. When Mexico faced bankruptcy in the early eighties. The issue for the inner club was not the welfare of that country but, as Dini put it, "the stability of the entire banking system." For months Mexico had been borrowing overnight funds from the interbank market in New York-as every bank recognized by the Fed is permitted to do-to pay the interest on its $80 billion external debt. Each night it had to borrow more money to repay the interest on the previous night's transactions, and, according to Dini, by August Mexico had borrowed nearly one quarter of all the "Fed Funds," as these overnight loans between banks are called.The Fed was caught in a dilemma: if it suddenly stepped in and forbade Mexico from further using the interbank market, Mexico would be unable to repay its enormous debt the next day, and 25 percent of the entire banking system's ready funds might be frozen. But if the Fed permitted Mexico to continue borrowing in New York, in a matter of months it would suck in most of the interbank funds, forcing the Fed to expand drastically the supply of money.It was clearly an emergency for the inner club. After speaking to Miguel Mancera, director of the Banco de Mexico, Volcker immediately called Leutwiler, who was vacationing in the Swiss mountain village of Grison. Leutwiler realized that the entire system was confronted by a financial time bomb: even though the IMF was prepared to extend $4.5 billion to Mexico to relieve the pressure on its long-term debt, it would require months of paperwork to get approval for the loan. And Mexico needed an immediate 1.85 billion dollar loan to get out of the interbank market, which Mancera had agreed to do. But in less than forty eight hours, Leutwiler had called the members of the inner club and arranged the temporary bridging loan.While this $1.85 billion appeared in the financial press to have come from the BIS, virtually all the funds came from the central banks in the inner club. Half came directly from the United States -$600 million from the Treasury's exchange-equalization fund and $325 million from the Fed's coffers; the remaining $925 million mainly from deposits of the Bundesbank, Swiss National Bank, Bank of England, Bank of Italy, and Bank of Japan, deposits that were specifically guaranteed by these central banks, though advanced pro forma by the BIS (with a token amount advanced by the BIS itself against the collateral of Mexican gold). The BIS undertook virtually no risk in this rescue operation; it merely provided a convenient cloak for the inner club. Otherwise, its members, especially Volcker, would have had to take the political heat individually for what appeared to be the rescue of an underdeveloped country. In fact, they were true to their paramount values: rescuing the banking system itself.Inner club members publicly pay lip service to the ideal of preserving the character of the BIS and not turning it into a lender of last resort for the world at large. Privately, however, they will undoubtedly continue their maneuvers to protect the banking system at whatever point in the world it seems most vulnerable. After all, it is ultimately the central banks' money at risk, not the BIS's. And the inner club will also keep using the BIS as its public mask, and pay the requisite price for the disguise. http://www.edwardjayepstein.com/archived/moneyclub.htmhttp://www.edwardjayepstein.com/current.htm This is a totally commerce-free site. No charges, no advertising. The webmistress cannot be reached Quention of the day Who Set The Reichstag On Fire-- And Brought Hitler To Power? Archive: http://www.edwardjayepstein.com/archive.htm HOLLYWOOD LOGIC MURDER MAMMON WALL STREETCONFIDENTIAL Hollywood Economist WAR OF THE MOLES ILLUSION EXTREME ENTERTAINMENT CYBERBOOKS NY TIMES EXCLUSIVES Rothschild International Banking Family who are Russian Khazars who were originally  from a country called Khazaria, which occupied the land locked between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which is now predominantly occupied by Georgia and associates which also includesmembers of the Royal Families of Europe, and the following family names:  Astor; Bundy; Collins; duPont; Freeman; Kennedy; Morgan;  Sachs, Oppenheimer; Rockefeller; Sassoon; Schiff; Taft; and Van Duyn.are responsible for over 3 billion mass murders in the last 250 years through their manipulation, finance and control of wars and conflicts, starvation, malnutrition, slavery, famine, holocausts, genocide,  ethnic cleansing, disease and other methods are set to be indited in the International Court of Justice as the biggest war criminal the world has ever known after 30 years on investigations have been complete by a special investigation team funded by the real Jewish business people whose families were murdered in Death Camps by poisons originally designed to kill insects made and produced in factories belonging to these evil criminally insane Mass Murderers Rothschild Banking Family Friends and business associates murderess control of over three billion deaths on the planet earth for over 250 years. These people control the central banks in most major countries around the world which includes The USA Federal Reserve Bank, the Bank of England, the Federal Reserve Bank of Australia, the Federal Reserve Bank of New Zealand, the Canadian Federal Reserve Bank and many more. In fact there is only about six large countries they do not control the central banks of which includes Iran. That is of the many reasons why they are determined to make war against Iran which will be the third world war, which will be used to create chaos and fear by everyone in the world so that everyone willing agrees to their One World Order plan with One Government, One Army and One Bank to control the world with everyone on the world will willingly have Micro Chips implanted in them which will track their every move  on the planet and have all their personal information and money on  these RDIF Radio Tracking Chips. In anyone wants to complain about the way the world is run by these powerful elite, then they will simply just term off their chip and they will not be able to buy food, obtain transport, get into their house, or do anything else as the whole of society will be based around the use of these micro chips. They have already named this "The Brave New World" which one of their paid authors Arthur Huxley stated in in book. Rothschild Banking Family Friends and business associates murderess control on the planet earth for over 200 years. These evil, criminally insane Russian Khazars who were originally from a country called Khazaria, which occupied the land locked between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which is now predominantly occupied by Georgia, and are fraudulent pretending to be Jews (which they are not real or genuine Jews at all), so they can fraudulently claim control of Palestine and Israel for themselves have been responsible for the manipulation, and have taken over London and Britain, as their head financial office, Washington and the USA as their main Military office, and the Vatican City as the religious and spiritual office, using each county's armies they control central banks in as their own personal armies to fight what are really "bankers wars", not real countries wars for power, money, gold, oil, land ownership and control and control and ownership of all the natural resources on the on planet earth, control, financing, execution and masterminding the deaths of over one billion people on plant earth since the 1700's be methods for having the shot, blown up, starved to death, manipulated diseases  and convincing them that they should kill each other over disputes over money, religion, land, power, oil, gold, and racial hatred and any other possible way of getting people to fighteach other and/or paying people to fight and kill each other, all for the purpose of profit, greed and power, with the long term aim of obtaining control and/or ownership of  all  the world's money, gold, silver, oil, uranium and other precious metals and natural resources, the world's food supply, the world's land and seas and rivers, with the long term aim of becoming the sole rulers of a one World Government and Powerbase, which has one World Bank and One World Army. In a world were the whole world in run by one big computer monitored by a satellite and every man women and child have a RIDF radio controlled Mirco Chip implanted into the that monitors every move, action and transaction they make with every part of society's activities being fully dependant on on this micro chip being active, and all money on these chips, everyone' ID and all their personal information will be on these chips and if at anytime anyone dares to protest of what the One World Government are doing tot he people on earth or violate what the controllers of the One World Government want, they will simply just turn off their chip. It will also be a world where the One World Government will control the supply, production, coding, labelling and licensing of all food, herbs, plants, animals, birds, fish, nuts, fruits, vegetables etc under their One World Controlled Codex Alimentarious Commission, their United Nations World Trade Organisation (WHO), their United Nations and their Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) so that all intake, production and manufacture, licensing and labelling off food, herbs and nutrients will be controlled by them and only foods, herbs and nutrients that are listed on their approved list and the the nutrients and pesticide levels approved by them are allowed to be consumed on earth with the overall effect that over 3 billion people will die of starvation, malnutrition and disease through low levels of healthy and naturally nutritious nutrients, vitamins and minerals in the food and high levels of dangerous toxic chemicals and pesticides, growth hormones and geneticly engineered ingredients in the food for the general population, with only the very elite at the top of their Illuminati organisation and their families being able to purchase and grow healthy and natural food where they will have a proper balanced nutrients, vitamins and minerals. http://www.coverups.com/jfk/who.htm Who Killed Kennedy And Why? - Coverups.com In reality In reality it does not matter who one believes was the actual physical killer or killers that shot President John F Kennedy, what matters moire is who were the motivators and organisers of his assassination and who had most to gain from his untimely death. When one analyses all the recorded public and private information there leaves little doubt that  President John F Kennedy was murdered for and on behalf of the same group of people, the International Banking families, businessmen and industrialists all working for and/or in partnership with the infamous international Russian Tsar Rothschild Banking Family, {Note:The Rothschilds have been in control of the world for a very long time, their tentacles reaching into many aspects of our daily lives, as is documented in the following timeline.  However, before you jump to the timeline, please read this invaluable introduction which will tell you who the Rothschilds are as oppose to who they claim to be. The Rothschilds claim that they are Jewish, when in fact they are Khazars.  They are from a country called Khazaria, which occupied the land locked between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which is now predominantly occupied by Georgia.  The reason the Rothschilds claim to be Jewish is that the Khazars under the instruction of the King, converted to the Jewish faith in 740 A.D., but of course that did not include converting their Asiatic Mongolian genes to the genes of the Jewish people. You will find that approximately 90% of people in the world today who call themselves Jews are actually Khazars, or as they like to be known, Ashkenazi Jews.  These people knowingly lie to the world with their claims that the land of Israel is theirs by birthright, when in actual fact their real homeland is over 800 miles away in Georgia. So, next time you hear an Israeli Prime Minister bleating about the so-called persecution of the Jews, consider this, every Prime Minister of Israel has been an Ashkenazi Jew.  Therefore when all these Prime Ministers have curried favour with the West for their re-establishment of a Jewish homeland, they have knowingly and deliberately lied to you, as they were never from that region, and they well know it, because it is they who call themselves Ashkenazi Jews. The Book of Revelation, Chapter 2, Verse 9, states the following which would appear to be about these Ashkenazi Jews: "I know thy works, and tribulation and poverty, (but thou art rich) and I know the blasphemy of them which say they are Jews, and are not, butare the synagogue of Satan." The most wealthy bloodline in the world bar none and the leader of the Ashkenazi Jews in the world today is the Rothschild family.  As you will see in the timeline, the Rothschilds have obtained this position through lies, manipulation and murder.  Their bloodline also extends into the Royal Families of Europe, and the following family names: Astor; Bundy; Collins; duPont; Freeman; Kennedy; Morgan; Oppenheimer; Rockefeller; Sassoon; Schiff; Taft; and Van Duyn. However, these are not the only bloodlines to worry about.  You are probably aware of the centuries old pratice undertaken by many Ashkenazi Jews whereby they would change their name, in order for them to appear part of the dominant race of the country in which they lived, so as they could obtain influential positions in that country, which they would then exploit to serve their real masters elsewhere. There is plenty of evidence to prove the Rothschilds continue that deceptive tradition. Furthermore the Rothschilds are known to sire many children secretly that they can put into positions of power when required.  This started with the very first man who took the name Rothschild, who had a secret sixth son.  Finally, remember the world is a diverse place, I could if I wanted change my name to Rothschild, or any of the names listed above, and that would not make me part of this family anymore than converting to Judaism in 740 A.D. will make these Ashkenazis Jewish. Ashkenazi Jew, David Ben-Gurion, one of the father founders of Israel and its first Prime Minister, candidly describes Zionist aims in his diary (21 May 1948) as follows, “The Achilles heel of the Arab coalition is the Lebanon. Muslim supremacy in this country is artificial and can easily be overthrown. A Christian State ought to be set up there, with its southern frontier on the river Litani. We would sign a treaty of alliance with this State. Thus when we have broken the strength of the Arab Legion and bombed Amman, we could wipe out Trans-Jordan, after that Syria would fall. And if Egypt still dared to make war on us, we would bomb Port Said, Alexandria and Cairo. We should thus end the war and would have but paid to Egypt, Assyria and Chaldea on behalf of our ancestors.” 1949:  On October 1, Mao Tse Tsung declares the founding of the People's Republic Of China in Tiananmen Square, Beijing.  He is funded by Rothschild created Communism in Russia and also the following Rothschild agents:  Solomon Adler, a former United States Treasury official who was a Soviet Spy; Israel Epstein, the son of a Jewish Bolshevik imprisoned by the Tsar in Russia for trying to forment a revolution there; and Frank Coe, a leading official of the Rothschild owned IMF. 1950: Israel passes their law of return, guaranteeing every Jew worldwide the right to dwell in the state of Israel, however the Palestinians even though they had lived there for 1300 years, were denied that right. John Davitt, former chief of the Justice Department's internal security section notes that the Israeli intelligence service is the second most active in the United States after the Soviets and of course both Israel and the Soviet Union are run by an Ashkenazi Jewish leadership. 1951: On 1 April the Israeli Secret Intelligence Agency the Mossad, which will go on to terrorize the world, is formed. The motto of the Mossad is probably the most disgusting secret service motto in the world, it is, "By Way Of Deception,  Thou Shalt Do War." 1953: N. M. Rothschild & Sons found the British Newfoundland Corporation Limited to develop 60,000 square miles of land in Newfoundland, Canada, which comprised a power station to harness the power of the Hamilton (later renamed Churchill) Falls. At the time this was the largest construction project ever to be undertaken by a private company. 1954: "The Lavon Affair."  Israeli agents recruit Egyptian citizens of Jewish descent to bomb Western targets in Egypt, and plant evidence to frame Arabs, in an apparent attempt to upset American/Egyptian relations. Israeli defense minister, Ashkenazi Jew, Pinhas Lavon is eventually removed from office, though many think real responsibility lay with David Ben-Gurion. A hidden microphone planted by the Israelis is discovered in the Office of the US Ambassador in Tel Aviv. 1955: Edmond de Rothschild founds Compagnie Financiere, Paris. 1956: Telephone taps are found connected to two telephones in the residence of the US military attaché in Tel Aviv. 1957: James de Rothschild dies and it is reported (by the Rothschild owned media) that he bequeaths a large sum of money to the state of Israel to pay for the construction of their parliament building, the Knesset. He states that the Knesset should be, "a symbol, in the eyes of all men, of the permanence of the State of Israel." On page 219 of his book, "Tales of the British Aristocracy," L.G. Pine, the Editor of Burke’s Peerage, states that the Jews, "have made themselves so closely connected with the British peerage that the two classes are unlikely to suffer loss which is not mutual. So closely linked are the Jews and the lords that a blow against the Jews in this country would not be possible without injuring the aristocracy also." Maurice de Rothschild dies in Paris. 1962: de Rothschild Frères establishes Imétal as an umbrella company for all their mineral mining interests. Frederic Morton publishes his book, The Rothschilds, in which he states, "Though they control scores of industrial, commercial, mining and tourist corporations, not one bears the name Rothschild. Being private partnerships, the family houses never need to, and never do, publish a single public balance sheet, or any other report of their financial condition." This attitude reveals the true aim of the Rothschilds, to eliminate all competition and create their own worldwide monopoly. 1963: On June 4th President John F. Kennedy (the 35th President of the United States 1961 – 1963) signs Executive Order 11110 which returned to the U.S. government the power to issue currency, without going through the Rosthchilds owned Federal Reserve. Less than 6 months later on November 22nd , president Kennedy is assassinated by the Rothschilds for the same reason as they assassinated President Abraham Lincoln in 1865, he wanted to print American money for the American people, as oppose to for the benefit of a money grabbing war mongering foreign elite. Another, and probably the primary, reason for Kennedy's assassination is however, the fact that he made it quite clear to Israeli Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, that under no circumstances would he agree to Israel becoming a nuclear state.  The Israeli newspaper Ha'aretz on February 5, 1999, in a review of, Avner Cohen's book, "Israel and the Bomb," states the following, "The murder of American President John F. Kennedy brought to an abrupt end the massive pressure being applied by the U.S. administration on the government of Israel to discontinue the nuclear program...The book implied that, had Kennedy remained alive, it is doubtful whether Israel would today have a nuclear option." Edmond de Rothschild establishes La Compagnie Financière Edmond de Rothschild (LCF), in Switzerland as a venture capital house. This later develops into an investment bank and asset management company with many affiliates. He also marries his wife Nadine and they have a son, Benjamin de Rothschild. 1965: Israel illegally obtains enriched uranium from NUMEC (Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation). 1967: The treatment of the Palestinians by the Zionist Jews, finally ignites enough anger in the Arab world for Egypt, Jordan and Syria to mobilise on Israel's borders.  All of these three countries are suddenly attacked by Israel and as a result the Sinai which included Gaza was stolen from Egypt, and the West Bank and the Jordan River stolen from Jordan. As a result of this, on June 8, the Israelis launch an attack on the USS Liberty with Israeli aircraft and motor torpedo boats, in an effort to blame it on Egypt, to bring America into the war on their side, and of course follow to the letter, their Mossad motto, "By Way Of Deception, Thou Shalt Do War."As a result of their attack, 34 American servicemen were killed and 174 wounded.  Israel lies as usual, claiming it mistook this warship that was flying a large United States flag, for an ancient out-of-service Egyptian horse carrier El Quseir, that was 180 feet shorter.  They also claim the ship was in the war zone, when it was actually in international waters, far from any fighting.  The Israeli's attack on this warship lasts for 75 minutes during which time they shoot up one of the United States flags, resulting in the sailors desperately raising another one. In the aftermath of this attack, the American sailors who survived are warned by the United States military not to discuss the matter with anyone due to, "national security."  This story gets no prominence in the Rothschild controlled mainstream media and as usual Israel is in no way even rebuked for their crimes by their subservient country of America. 1913: Jacob Schiff sets up the Anti Defamation League (ADL) in the United States.  This organisation is formed to slander anyone who questions or challenges the Rothschild global conspiracy as, "anti-semitic." 1914:  The start of World War I.  In this war, the German Rothschilds loan money to the Germans, the British Rothschilds loan money to the British, and the French Rothschilds loan money to the French. Futhermore, the Rothschilds have control of the three European news agencies, Wolff (est. 1849) in Germany, Reuters (est. 1851) in England, and Havas (est. 1835) in France. The Rothschilds use Wolff to manipulate the German people into a fervour for war. From around this time, the Rothschilds are rarely reported in the media, because they own the media. 1914:  The start of World War I.  In this war, the German Rothschilds loan money to the Germans, the British Rothschilds loan money to the British, and the French Rothschilds loan money to the French. Futhermore, the Rothschilds have control of the three European news agencies, Wolff (est. 1849) in Germany, Reuters (est. 1851) in England, and Havas (est. 1835) in France. The Rothschilds use Wolff to manipulate the German people into a fervour for war. From around this time, the Rothschilds are rarely reported in the media, because they own the media. 1916:  On June 4, Ashkenazi Jew, Louis Dembitz Brandeis is appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States by President Wilson as per his agreed blackmail payment to Samuel Untermyer some three years earlier.  Justice Brandeis is also the elected leader of the Executive Committee for Zionist Affairs, a position he has held since 1914. The middle of World War II.  Germany were winning the war as they were being financed by the Rothschilds to a greater extent than France, Italy and England, because Rothschilds, did not want to support the Tsar in Russia, and of course Russia was on the same side as France, Italy and England. Then a significant event occurred.  Germany, although they were winning the war and not one foreign soldier had set foot on their soil, offered armistice to Britain with no requirement of reparations.  The Rothschilds were anxious to make sure this didn't happen as they were expecting to make far more money off this war, so they played another card they had up their sleeve. Whilst the British were considering Germany's offer, Rothschild agent Louis Brandeis sends a Zionist delegation from America to Britain to promise to bring America into the war on the side of the British, provided the British agree to give the land of Palestine to the Rothschilds. The Rothschilds wanted Palestine for the following reason.  They had great business interests in the far east and desired their own state in that area along with their own military which they could use as an aggressor to any state that threatened those interests. The British subsequently agree to the deal for Palestine and the Zionists in London contact their counterparts in America and inform them of this fact.  Suddenly all the major newspapers in America that up to that point had been pro-German turned on Germany running propaganda pieces such as:  German soldiers were killing Red Cross Nurses; German soldiers were cutting off babies hands, etc, in order to manipulate the American public against the Germans. This same year, President Woodrow Wilson, ran a re-election campaign under the slogan, "Re-Elect The Man Who Will Keep Your Sons Out Of The War." On December 12, Germany and her allies offer peace terms to end the war. 1917:  The Rothschilds order the execution by the Bolsheviks they control, of Tsar Nicholas II and his entire family in Russia, even though the Tsar had already abdicated on March 2.  This is both to get control of the country and an act of revenge for Tsar Alexander I blocking their world government plan in 1815 at the Congress Of Vienna, and Tsar Alexander II siding with President Abraham Lincoln in 1864. It is extremely important for them to slaughter the entire family including women and children in order to make good on the promise to do so made by Nathan Mayer Rothschild in 1815.  It is designed to show the world what happens if you ever attempt to cross the Rothschilds. As a result of Germany's offer of peace the Rothschild war machine goes into overdrive in America, spreading propaganda which leads to President Wilson under the instructions of American Zionist leader and Supreme Court Justice, Louis Dembitz Brandeis, reneging on his promise to the electorate and taking America into the first world war on April 6. As per the Rothschild Zionist promise to the British, to take America into the war, they decide they want something in writing from the British to prove that they will uphold their side of the bargain.  The British Foreign Secretary, Arthur James Balfour therefore drafts a letter which is commonly known as the, "Balfour Declaration," which is reprinted below. Foreign Office November 2nd, 1917 Dear Lord Rothschild, I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet. His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation. Yours sincerely, Arthur James Balfour The Rothschilds order the execution by the Bolsheviks they control, of Tsar Nicholas II and his entire family in Russia, even though the Tsar had already abdicated on March 2.  This is both to get control of the country and an act of revenge for Tsar Alexander I blocking their world government plan in 1815 at the Congress Of Vienna, and Tsar Alexander II siding with President Abraham Lincoln in 1864. It is extremely important for them to slaughter the entire family including women and children in order to make good on the promise to do so made by Nathan Mayer Rothschild in 1815.  It is designed to show the world what happens if you ever attempt to cross the Rothschilds. 1962: de Rothschild Frères establishes Imétal as an umbrella company for all their mineral mining interests. Frederic Morton publishes his book, The Rothschilds, in which he states, "Though they control scores of industrial, commercial, mining and tourist corporations, not one bears the name Rothschild. Being private partnerships, the family houses never need to, and never do, publish a single public balance sheet, or any other report of their financial condition." This attitude reveals the true aim of the Rothschilds, to eliminate all competition and create their own worldwide monopoly. 1963: On June 4th President John F. Kennedy (the 35th President of the United States 1961 – 1963) signs Executive Order 11110 which returned to the U.S. government the power to issue currency, without going through the Rosthchilds owned Federal Reserve. Less than 6 months later on November 22nd , president Kennedy is assassinated by the Rothschilds for the same reason as they assassinated President Abraham Lincoln in 1865, he wanted to print American money for the American people, as oppose to for the benefit of a money grabbing war mongering foreign elite. } who is said to personally own and/or control over half of the whole world's wealth, natural energy and food resources, commodities like gold and silver reserves and the whole of the world's money supply and central banks that control that money supply with only a few countries in the world left they do not control the money supply of being associated and related families, International  and organisations that organised the assassination of 1. USA President Abraham Lincoln in 1865; Lincoln (1809–1865) was shot on the evening of April 14, 1865, as he sat in the presidential box at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., watching a performance of the play Our American Cousin. The assassin was actor John Wilkes Booth (1838–1865). After shooting Lincoln, Booth jumped onto the stage, falling and breaking a leg. Wilkes limped away, calling out, "Sic semper tyrannis" (a Latin phrase meaning "Thus always to tyrants").... 2. USA President James Garfield in 1881; 3. USA President William McKinley in 1901; Note: 1913: Jacob Schiff sets up the Anti Defamation League (ADL) in the United States.  This organisation is formed to slander anyone who questions or challenges the Rothschild global conspiracy as, "anti-semitic." 4. The assassination on 28 June 1914 of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary,    is seen as the immediate trigger of the 1st World War; 5. 1914:  The start of World War I.  In this war, the German Rothschilds loan money to the Germans, the British Rothschilds loan money to the British, and the French Rothschilds loan money to the French. Futhermore, the Rothschilds have control of the three European news agencies, Wolff (est. 1849) in Germany, Reuters (est. 1851) in England, and Havas (est. 1835) in France.  The Rothschilds use Wolff to manipulate the German people into a fervour for war. From around this time, the Rothschilds are rarely reported in the media, because  they own the media. World War I was a military conflict that lasted from 1914 to 1918 and involved most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) against the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 15 million people were killed, making it one of the deadliest conflicts in history.This war (abbreviated as WW-I, WWI, or WW1) is also known as the First World War, the Great War, the World War (prior to the outbreak of theSecond World War), and the War to End All Wars. The assassination on 28 June 1914 of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, is seen as the immediate trigger of the war, though long-term causes, such as imperialistic foreign policy, played a major role. Ferdinand's assassination at the hands of Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip resulted in demands against the Kingdom of Serbia. Several alliances that had been formed over the past decades were invoked, so within weeks the major powers were at war; with all having colonies, the conflict soon spread around the world. The conflict opened with the German invasion of Belgium, Luxembourg and France; the Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia and a Russian attack against Prussia. After the German march on Paris was brought to a halt, the Western Front settled into a static battle of attrition with a trench line that changed little until 1917. In the East, the Russian army successfully fought against the Austro-Hungarian forces but were forced back by the German army. Additional fronts opened with the Ottoman Empire joining the war in 1914, Italy in 1915 and Romania in 1916. Imperial Russia left the war in 1917. After a 1918 German offensive along the western front, American forces entered the trenches and the German armies were driven back in a series of successfully allied offensives. Germany surrendered on Armistice Day, November 11, 1918. By the war's end, four major imperial powers—the German, Russian, Austro-Hungarianand Ottoman Empires—had been militarily and politically defeated, with the last two ceasing to exist. The revolutionised Soviet Union emerged from the Russian Empire, while the map of central Europe was completely redrawn into numerous smaller states.[8]The League of Nations was formed in the hope of preventing another such conflict. The European nationalism spawned by the war, the repercussions of Germany's defeat, and of the Treaty of Versailles would eventually lead to the beginning of World War II in 1939. 6. In 1917 the Rothschilds order the execution by the Bolsheviks they control, of Tsar Nicholas II and his entire family in Russia, even though the Tsar had already abdicated on March 2.  This is both to get control of the country and an act of revenge for Tsar Alexander I blocking their world government plan in 1815 at the Congress Of Vienna, and Tsar Alexander II siding with President Abraham Lincoln in 1864. It is extremely important for them to slaughter the entire family including women and children in order to make good on the promise to do so made by Nathan Mayer Rothschild in 1815.  It is designed to show the world what happens if you ever attempt to cross the Rothschilds. 7. Assassination attempt on the life of USA President Franklin D, Roosevelt in 1933. 8. The Rothschilds Banking Group and partners manipulate and finance all sides of the Second World war causing million of people form both sides to kill each other and great profit and satisfaction to the Rothschilds and their partners and also  in furtherance of their aim to have a One World Government by the year 2012 .The Second World War, World War II, or the Second World War (often abbreviated WWII or WW2), was a global military conflict between 1939 and 1945, which involved most of the world's nations, including all great powers, organised into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. The war involved the mobilisation of over 100 million military personnel, making it the most widespread war in history. In a state of "total war," the major participants placed their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Over seventy million people, the majority civilians, were killed, making itthe deadliest conflict in human history. The start of the war is generally held to be September 1, 1939, with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by most of the countries in the British Empire and Commonwealth, and by France. Many countries were already at war before this date, such as Ethiopia and Italy in theSecond Italo-Abyssinian War and China and Japan in the Second Sino-Japanese War. Many who were not initially involved joined the war later, as a result of events such as the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbor and British colonies, and subsequent declarations of war on Japan by theUnited States, the Netherlands, and British Commonwealth. In 1945, the war ended in a victory for the Allies. The Soviet Union and the United States subsequently emerged as the world's superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War which lasted for the next 46 years. The United Nations (financed organised and controlled by Rothschild and partner's money and influence as a for runner towards  the concept of their long term aim of a one world government) was formed in the hope of preventing another world conflict. The acceptance of the principle of self-determination accelerated decolonization movements in Asia and Africa, whileWestern Europe itself began moving toward integration. The start of the war is generally held to be September 1, 1939 with the German invasion of Poland; Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. Other dates for the beginning of war include the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on September 13, 1931; the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on July 7, 1937; or one of several other events. Others follow A. J. P. Taylor, who holds that there was a simultaneous Sino-Japanese War in East Asia, and a Second European War in Europe and her colonies. The two wars merged in 1941, becoming a single global conflict, at which point the war continued until 1945. This article uses the conventional dating. The exact date of the war's end is not universally agreed upon. It has been suggested that the war ended at the armistice of August 14, 1945 (V-J Day), rather than the formal surrender of Japan (September 2, 1945); in some European histories, it ended on V-E Day (May 8, 1945). The Treaty of Peace with Japan was not signed until 1951. A variety of events led to the escalation of hostilities between the Axis and Allied powers prior to the start of the war. In the aftermath of World War I, a defeated Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles.  This caused Germany to lose around 13 percent of its territory, stripped it of its colonies, prohibited German annexation of other states, imposed massive reparations and limited the size and makeup of Germany's armed forces. The Russian Civil War led to the creation of the Soviet Union. After Lenin's death, Stalin seized power in the USSR and repudiated the New Economic Policy favoring the Five Year Plans instead. In Italy, Benito Mussolini seized power as a fascist dictator promising to create a "New Roman Empire." The Kuomintang (KMT) party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s, but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese communist allies. In 1931, an increasingly militaristic Japanese Empire, which had long sought influence in China as the first step of its right to rule Asia, used the Mukden Incident as justification to invade Manchuria and anex two Chinese provinces. The two nations then fought several small conflicts, in Shanghai, Rehe and Hebei, until the Tanggu Truce in 1933. Thereafter, Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria, and Chahar and Suiyuan. Rothschild's International  Banking Group and partners backed  A variety of events led to the escalation of hostilities between the Axis and Allied powers prior to the start of the war. In the aftermath of World War I, a defeated Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles. This caused Germany to lose around 13 percent of its territory, stripped it of its colonies, prohibited German annexation of other states, imposed massive reparations and limited the size and makeup of Germany's armed forces.  The Russian Civil War led to the creation of the Soviet Union. After Lenin's death, Stalin seized power in the USSR and repudiated the New Economic Policy favoring the Five Year Plans instead. In Italy, Benito Mussolini seized power as a fascist dictator promising to create a "New Roman Empire." The Kuomintang (KMT) party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s, but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese communist allies.  In 1931, an increasingly militaristic Japanese Empire, which had long sought influence in China  as the first step of its right to rule Asia, used the Mukden Incident as justification to invade Manchuria and anex two Chinese provinces. The two nations then fought several small conflicts, in Shanghai, Rehe and Hebei, until the Tanggu Truce in 1933. Thereafter, Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria, and Chahar and Suiyuan. Estimates for the total casualties of the war vary, due to the fact that many deaths went unrecorded. However, most suggest that some 60 million people died in the war, including about 20 million soldiers and 40 million civilians.[253][254][255]Many civilians died because of disease, starvation, massacres,bombing and deliberate genocide. The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people during the war, almost half of all World War II deaths. Of the total deaths in World War II, approximately 85 percent were on the Allied side (mostly Soviet and Chinese) and 15 percent were on the Axis side. One estimate is that 12 million civilians died in Nazi concentration camps,  1.5 million by bombs, 7 million in Europe from other causes, and 7.5 million in China from other causes. Many of these deaths were a result of genocidal actions committed in Axis-occupied territories and other war crimescommitted by German as well as Japanese forces. The most notorious of German atrocities was The Holocaust, the systematic genocide of Jewsin territories controlled by Germany and its allies. The Nazis also targeted other groups, including the Roma (targeted in the Porajmos), Slavs, and gay men, exterminating an estimated five million additional people. The targets of the Axis-aligned Croatian Ustaše regime were mostly Serbs. The best-known Japanese atrocity is the Nanking Massacre, in which several hundred thousand Chinese civilians were raped and murdered. The Japanese military murdered from nearly 3 million to over 10 million civilians, mostly Chinese. Mitsuyoshi Himeta reported 2.7 million casualties occurred during the Sanko Sakusen. General Yasuji Okamura implemented the policy in Heipei and Shantung. Limited Axis usage of biological and chemical weapons is also known. The Italians used mustard gas during their conquest of Abyssinia, while the Japanese Imperial Army used a variety of such weapons during their invasion and occupation of China  and in early conflicts against the Soviets. Both the Germans and Japanese tested such weapons against civilians and, in some cases, on prisoners of war. While many of the Axis's acts were brought to trial in the world's first international tribunals, incidents caused by the Allies were not. Examples of such Allied actions include population transfer in the Soviet Union, the Soviet forced labour camps (Gulag), Japanese American internment in the United States, the Operation Keelhaul, expulsion of Germans after World War II, mass rape of German women by Soviet Red Army, the Soviet massacre of Polish citizens and the mass-bombing of civilian areas in enemy territory, including Tokyo and most notably atDresden. Large numbers of famine deaths can also be partially attributed to the war, such as the Bengal famine of 1943 and the Vietnamese famine of 1944–45. Concentration camps and slave work Further information: The Holocaust, Consequences of German Nazism, Japanese war crimes, and Allied war crimes during World War II The Nazis were responsible for The Holocaust, the killing of approximately six million Jews (overwhelmingly Ashkenazim), as well as two millionethnic Poles and four million others who were deemed "unworthy of life" (including the disabled and mentally ill, Soviet POWs, homosexuals,Freemasons, Jehovah's Witnesses, and the Roma) as part of a programme of deliberate extermination. About 12 million, most of whom were Eastern Europeans, were employed in the German war economy as forced labor in Germany during World War II. In addition to Nazi concentration camps, the Soviet gulags, or labor camps, led to the death of citizens of occupied countries such as Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, as well as German prisoners of war(POWs) and even Soviet citizens who had been or were thought to be supporters of the Nazis. Sixty percent of Soviet POWs of the Germans died during the war. Richard Overy gives the number of 5.7 million Soviet POWs. Of those, 57 percent died or were killed, a total of 3.6 million.  Some of the survivors on their return to the USSR were treated as traitors. (See Order No. 270) Japanese prisoner-of-war camps, many of which were used as labour camps, also had high death rates. TheInternational Military Tribunal for the Far East found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1 percent (for American POWs, 37 percent), seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians[280] The death rate among Chinese POWs was much larger; a directive ratified on August 5, 1937 by Hirohito declared that the Chinese were no longer protected under international law.[281] While 37,583 prisoners from the UK, 28,500 from the Netherlands and 14,473 from United States were released after the surrender of Japan, the number for the Chinese was only 56. According to a joint study of historians featuring Zhifen Ju, Mark Peattie, Toru Kubo, and Mitsuyoshi Himeta, more than 10 million Chinese were mobilized by the Japanese army and enslaved by the East Asia Development Board for slave labor in Manchukuo and north China.The U.S. Library of Congress estimates that in Java, between 4 and 10 million romusha (Japanese: "manual laborers"), were forced to work by the Japanese military. About 270,000 of these Javanese laborers were sent to other Japanese-held areas in South East Asia, and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java. On February 19, 1942 Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, interning thousands of Japanese, Italians,German Americans, and some emigrants from Hawaii who fled after the bombing of Pearl Harbor for the duration of the war. The U.S. and Canadian governments interned 150,000 Japanese-Americans,  as well as nearly 11,000 German and Italian residents of the U.S. Allied use of involuntary labor occurred mainly in the east, such as in Poland,  but more than a million were also put to work in the west. In Hungary's case, Hungarians were forced to work for the Soviet Union until 1955. 9. Assassination attempt on the life of USA President  Harry S Truman in 1950. 10. USA President John F. Kennedy in 1963; 1963: On June 4th President John F. Kennedy (the 35th President of the United States 1961 – 1963) signs Executive Order 11110 which returned to the U.S. government the power to issue currency, without going through the Rosthchilds owned Federal Reserve. Less than 6 months later on November 22nd , president Kennedy is assassinated by the Rothschilds for the same reason as they assassinated President Abraham Lincoln in 1865, he wanted to print American money for the American people, as oppose to for the benefit of a money grabbing war mongering foreign elite. 11. John K Kennedy's brother Robert Robert F. Kennedy, in June 5, 1968, a United States Senator  during celebrations of his successful campaign in the California primary elections while seeking the Democratic nomination for President of the United States. by an assassin who was a twenty-four year old Palestinian immigrant named Sirhan Sirhan, who remains incarcerated for this crime as of 2010. As with the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Robert Kennedy's brother, in 1963, the senator's death has been the subject of widespread analysis. Some individuals involved in the original investigation and some researchers have suggested alternative scenarios for the crime, or have argued that there are serious problems with the official case.  The assassination of Robert F. Kennedy, a United States Senator and brother of assassinated President John F. Kennedy, took place shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968 in Los Angeles, California. Robert F. Kennedy was killed during celebrations of his successful campaign in the California primary elections while seeking the Democratic nomination for President of the United States. The assassin was a twenty-four year old Palestinian immigrant named Sirhan Sirhan, who remains incarcerated for this crime as of 2010. The shooting was recorded on audio tape by a freelance newspaper reporter, and the aftermath was captured on film. Kennedy's body lay in repose at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York for two days before a funeral mass was held on June 8. His body was interred near his brother John at Arlington National Cemetery. His death prompted the protection of presidential candidates by the United States Secret Service. Hubert Humphrey went on to win the Democratic nomination for the presidency, but ultimately lost the election to Richard Nixon. As with his brother's death, Robert Kennedy's assassination and the circumstances surrounding it have spawned a variety of conspiracy theories, particularly in relation to the existence of a supposed second gunman. CIA involvement In November 2006, the BBC's Newsnight program presented research by filmmaker Shane O'Sullivan alleging that several CIA officers were present on the night of the assassination.[47] Three men who appear in films and photographs from the night of the assassination were positively identified by former colleagues and associates as former senior CIA officers who had worked together in 1963 at JMWAVE, the CIA's main anti-Castro station based in Miami. They were JMWAVE Chief of Operations David Morales, Chief of Maritime Operations Gordon Campbell and Chief of Psychological Warfare Operations George Joannides.  The program featured an interview with Morales's former attorney Robert Walton, who quoted him as having said, "I was in Dallas when we got the son of a bitch and I was in Los Angeles when we got the little bastard".  O'Sullivan reported that the CIA declined to comment on the officers in question. It was also alleged that Morales was known for his deep anger toward the Kennedys for what he saw as their betrayal during the Bay of Pigs Invasion. After further investigation, O'Sullivan produced the feature documentary, RFK Must Die. The film casts doubt on the earlier identifications and ultimately reveals that the man previously identified as Gordon Campbell may, in fact, have been Michael D. Roman, a now-deceased Bulova Watch Company employee, who was at the Ambassador Hotel for a company convention.[ Second gunman The location of Kennedy's wounds suggested that his assailant had stood behind him, but some witnesses said that Sirhan faced west as Kennedy moved through the pantry facing east. This has led to the suggestion that a second gunman actually fired the fatal shot, a possibility supported by coroner Thomas Noguchi. Other witnesses, though, said that as Sirhan approached, Kennedy was turning to his left shaking hands, facing north and so exposing his right side. As recently as 2008, eyewitness John Pilger asserted his belief that there must have been a second gunman. During a re-examination of the case in 1975, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered expert examination of the possibility of a second gun having been used, and the conclusion of the experts was that there was little or no evidence to support this theory. In 2007, analysis of an audio recording of the shooting made by freelance reporter Stanislaw Pruszynski appeared to indicate, according to forensic expert Philip van Praag, that thirteen shots were fired, even though Sirhan's gun held only eight rounds. While this would strongly indicate a second gunman, independent analysis by other experts indicated that there are only eight shots recorded on the tape. 12 . The assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. in April 1968 13. Two assassination attempts on the life of USA President Gerald R, Ford bot in 1975 . 14. Attempted assassination of President Ronald Regan in 1981. The movtivation for the Assassination attempt on President Ronald Regan can be understood by the following information.  Prior to to the election Ronald Regan had publicly stated that if he was elected he was going to hold an inquiry into powerful secret societies.groups and organisation like the Freemasons, the Klu Klux Klan, The Illuminati, the Bilderberg Group, the Council on Foreign Relations, the Trilaterial  Commission and was definitely not going to have George Bush Senior (HTW Bush)  involved in his campagn or as running mate for vice president if he was the presidential election. Goerge Bush had been incontrol of teh CIq and was known as being invlved with billions of collars of drug dealing using thr CIA as a front for such drug dealling as well as being 25% owner of some of the biggest arms ans munician manufacturing companies in the world with his other partners including the Rothschild International Banking Family and their other assoicates such as the bllod line of Royal Families of Europe, and the following family names:  Astor; Bundy; Collins; duPont; Freeman; Kennedy; Morgan; Oppenheimer; Rockefeller; Sassoon; Schiff; Taft; and Van Duyn who calls themselvesAshkenazi Jews have obtained theit powerful ajd rich positions in ther world  through lies, manipulation and murder.  Then all of a sudden just before the USPresidential election Ronald Reagan announced George Bush as his running mate in the presidential Elections. Goerge Bush wanted  to be US president of behalf  of the drug, war lords and arms dealing and manufacturing partners but not confident at that poin ton time of winning the US Presidential Election Race. So he and his partners felt it would eb better for him to be the vice president under Ronald Regan aznd have him assassinated by a  CIA operative , which would mean George Bush Senior would have automicly become US President a few years earlier than he did. If the bullet had been an inch or two either way when it hit President Ronald Regan, then the assassination attempt would have been successful and George Busg Senior would have been president by default being vice president. Either way the attempt obviously frightened the life out of President Ronald Regan and after the he certainly did not have any investigation into the powerful secret societies  and organisations as he had promised before the election, and if fact when and quickly joined the Freemason and Illuninati who made him an honourary member. The Reagan assassination attempt occurred on Monday, March 30, 1981, just 69 days into the presidency of Ronald Reagan. While leaving a speaking engagement at the Washington Hilton Hotel in Washington, D.C., President Reagan and three others were shot and wounded by John Hinckley, Jr.. Reagan suffered a punctured lung, but prompt medical attention allowed him to recover quickly. Reagan was the first serving United States president to survive being shot in an assassination attempt. No formal invocation of presidential succession took place, although a controversial statement by Secretary of State Alexander Haig that he was "in control here" marked a short period during which Vice President George H. W. Bush was physically absent, flying back to Washington, D.C. aboard Air Force Two from a speech in Fort Worth, Texas. Hinckley was found not guilty by reason of insanity and has remained confined to a psychiatric facility where he can live a very comfortable life protected by the US Government and the Rothschild International Bakling Group. The false publicly stayed motivation behind Hinckley's attack was an obsession with actress Jodie Foster due to erotomania. While living in Hollywood in the late 1970s, he saw the film Taxi Driver at least 15 times, apparently identifying strongly with Travis Bickle, the lead character.The arc of the story involves Bickle's attempts to protect a 12-year-old child prostitute, played by Foster; toward the end of the film, Bickle attempts to assassinate a United States Senator who is running for president. Over the following years, Hinckley trailed Foster around the country, going so far as to enroll in a writing course at Yale University in 1980 when he learned that she was a student there after reading an article in People magazine. He wrote numerous letters and notes to her in late 1980. He called her twice and refused to give up when she indicated that she was not interested in him.Convinced that by becoming a national figure he would be Foster's equal, Hinckley began to stalk then-President Jimmy Carter — his decision to target presidents was also likely inspired by Taxi Driver. He wrote three or four more notes to her in early March 1981. Foster gave these notes to her dean, who gave them to the Yale police department, which sought to track Hinckley down but failed. 15.. On July 16, 1999, John F. Kennedy, Jr. who was about to run for New York Senator against Hilliary Clinton ( along with her husband President Bill Clinton were Rothschild agents and fiancialy back and support by the Rothschild Banking Group and associates who could not rist John F.Kennedy winning Senator of New York against Hillary Clinton, as Hillary Clinton was ear marked to run for the President of the USA in the future as another Rothschild controlled USA President )was killed when the Piper Saratoga light aircraft he was piloting crashed into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. His wife, Carolyn Jeanne Bessette, and sister-in-law, Lauren Gail Bessette, were also killed. The flight originated from Essex County Airport (CDW) in Fairfield Township, Essex County, New Jersey. The intended flight path was along the coastline of Connecticut and across Rhode Island Sound to Martha's Vineyard Airport (MVY). The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) reported its conclusion on July 6, 2000, stated that the crash was caused by Kennedy's failure to maintain control of his airplane during a descent over water at night, which was a result of spatial disorientation. The NTSB and other aviation professionals have also cited additional interrelated factors that may have contributed to the crash. 16. Since the end of the Second World War, The Rothschild International Banking Group and partners who have had since the 1700's had effective ownership and control of London Britain through London City, the USA through ownership and control of Washington City and the Catholic Church through control and ownership of Vatican City, manipulated Rothschild controlled USA Presidents and British Prime Ministers and loaned money to the USA and Britain to start and maintain over 200 50 official and unofficial, internal and external,wars and disputes lending money to every side of every war by instructing their presidents and prime ministers, who that put in power and control, to use the country's official armies from various countries to fight each other for various manipulated and contrived reasons, and paying  rebels and militia to create uprising uprisings, ethnic cleansing. gencide, religeous arguments and racial hatred arguments etc in various counties around the world causing the death of over 1 billion people with the Rothschild Banking Family and Associates making Trillions of Dollars in cash, gold and silver, land, oil, minerals, art and resources grabs form each war and conflict. There have been over one billion deaths in such wars and conflicts since the second would war, alone and added to the over 1 billion deaths as a result of the first and second world wars that accounts for over 2 billion deaths caused in various ways by the Russian Khazars, Rothschild International Banking Family from a country called Khazaria, which occupied the land locked between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which is now predominantly occupied by Georgia.  The reason the Rothschilds claim to be Jewish is that the Khazars under the instruction of the King, converted to the Jewish faith in 740 A.D., but of course that did not include converting their Asiatic Mongolian genes to the genes of the Jewish people. Paul Bellany in his book called Civil Wars of the World: Major conflicts since World War Two, states that there have been the following numbers of region conflicts: Asian Conflicts-27 European Conflicts - 39 Latin American Conflicts 49 Middle Eastern and North American Conflicts - 59 Sub - Saharan African Conflicts - 69 which he has stated have included: Afghanistan (1978-1992), however since his book was published the Rothschild International Banking Group and associates manipulated, after Soviet troops withdrew in 1989, the Kabul government fell to the mujahideen in 1992. In the years that followed, various factions of the mujahedeen fought each other for control. In 1996 the Taliban, an Islamic fundamentalist movement formed in 1994, captured the capital Kabul and subsequently overran approximately 90% of the country, leaving only a small corner in the northeast under control of the Northern Alliance. Although members of the international community, including the United States, initially viewed the Taliban as a potential source of stability for the war-ravaged country, their tolerance for hosting Islamic extremists combined with their reluctance to negotiate with their enemies soon soured this. In 1996, Osama bin Laden and his Al-Qaeda organization began using Taliban-controlled Afghanistan as a base of operations. Under the Taliban, al-Qaeda was able to use Afghanistan as a place to train and indoctrinate fighters, import weapons, coordinate with other jihadists, and plot terrorist actions. While Al-Qaeda maintained its own establishments in Afghanistan, it also supported training camps belonging to other organisations. 10,000 to 20,000 people passed through these facilities before 9/11, most of whom were sent to fight for the Taliban against the Northern Alliance but a smaller number were inducted into al-Qaeda. After the August 1998 U.S. Embassy bombings were linked to bin Laden President Bill Clinton ordered missile strikes on militant training camps in Afghanistan. U.S. officials pressed the Taliban to surrender bin Laden, and the international community imposed sanctions of the Taliban in 1999 calling for bin Laden to be surrendered to U.S. custody. The Taliban repeatedly rebuffed the demands, however. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Special Activities Division paramilitary teams were active in Afghanistan in the 1990s in clandestine operations to locate and kill or capture Osama Bin Laden. These teams planned several operations, but did not receive the order to execute from President Bill Clinton. These efforts did however build many of the relationships that would prove essential in the 2001 U.S. Invasion of Afghanistan. A formal National Security Presidential Directive submitted on September 9, 2001, had outlined essentially the same war plan that the White House, the CIA and the Pentagon put into action after the September 11 attacks. The plan dealt with all aspects of a war against al-Qaeda, ranging from diplomatic initiatives to military operations in Afghanistan, including outlines to persuade Afghanistan’s Taliban government to turn bin Laden over to the United States, with provisions to use military force if it refused. One day before the September 11, 2001 attacks, the Bush administration agreed on a plan to oust the Taliban regime in Afghanistan by force if it refused to hand over Osama bin Laden. At that September 10 meeting of theBush administration's top national security officials it was agreed that the Taliban would be presented with a final ultimatum to hand over bin Laden. Failing that, covert military aid would be channelled by the U.S. to anti-Taliban groups. If both those options failed, "the deputies agreed that the United States would seek to overthrow the Taliban regime through more direct action." The BBC News reported that Niaz Naik, a former Foreign Secretary of Pakistan, claimed that he had been told by senior American officials in mid-July 2001 that military action against Afghanistan would begin by the middle of October at the latest. The message was conveyed during a meeting on Afghanistan between senior U.S., Russian, Iranian, and Pakistani diplomats. The meeting was the third in a series of meetings on Afghanistan, with the previous meeting having been held in March 2001. During the July 2001 meeting, Naik was told that Washington would launch its military operation from bases in Tajikistan – where American advisers were already in place – and that the wider objective was to topple the Taliban regime and install another government in place. The Rothschild International Banking Group and associates then went on to manipulate. plan and finance through their planed and funded attack on the world trade centre in New York on the 11th September, 2001, as admitted by Nicholas Rockefeller to Film maker and previous politician Arron Russ, USA to re-ignited a new war Afghanistan  in 2001 fighting a make believe war on terror created by the International Rothschild, Rockefeller Banking and Business Group that has resulted in millions of deaths of soldiers on both sides of the dispute as well a millions of innocent men women and children. As Nicholas Rockefeller said to Aaron Russo, they will be financing the USA and UK armies from loans by them, looking in caves for people like Osama Ben Laden and other so called terrorists that do not actually exist. Nicholas Rockefeller admitted the war on terror was a make believe enemy that they will never find, just as an excuse to have more internal and external wars and conflicts and as an excuse to keep taking more and more of peoples liberties away. The War in Afghanistan is an ongoing coalition conflict which began on October 7, 2001 , as theUS military's Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) that was launched, along with a number of coalition allies, in response to both the September 11, 2001 attacks on the US, and as a result of other issues that had existed before the attacks. The UK has, since 2002, led its own military operation, Operation Herrick, as part of the same war in Afghanistan. The character of the war evolved from a violent struggle against Al-Qaeda and its Taliban supporters to a complex counterinsurgency effort. The first phase of the war was the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, when the United States launched Operation Enduring Freedom, to annihilate the safe haven to Al-Qaeda and its use of the Afghan territory as a base of operations for terrorist activities. In that first phase, U.S. and coalition forces, working with the Afghan opposition forces of the Northern Alliance, quickly ousted the Taliban regime. During the following Karzai administration, the character of the war shifted to an effort aimed at smothering insurgency, in which the insurgents preferred not to directly confront the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) troops, but blended into the local population and mainly used improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and suicide bombings. The stated aim of the invasion was to find Osama bin Laden and other high-ranking Al-Qaeda members to be put on trial, to destroy the whole organization of Al-Qaeda, and to remove the Taliban regime which supported and gave safe harbor to Al-Qaeda. The Bush administration stated that, as policy, it would not distinguish between terrorist organizations and nations or governments that harbor them. The United Nationsdid not authorize the U.S.-led invasion of Afghanistan. The second operation is the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), which was established by the UN Security Council at the end of December 2001 to secure Kabul and the surrounding areas. NATOassumed control of ISAF in 2003. By July 23, 2009, ISAF had around 64,500 troops from 42 countries, with NATO members providing the core of the force. The NATO commitment is particularly important to the United States because it gives international legitimacy to the war. The United States has approximately 29,950 troops in ISAF. The US and UK led the aerial bombing, in support of ground forces supplied primarily by the Afghan Northern Alliance. In 2002, American, British andCanadian infantry were committed, along with special forces from several allied nations, including Australia. Later, NATO troops were added. The initial attack removed the Taliban from power, but Taliban forces have since regained some strength. Since 2006, Afghanistan has seen threats to its stability from increased Taliban-ledinsurgent activity, record-high levels of illegal drug production,  and a fragile government with limited control outside of Kabul. By the end of 2008, the Taliban had severed any remaining ties with al-Qaeda. According to senior U.S. military intelligence officials, there are fewer than 100 members of Al-Qaeda remaining in Afghanistan. On December 1, 2009, U.S. President Barack Obamaannounced that he would escalate U.S. military involvement by deploying an additional 30,000 soldiers over a period of six months. He also proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date. The following day, the American commander in Afghanistan, Gen. Stanley A. McChrystal, cautioned that the timeline was flexible and “is not an absolute”and Defense SecretaryRobert Gates, when asked by a member of the Senate Armed Services Committee if it is possible that no soldiers would be withdrawn in July 2011, responded, "The president, as commander in chief, always has the option to adjust his decisions." The History of Iraq Wars that the Rothschild and Associates International Banking group funded all all sides and maniplulated and panned them and again made trillionbs of dollar from them in interest payments fornt he various countries they lent moeny to to fund their sides of the war plas the profits form their companies providing arms, municians and othe rmaterials and supplies for the trops and armies fighting these wars for the various sides of the wars Iraq, as we know it today, did not exist prior to World War One. Iraq, known in Classical Antiquity as Mesopotamia, was home to some of the oldest civilizations in the world,  with a cultural history of over 10,000 years,  hence its common epithet, the Cradle of Civilization. Mesopotamia, as part of the larger Fertile Crescent, was a significant part of the Ancient Near East throughout the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. Successively ruled by the Assyrian, Medo-Persian, Seleucid and Parthian empires during the Iron Age and Classical Antiquity, Iraq was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate and became a center of the Islamic Golden Age during the medieval Abbasid Caliphate. After a series of invasions and conquest by the Mongols and Turkmens, Iraq fell under Ottoman rule in the 16th century, intermittently falling under Mamluk and Safavid control. Ottoman rule ended with World War I, and Iraq came to be administered by the British Empire until the establishment of the Kingdom of Iraq in 1932. The Republic of Iraq was established in 1958 following a coup d'etat. The Republic was controlled by Saddam Hussein from 1979 to 2003, into which period falls the Iran-Iraq war and the First Gulf War. Saddam Hussein was deposed in 2003 following the US-led invasion of the country. After the invasion, the situation deteriorated and from 2007 Iraq has been in or on the brink of a state of civil war. For several hundred years prior to the First World War, the mostly Arab region known as Mesopotamia lay within the Turkish Ottoman Empire. During that war, the British invaded Ottoman Mesopotamia, finally conquering the area. The peace treaty that ended Turkey's part in World War One, caused the Turks to give up control of Mesopotamia, which became known by the older name, Iraq. The new Iraq was under British control at first, a fact which caused a great deal of unrest. The current borders of Iraq and most Middle Eastern nations, such as Syria and Palestine/Israel, were drawn by the conquering Europeans, often with little regard to the preferences of the people who were to live in these newly created nations. Thus, Iraq became a nation with three large demographic groups; the Sunni Kurds in the north, the Sunni (Sunna) Arabs in the middle of the country, and the Shiite (Shia) Arabs in the south. The Kurds wanted a nation of their own, as did the Kurds living in neighboring Turkey and Iran. Though the British eventually granted full independence to Iraq, it was not without much bloodshed and hard feelings in Iraq about the long occupation. Below is a list, with some details, on the wars and conflicts of Iraq. World War One—1914-1918 -Also known as the Great War, this conflict brought about the end of the Turkish Ottoman Empire, which aligned itself with the German-led Central Powers. The Turks fought largely against the British Empire forces mostly in Ottoman Palestine, and Ottoman Mesopotamia, and the Russian Empire in the Caucasus region and neighboring Iran. In November, 1914, British forces landed at Basra, in what is now southern Iraq. Despite a serious British defeat at al-Kut in 1916, Baghdad fell to the British army in March, 1917. By November, 1918, the British had gained control over most of the Ottoman vilayets (provinces) that formed Iraq. The Great Iraqi Revolution (known in Iraq as Ath Thawra al Iraqiyya al Kubra and by the British as the Arab Revolt of 1920)—May 1920-Feb. 1921-Rebellion by Iraqi Arabs against the rule of the British Mandate.  The rebellion was suppressed by the British military. This can be considered the First Anglo-Iraqi War. The immediate causes of this conflict arose out of the results of the British conquest of the Mesopotamian region from the Ottoman Turks during World War I. Following that war, the British established, with League of Nations approval, a colonial-style Mandate over the region now named “Iraq.” Many Iraqi nationalists, who believed independence would result from the ejection of the Turks, were severely disappointed with the establishment of the British Mandate. Other, related events and issues also inflamed Iraqi Arab opinion against the British. The Mandate government almost completely excluded Iraqis, as the British imported experienced civil servants from India (also ruled by Britain) to help administer the country. In northern Iraq, the British allowed thousands of Christian refugees escaping persecution in Turkey, to settle in mostly Muslim Iraq. Kurdish Revolt—1922-1924 -Rebellion by Iraqi Kurds against the British Mandate. Kurdish tribesmen, led by Sheik Mahmud, a powerful Kurdish leader, attempted to establish an independent Kurdish nation. British forces, primarily using airpower, suppressed the rebellion.  This turned out to be the first of many Kurdish rebellions against the British Mandate and later, against the Iraqi government.  As with many of the later Kurdish uprisings, the rebels were put down with some aid from rival Kurds. It should be noted that many similar and often related Kurdish uprisings took place in neighboring Turkey and Iran.  Government forces always succeeded in defeating the rebels in Iraq, Turkey and Iran. Though Kurds in Iraq and Iran did enjoy some successes, they almost always came with the aid of foreign nations.  When the foreign aid eventually is withdrawn, the Kurds’ success, historically, also fades away. Assyrian “Revolt” and Massacre-- August, 1933-- The Iraqi military, using a supposed revolt as an excuse, massacre at least 600 Iraqi Assyrian Christians. Shia Tribal Revolt-1935-Shiite uprising against the Iraqi government. Anglo-Iraqi War of 1941 (Rashid Ali Coup)--During World War Two, Iraqi politician Rashid Ali seized power in Iraq and aligned himself with the German-led Axis Powers. British forces invaded Iraq and quickly defeated the Iraqi military. Kurdish Revolt—1943 (July to October)-Rebellion suppressed by the Iraqi Army and the British RAF.  Led by Mullah Mustafa Barzani. Kurdish Revolt--1945 (August 10 to October)-Rebellion suppressed by the Iraqi Army and the British RAF.  Led by Mullah Mustafa Barzani, who escaped into Iran after breaking through an Iraqi Army force. Once in Iran, Mustafa Barzani and his forces joined the army of the new “Mahabad Republic,” the first independent, though in this case, (short-lived) Kurdish state.  After Mahabad’s crushing by the Iranian Army, Barzani led his forces back into Iraq on April 28, 1947. Kurdish Campaign —1947 (May 27 to June 15)- After returning to Iraq from the failed Mahabad Republic, Iraqi government actions (arrests, executions, etc.) caused Mustafa Barzani and 496 followers to begin a fighting retreat from the Barzan region in northern Iraq through Turkey and into Iran in an attempt to reach the Soviet Union. They reached the U.S.S.R. on June 15, 1947, followed by the Iranian Army. (O’Ballance, 1973). al-Wathbah Uprising- (Jan. to May, 1948) -- Anti government uprising led by Iraqi leftists. This revolt was sparked by the Treaty of Portsmouth, in which Iraq agreed to let Britain keep military bases in Iraq and maintain continued influence in Iraqi foreign affairs. The imposition of martial law in May, 1948 allowed the government to crush the rebellion, just in time for the Iraqi army to travel to Palestine for the First Arab-Israeli War. First Arab-Israeli War -1948-1949-Israel declared independence from the British Mandate Authority on May 1, 1948, and is subsequently invaded by the armies of Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Transjordan, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia. This is actually a continuation of the violence between Jewish (Israeli) militias and Palestinian Arab militias in the leadup to the British withdrawal. The war concludes on July 20, 1949 with the last Israeli armistice with the Arab nations. A legal state of war continued to exist, despite the temporary end of conventional combat. A legal state of war between Iraq and Israel continues to this day. Army Revolt/Coup- July 14, 1958--Brigadier General Abdul Karim el Qassim overthrows the royal government of King Faisal II. Both the king and Prime Minister Nouri al Said are killed. Qassim soon withdrew Iraq from the pro-Western Baghdad Pact and established friendly relations with the Soviet Union. Mosul Revolt--March, 1959--Pro-Qassim communist militia , called the People's Resistance Force, violently suppressed an anti-Qassim Sunni Army faction made up mostly of junior officers. Kirkuk Violence-1959--Pro-Qassim(pro-Communist) Kurds and People's Resistance Force killed ethnic Turkomen in Kirkuk . Kurdish Revolt—1961-1970 –After a period of relative calm, Iraqi government promises of Kurdish autonomy, or self-rule, went unfulfilled, sparking discontent and eventual rebellion among the Kurds in 1961.  Mullah Mustafa Barzani is again a leader of the Kurdish forces.  Beginning in 1963, Syrian Army and Air Force units aid the Iraqi military in fighting against the Kurds.  A cease-fire in 1964, lasting until April of  1965, can be seen as a dividing point between two separate conflicts, though this web site interprets this rebellion as one continuous conflict.  This prolonged period of Kurdish-Iraqi fighting ends in 1970 with a cease-fire and a government guarantee of Kurdish autonomy. Six-Day War (3rd Arab-Israeli War) 1967--Israel launched a pre-emptive attack on Egypt, Jordan, and Syria, fearing they were preparing to launch their own attack. The Israeli air force also attacked Iraqi airfields. Iraq sent ground forces to support the Jordanians and the Syrians. Ramadan (Yom Kipper) War -1973-1974 -Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel during the Jewish Yom Kippur holiday. The attack also fell on the Muslim holiday of Ramadan. Iraq sent army and air forces to support Syria. Kurdish Revolt -March, 1974 -–In March, 1974, Kurdish rebels led by Mullah Mustafa Barzani (having survived an assassination attempt) rebelled against the government.  The Kurds felt that the government was not living up to the agreement which ended the previous revolt. The Iraqi Kurds were supported by the Shah (King) of neighboring Iran, who sought to put pressure on the Iraqi government over a border dispute.  The Kurds were also assisted by the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), who opposed the Iraqi government due to its friendly relations with the Soviet Union.  After an agreement between the Shah of Iran and Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein in 1975, (which temporarily settled the border dispute until the Iran-Iraq War began in 1980), the Kurds collapsed under intense Iraqi military pressure. The CIA, allied to the Shah, also suspended aid.  Kurds cite this betrayal by two key allies as evidence supporting their future distrust of American attempts to incite them to fight Saddam Hussein’s forces in the 1990s and in the early years of the 21st Century. Intra-Kurdish warfare 1978-1979 --In 1975, Jalal Talabani formed the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK)-urban-based and leftist) in opposition the Barzani-led Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP). Shia unrest in Karbala -February, 1979--Suppressed by the Saddam regime. Under Saddam Hussein, the Shiites (Shia) were a persecuted religious group, both despite the fact, and because of, their numerical majority in the country. The First Persian Gulf War (also known as the Iran-Iraq War)—1980-1988 - In 1975, Iraq and Iran came to an agreement on the disputed Shatt al-Arab waterway which provides Iraq’s only outlet to the sea.  In exchange for Iran stopping support for Kurdish rebels, Iraq agreed to share the Shatt al-Arab with Iran.  This and other disputes over their common border, plus the belief that the 1979 revolution had weakened Iran, led Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein to launch  an invasion of Iran on September 22, 1980.  After initial successes, the Iraqi army ground to a halt and soon retreated under repeated assaults by the numerically larger Iranian Army and Revolutionary Guards.  After the Iranians pushed the war into Iraq, Saddam’s forces began using chemical weapons.  By 1988, both nations faced exhaustion and, after nearly a million casualties between them, agreed to end the conflict. Osiraq Reactor Raid—June 7, 1981 –Fearing the consequences of a successful Iraqi nuclear weapons program, Israel launched a pre-emptive air strike on the Osiraq nuclear reactor (under construction) in June, 1981.  One of the pilots (the youngest) in that raid was Ilan Ramon, who later became Israel’s first astronaut, and who died in the Space Shuttle Columbia tragedy on February 1, 2003. Kurdish Revolt—1983-1988 –During the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), Iraqi Kurds, aided by Iran, fought against Iraqi government forces. In 1987 and 1988, the Iraqi military used chemical weapons to kill thousands of Kurds (including many civilians) in a successful effort to break the back of the resistance. Iraq-Kuwait Relations 1961- Iraq threatens Kuwait, claiming that it belonged to Iraq because of old Ottoman territorial claims. The British supported Kuwait by sending military forces to Kuwait. Saddam Hussein used similar excuses for his 1991 invasion of Kuwait. 1973 (March)- Iraq occupies as Samitah, a border post on Kuwait-Iraq border. Dispute began when Iraq demanded the right to occupy the Kuwaiti islands of Bubiyan and Warbah. Saudi and the Arab League convinced Iraq to withdraw. The Second Persian Gulf War (known in the U.S. as “Operation Desert Storm”—Aug. 2, 1990-Feb. 1991 – On August 2, 1990, Iraqi forces invaded and quickly conquered the small, oil-rich emirate of Kuwait. Almost immediately, an international coalition of nations gathered a powerful military force under the authority of the United Nations and the leadership of the United States, first to defend the United States, first to defend the oil-rich kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and secondly, to force Iraq to withdraw from occupied Kuwait. From the beginning of the crisis, the United Kingdom, led by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, worked very closely with the U.S. in assuming a determined posture against Saddam Hussein's territorial ambition. Kurdish Revolt—1991 –Encouraged by the stunning defeat of Saddam’s forces in Kuwait and spurred by appeals by President George H. W. Bush of the U.S., Kurds rose up against the Iraqi government  With the bulk of his elite forces having escaped from the fighting in Kuwait and southern Iraq, Saddam was able to quell the revolt, causing hundreds of thousands of Kurdish refugees to flee into neighboring Turkey and Iran to escape. Shiite Revolt—1991 – Encouraged by the stunning defeat of Saddam’s forces in Kuwait and spurred by appeals by President George H. W. Bush of the U.S., the Shiites of southern Iraq rose up against the Iraqi government, only to be crushed by Saddam’s forces. Sporadic guerrilla resistance continued, with the bulk of the Shiite fighting forces seeking refuge in neighboring Shiite Iran. The "No-Fly Zone War" --1991-2003--Following the cease-fire ending the Gulf War, the Allies, (U.S., U.K., and France) had the right to conduct air patrols over parts of Iraq to ensure Iraqi compliance with the cease-fire terms. France soon left the Coalition, but U.S. and British planes continued to patrol Iraqi skies, often drawing anti-aircraft fire from the ground. Several major bombing campaigns were launched to punish the Baghdad regime. This conflict officially ended when the Third Gulf War began in March, 2003. Intra-Kurdish warfare --1996 – Combat between various Kurdish militias. The Third Persian Gulf War (known in the U.S. as “Operation Iraqi Freedom”)—March 19, 2003- Present– The current war can be seen in at least two distinct phases: The Invasion and the Occupation. Though Saddam's regime fell fairly quickly, the insurgency was able to gain strength in large part because the U.S. and Coalition leadership was slow to recognize that they had a nascent guerrilla movement underfoot. Though the Iraqi people have voted, and now have an elected government (featuring a Kurdish president!), the situation is now changing from a war against the occupier, to becoming more of a civil war among Iraqis. The Gulf War ended on April 11, 1991 with a cease-fire negotiated between the US, its allies and Iraq.  The U.S. and its allies maintained a policy of “containment” towards Iraq. This policy involved numerous economic sanctions by the UN Security Council, US and UK enforcement of Iraqi no-fly zones declared by the US and the UK to protect Kurds in Iraqi Kurdistan and Shias in the south, and ongoing inspections to prevent Iraqi development of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons. Iraqi military helicopters and planes regularly contested the no-fly zones. In October 1998, removing the Hussein regime became official US foreign policy with enactment of the "Iraq Liberation Act." Enacted following the expulsion of UN weapons inspectors the preceding August after some had been caught spying for the US, the act provided $97 million for Iraqi "democratic opposition organizations" to "establish a program to support a transition to democracy in Iraq." This legislation contrasted with the terms set out in United Nations Security Council Resolution 687, which focused on weapons and weapons programs and made no mention of regime change.  One month after the passage of the “Iraq Liberation Act,” the US and UK launched a bombardment campaign of Iraq called Operation Desert Fox. The campaign’s express rationale was to hamper the Hussein government’s ability to produce chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons, but US intelligence personnel also hoped it would help weaken Hussein’s grip on power. With the election of George W. Bush as US President in 2000, the US moved towards a more aggressive policy toward Iraq. The United States Republican Party's campaign platform in the US presidential election, 2000 called for "full implementation" of the Iraq Liberation Act and removal of Hussein, and key Bush advisors, including Vice President Dick Cheney, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, and Rumsfeld’s Deputy Paul Wolfowitz, had long desired to invade Iraq. After leaving the George W. Bush administration, former US Treasury Secretary Paul O'Neill said that an attack on Iraq had been planned since Bush's inauguration, and that the first United States National Security Council meeting involved discussion of an invasion. O'Neill later backtracked, saying that these discussions were part of a continuation of foreign policy first put into place by the Clinton administration. Despite the Bush administration's stated interest in liberating Iraq, little formal movement towards an invasion occurred until the September 11, 2001 attacks. For example, the administration prepared Operation Desert Badger to respond aggressively if any US Air Force pilot was shot down while flying over Iraq, but this didn't happen. According to aides who were with Rumsfeld in the National Military Command Center on September 11, Rumsfeld asked for: "best info fast. Judge whether good enough hit Saddam Hussein at same time. Not only Osama bin Laden." The rationale for invading Iraq as a response to 9/11 has been widely questioned, as there was no cooperation between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda. Shortly after September 11, 2001 (on September 20), President Bush addressed a joint session of the US Congress (which was simulcast live to the world), and announced his new "War on Terrorism". This announcement was accompanied by the doctrine of 'pre-emptive' military action, later termed the Bush Doctrine. Some Bush advisers favored an immediate invasion of Iraq, while others advocated building an international coalition and obtaining United Nations authorization. Bush eventually decided to seek UN authorization, while still reserving the option of invading without it. Preparations for war See also: Public relations preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq While there had been some earlier talk of action against Iraq, the Bush administration waited until September 2002 to call for action, with White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card saying, "From a marketing point of view, you don't introduce new products in August."[38] Bush began formally making his case to the international community for an invasion of Iraq in his September 12, 2002 address to the UN Security Council. Key US allies in NATO, such as the United Kingdom, agreed with the US actions, while France and Germany were critical of plans to invade Iraq, arguing instead for continued diplomacy and weapons inspections. After considerable debate, the UN Security Council adopted a compromise resolution, UN Security Council Resolution 1441, which authorized the resumption of weapons inspections and promised "serious consequences" for noncompliance. Security Council members France and Russia made clear that they did not consider these consequences to include the use of force to overthrow the Iraqi government. Both the US ambassador to the UN, John Negroponte, and the UK ambassador Jeremy Greenstock publicly confirmed this reading of the resolution, assuring that Resolution 1441 provided no "automaticity" or "hidden triggers" for an invasion without further consultation of the Security Council. Resolution 1441 gave Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" and set up inspections by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Hussein accepted the resolution on November 13 and inspectors returned to Iraq under the direction of UNMOVIC chairman Hans Blix and IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei. As of February 2003, the IAEA "found no evidence or plausible indication of the revival of a nuclear weapons programme in Iraq"; the IAEA concluded that certain items which could have been used in nuclear enrichment centrifuges, such as aluminum tubes, were in fact intended for other uses. UNMOVIC "did not find evidence of the continuation or resumption of programmes of weapons of mass destruction" or significant quantities of proscribed items. UNMOVIC did supervise the destruction of a small number of empty chemical rocket warheads, 50 liters of mustard gas that had been declared by Iraq and sealed by UNSCOM in 1998, and laboratory quantities of a mustard gas precursor, along with about 50 Al-Samoud missiles of a design that Iraq claimed did not exceed the permitted 150 km range, but which had travelled up to 183 km in tests. Shortly before the invasion, UNMOVIC stated that it would take "months" to verify Iraqi compliance with resolution 1441. In October 2002 the US Congress passed a "Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq". The resolution authorized the President to "use any means necessary" against Iraq, Americans polled in January 2003 widely favored further diplomacy over an invasion. Later that year, however, Americans began to agree with Bush's plan. The US government engaged in an elaborate domestic public relations campaign to market the war to its citizens. Americans overwhelmingly believed Hussein did have weapons of mass destruction: 85% said so, even though the inspectors had not uncovered those weapons. Of those who thought Iraq had weapons sequestered somewhere, about half responded that said weapons would not be found in combat. By February 2003, 74% of Americans supported taking military action to remove Hussein from power. The Central Intelligence Agency's Special Activities Division (SAD) teams were the first US forces to enter Iraq, in July 2002, before the main invasion. Once on the ground, they prepared for the subsequent arrival of US Army Special Forces to organize the Kurdish Peshmerga. This joint team (called the Northern Iraq Liaison Element (NILE)) combined to defeat Ansar al-Islam, a group with ties to al Qaeda, in Iraqi Kurdistan. This battle was for control of the territory that was occupied by Ansar al-Islam and took place before the invasion. It was carried out by Paramilitary Operations Officers from SAD and the Army's 10th Special Forces Group. This battle resulted in the defeat of Ansar and the capture of a chemical weapons facility at Sargat. Sargat was the only facility of its type discovered in the Iraq war. SAD teams also conducted missions behind enemy lines to identify leadership targets. These missions led to the initial air strikes against Hussein and his generals. Although the strike against Hussein was unsuccessful in killing him, it effectively ended his ability to command and control his forces. Strikes against Iraq's generals were more successful and significantly degraded the Iraqi command's ability to react to, and maneuver against the US-led invasion force. SAD operations officers were also successful in convincing key Iraqi Army officers into surrendering their units once the fighting started. NATO member Turkey refused to allow the US army across its territory into northern Iraq. Therefore, joint SAD and Army Special forces teams and the Pershmerga were the entire Northern force against the Iraqi army. They managed to keep the northern divisions in place rather than allowing them to aid their colleagues against the US led coalition force coming from the south. Four of these CIA officers were awarded the Intelligence Star for their actions. In February 2003, US Secretary of State Colin Powell addressed the United Nations General Assembly, continuing US efforts to gain UN authorization for an invasion. Powell presented evidence alleging that Iraq was actively producing chemical and biological weapons and had ties to al-Qaeda As a follow-up to Powell’s presentation, the United States, United Kingdom, Poland, Italy, Australia, Denmark, Japan, and Spain proposed a resolution authorizing the use of force in Iraq, but NATO members like Canada, France, and Germany, together with Russia, strongly urged continued diplomacy. Facing a losing vote as well as a likely veto from France and Russia, the US, UK, Spain, Poland, Denmark, Italy, Japan, and Australia eventually withdrew their resolution.  The 2003 invasion of Iraq, (from March 20 to May 1, 2003) was led by the United States, alongside the United Kingdom and smaller contingents from Australia, Denmark, Poland and Spain. Four countries participated with troops during the initial invasion phase, which lasted from March 20 to May 1. These were the United States (248,000), United Kingdom (45,000), Australia (2,000), and Poland (194). 36 other countries were involved in its aftermath. The invasion marked the beginning of the current Iraq War. In preparation for the invasion, 100,000 US troops were assembled in Kuwait by February 18.  The United States supplied the vast majority of the invading forces, but also received support from Kurdish irregulars in Iraqi Kurdistan. According to then President of the United States, George W. Bush and then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair, the reasons for the invasion were "to disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), to end Saddam Hussein's support for terrorism, and to free the Iraqi people."  According to Blair, the trigger was Iraq's failure to take a "final opportunity" to disarm itself of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons that US and British officials called an immediate and intolerable threat to world peace. Although some remnants of pre-1991 production were found after the end of the war, US government spokespeople confirmed that these were not the weapons for which the US went to war. In 2005, the Central Intelligence Agency released a report saying that no weapons of mass destruction had been found in Iraq. In a January 2003 CBS poll 64% of US nationals had approved of military action against Iraq, however 63% wanted President Bush to find a diplomatic solution rather than go to war, and 62% believed the threat of terrorism directed against the US would increase due to war.  The invasion of Iraq was strongly opposed by some traditional US allies, including the governments of France, Germany, New Zealand, and Canada.  Their leaders argued that there was no evidence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq and that invading the country was not justified in the context of UNMOVIC's February 12, 2003 report. On February 15, 2003, a month before the invasion, there were worldwide protests against the Iraq war, including a rally of three million people in Rome, which is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest ever anti-war rally. According to the French academic Dominique Reynié, between January 3 and April 12, 2003, 36 million people across the globe took part in almost 3,000 protests against the Iraq war. The invasion was preceded by an air strike on the Iraqi Presidential Palace on 19 March 2003. The following day coalition forces launched an incursion into Basra Province from their massing point near the Iraqi-Kuwaiti border. While commandos launched an amphibious assault from the Persian Gulf to secure Basra and the surrounding petroleum fields, the main invasion army moved into southern Iraq, occupying the region and engaging in the Battle of Nasiriyah on 23 March. Massive air strikes across the country and against Iraqi command and control threw the defending army into chaos and prevented an effective resistance. On 26 March the 173rd Airborne Brigade was airdropped near the northern city of Kirkuk where they joined forces with Kurdish rebels and fought several actions against the Iraqi army to secure the northern part of the country. The main body of coalition forces continued their drive into the heart of Iraq and met with little resistance. Most of the Iraqi military was quickly defeated and Baghdad was occupied on 9 April. Other operations occurred against pockets of the Iraqi army including the capture and occupation of Kirkuk on April 10, and the attack and capture of Tikrit on 15 April. Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and the central leadership went into hiding as the coalition forces completed the occupation of the country. On 1 May an end of major combat operations was declared, ending the invasion period and beginning the military occupation period. SOURCES Iraq: A Country Study Helen Chapin Metz, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. 1990, U.S. Government Printing Office. firstworldwar.com--capture of Basra Uprisings and betrayals: a brief history of the left in Iraq--By Felix Zorba and Roberto Sarti -- Alergia War (1992 onwards), Angola (1992-2002) Azerbaijan and Magorno-Karabakh Republic (1992-1994) Bangladesh (1972-1997) Bisnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995) Burundi (1972) Cambodia (1970-1075 and 1979-1991) Chad (1966-1979) China (1946-1949 Columbia (1978 0nwards) Democratic Republic of the Congo (1996-1997 and 1998 onwards) El Salvador (197901992) Ethiopia (1976-1985) Greece (1944-1949) Guatemala (1974-1994) India (1946-1949) Indonesia (1975-199) Korea (1950-1953) Lebanon (1975-1978) Mozambique (1979-1992) Myanmar/Burma ( 1968-1995) Nicaragua (1978-1979 and 1980-1989) Nieria ( 1967-1970) Pakistan (1971) Peru ( 1980-1996) The Philippines ( 1972-1996) Russia (1994-1996) Somolia ( 1988-1991 and 1992 onwards) South Africa ( 1976-1994) Sri Lanka ( 1972 onwards) Sudan (1983-2005) Tajikistan (1992-1997) Turkey (1984-1999 and 2004 onwards) Uganda (1986 onwards) Yemen ( 1962 -1970) Zimbabwe ( 1972-1979) Lincoln (1809–1865) was shot on the evening of April 14, 1865, as he sat in the presidential box at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., watching a performance of the play Our American Cousin. The assassin was actor John Wilkes Booth (1838–1865). After shooting Lincoln, Booth jumped onto the stage, falling and breaking a leg. Wilkes limped away, calling out, "Sic semper tyrannis" (a Latin phrase meaning "Thus always to tyrants").... Public interest in the assassination of President John F. Kennedy has never died down. People around the world want to know who killed the president and why and how he died. They also want to know what the killer's hidden motives might have been, and whether he had acted alone. Their insistent questions led to the formation of the House Select Committee on Assassinations, a congressional group. In 1978, the House Select Committee came to a conclusion that many un-official investigators had already reached: that the president's slaying was the result of a conspiracy. As we have already seen, a conspiracy means that two or more persons were involved in a criminal act. Until that time, the Warren Commissioned Report, originally released in September 1964, was the only official one. The report stated that a solitary gunman named Lee Harvey Oswald was responsible. Working alone, he shot and killed the president. Oswald was soon captured and held by the Dallas, Texas, police for two days. Then Oswald himself was slain as he was being transferred from one jail to another. Oswald's slayer was Jack Ruby. The Warren Commission decided that Ruby acted for twisted emotional reasons and that he, too, acted alone. There was no conspiracy involved in either case. So said the Warren Commission. The House Select Committee's declaration of conspiracy inspired a rash of books and at least two movies, as well as several TV programs. New ones keep popping up, well into the 1990's. Each book and movie has asserted that its analysis is the only foolproof one. As yet, however, none of these has been accepted as offering all the right answers. Let's look at some of these accumulated ideas and theories, and perhaps come to some conclusions of our own. Bear in mind that some of these assertions and accusations sound highly believable. But remember, too, that no charges have been filed against anyone, and no arrests have been made. Will there be any in the future, you ask? Perhaps so; perhaps not. The JFK assassination data can be divided into three groups: 1. The Method, or Means: How was the president killed? 2. The Motives: Why was he killed? 3. The Men Involved: Who killed him? 1. THE METHOD OR MEANS: The president was riding in his open limousine, his back to the Texas School Book Depository, where, on the sixth floor, Oswald was said to have been perched. His rifle, propped up by book cartons, was aimed directly at the back of the president's head. Ahead and to the right of the president's motorcade was the grassy knoll. There many spectators stood, ready to cheer the president as he passed by. Among them, another gunman may have been waiting for HIS chance to fire. Oswald was accused of firing several shots from his position in the Texas School Book Depository. Two of these struck the president in the back of the head. But a third shot is said to have entered the president's throat, just above his Adam's apple, and emerged through the back of his neck. Did this third shot actually go from the front of his neck to the back? Doctor's at Parkland Hospital in Dallas, where the dying president was taken, and doctors at the Bethesda Naval Hospital, where the dead president was AGAIN examined, disagree. The Parkland groups say there was an entry wound in his throat. The Bethesda group, on the other hand, says there was an EXIT wound in his throat. Many spectators standing on the grassy knoll at the time of the slaying reported hearing at least one rifle shot fired from nearby. They also reported seeing as many as four men hurrying away from the back of the knoll as soon as the shots were fired. The Warren investigators quizzed several of these witnesses but came to no conclusion. Oswald may have indeed fired the shots that killed the president, but there is no clear-cut evidence that he ALONE did so. Nor was he even definitely linked with the sixth-floor window from where the shots were fired. Only minutes after the shooting, he was drinking a Coca-Cola. Could he have left the firing site and composed himself so quickly? Here's another factor to consider: firing a cheap rifle, as Oswald did, should have left a powder burn on his cheek. After Oswald was arrested, his cheek was examined: no such powder burn was found! After Oswald's death, his palm print was found on his rifle butt, indicating that it was he who did the shooting. Some investigators charge, however, that a palm print could have been transferred from his hand to the rifle butt after Oswald's. This could have been one of many illegal efforts to tie Oswald to the crime. 2. THE MOTIVES: Why was President Kennedy assassinated? Many reasonable speculations have been offered. None, however, has been positively proven. One set of theories says that it was the president's plans for Vietnam that prompted his murder. By 1963 (the assassination year), the United States was becoming more and more involved in the Vietnam war. The U.S. had already sent supplies, arms, and several thousand "advisers" and "instructors." But the president wanted to go no further in aiding South Vietnam. He was ready to stop sending aid, even though South Vietnam claimed to have a democratic government and an army eager to wage war against North Vietnam. The president said that Vietnam was too far away from the United States, that South Vietnam's claim to democracy was false, and that the U.S. had no business sending American troops to fight in what was really a local war. So, the theory goes, the president was killed by those who wanted the United States to become actively involved in the Vietnam war. Another theory holds that Kennedy was killed because he failed to help the Cuban exiles in their 1961 attempt to invade Cuba and overthrow the Communist government of Fidel Castro. And still another theory claims that, because he did not destroy Cuba in the Cuban missile crisis of 1962, he angered anti-Castro factions and so was slain. Another theory involves the president's relationship with his brother when Robert Kennedy was attorney general. Robert was a relentless foe of organized crime. The only way to stop the attorney general was to kill the president. That's what some investigators think. They accuse the Mafia Leaders and Jimmy Hoffa, the Teamster Union chief. Mind you, we are talking theory. No real proof exists. THE MEN INVOLVED: The movie "JFK" was first shown in December, 1991, and will probably continue to be shown in theaters, on TV, and on videocassettes for years to come. "JFK" 's screen credits acknowledge the help of two books: Jim Garrison's "On the Trail of the Assassins" and Jim Marr's "Crossfire: The Plot That Killed Kennedy." The Garrison book is the partial autobiography of this former New Orleans district attorney. It is mainly about his struggle to convict a man named Clay Shaw for involvement in the Kennedy slaying. The book also tells of Shaw's friendship with Oswald during the summer of '63 in New Orleans, AKA the Big Easy. Garrison argues that Shaw's connection with Oswald makes him part of the Kennedy slaying. Garrison's book ends with the not-guilty verdict that freed Clay Shaw. "On the Trail of the Assassins" is a true-to-life story, perhaps over-dramatized a bit when Garrison puts made-up words in his character's mouths. Marr's book is factual, without a story line as in the Garrison book. It gathers up the accounts of many investigators, but comes to no final conclusions. The movie "JFK" is something else again. It follows the story line of the Garrison book---up to a point, that is. The stunning conclusion abandons the cautious approach of the Garrison and Marrs books. Instead, it puts a direct, sweeping accusation in the mouth of a fictitious character known only as "X." X proclaims that the conspiracy to kill JFK extends right up the highest levels of the U.S. government---to the Pentagon, to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, to the FBI and the CIA, and to the White House itself. The movie's director, producer, and writer are all one man: Oliver Stone. He is responsible for all these statements, and more. He goes on to tie in the military with American industry in a military/industrial alliance. It should be noted that Stone does not name names, He only says that certain high-ranking men in these organizations were responsible for the death of the president. They wanted JFK killed because he was a threat to their plans. Stone further claims that American Industry wanted the Vietnam war to continue for reasons of greed: the more war, the higher industrial profits. X's charge of conspiracy reaches up into the White House. Although X does not directly accuse by name the president who followed JFK into office, there can be no doubt that he meant President Lyndon B. Johnson, in office from 1963 to 1969. Johnson was Kennedy's vice president. Before that, he was the U.S. Senate's Majority Leader. He ran the Senate with an iron hand. Kennedy had chosen Johnson as his running mate because Johnson could produce a winning number of votes. Johnson expected to take an active role in the Kennedy government. After entering office in 1961, however, he was largely ignored. His duties were mostly confined to cutting the ribbon when a new bridge or park was dedicated. And Johnson was losing many of his once-loyal Texas followers. He sat silent, biding his time. That time came, his accusers say, when the president rode in the open limousine down a Dallas street, Johnson, his enemies claim, engineered the whole assassination program. These are extremely serious charges, but they cannot be proven. Investigators have not been able to definitively link LBJ to the killing of JFK. There is no question that Johnson was an ambitious, powerful politician. Author Craig Zirbel, in his book "The Texas Connection," attempts to prove Johnson's guilt by eliminating all other suspects. Eventually, only Johnson is left. Therefore, he must be guilty, according to Zirbel. As for Jack Ruby, Oswald's killer, new facts have come to life. Over the years it has been shown that he was a close associate of many criminals. They would have liked to see the president and his brother killed so that their illegal and unlawful activities could expand. But Ruby died, as we know, before he could tell his story. http://www.coverups.com/jfk/who.htm Who Killed Kennedy And Why? - Coverups.com In reality In reality it does not matter who one believes was the actual physical killer or killers that shot President John F Kennedy, what matters moire is who were the motivators and organisers of his assassination and who had most to gain from his untimely death. When one analyses all the recorded public and private information there leaves little doubt that  President John F Kennedy was murdered for and on behalf of the same group of people, the International Banking families, businessmen and industrialists all working for and/or in partnership with the infamous international Russian Tsar Rothschild Banking Family, {Note:The Rothschilds have been in control of the world for a very long time, their tentacles reaching into many aspects of our daily lives, as is documented in the following timeline.  However, before you jump to the timeline, please read this invaluable introduction which will tell you who the Rothschilds are as oppose to who they claim to be. The Rothschilds claim that they are Jewish, when in fact they are Khazars.  They are from a country called Khazaria, which occupied the land locked between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which is now predominantly occupied by Georgia.  The reason the Rothschilds claim to be Jewish is that the Khazars under the instruction of the King, converted to the Jewish faith in 740 A.D., but of course that did not include converting their Asiatic Mongolian genes to the genes of the Jewish people. You will find that approximately 90% of people in the world today who call themselves Jews are actually Khazars, or as they like to be known, Ashkenazi Jews.  These people knowingly lie to the world with their claims that the land of Israel is theirs by birthright, when in actual fact their real homeland is over 800 miles away in Georgia. So, next time you hear an Israeli Prime Minister bleating about the so-called persecution of the Jews, consider this, every Prime Minister of Israel has been an Ashkenazi Jew.  Therefore when all these Prime Ministers have curried favour with the West for their re-establishment of a Jewish homeland, they have knowingly and deliberately lied to you, as they were never from that region, and they well know it, because it is they who call themselves Ashkenazi Jews. The Book of Revelation, Chapter 2, Verse 9, states the following which would appear to be about these Ashkenazi Jews:    "I know thy works, and tribulation and poverty, (but thou art rich) and I know the blasphemy of them which say they are Jews, and are not, butare the synagogue of Satan." The most wealthy bloodline in the world bar none and the leader of the Ashkenazi Jews in the world today is the Rothschild family.  As you will see in the timeline, the Rothschilds have obtained this position through lies, manipulation and murder.  Their bloodline also extends into the Royal Families of Europe, and the following family names: Astor; Bundy; Collins; duPont; Freeman; Kennedy; Morgan; Oppenheimer; Rockefeller; Sassoon; Schiff; Taft; and Van Duyn. However, these are not the only bloodlines to worry about.  You are probably aware of the centuries old pratice undertaken by many Ashkenazi Jews whereby they would change their name, in order for them to appear part of the dominant race of the country in which they lived, so as they could obtain influential positions in that country, which they would then exploit to serve their real masters elsewhere. There is plenty of evidence to prove the Rothschilds continue that deceptive tradition. Furthermore the Rothschilds are known to sire many children secretly that they can put into positions of power when required.  This started with the very first man who took the name Rothschild, who had a secret sixth son.  Finally, remember the world is a diverse place, I could if I wanted change my name to Rothschild, or any of the names listed above, and that would not make me part of this family anymore than converting to Judaism in 740 A.D. will make these Ashkenazis Jewish. Ashkenazi Jew, David Ben-Gurion, one of the father founders of Israel and its first Prime Minister, candidly describes Zionist aims in his diary (21 May 1948) as follows, “The Achilles heel of the Arab coalition is the Lebanon. Muslim supremacy in this country is artificial and can easily be overthrown. A Christian State ought to be set up there, with its southern frontier on the river Litani. We would sign a treaty of alliance with this State. Thus when we have broken the strength of the Arab Legion and bombed Amman, we could wipe out Trans-Jordan, after that Syria would fall. And if Egypt still dared to make war on us, we would bomb Port Said, Alexandria and Cairo. We should thus end the war and would have but paid to Egypt, Assyria and Chaldea on behalf of our ancestors.” 1949:  On October 1, Mao Tse Tsung declares the founding of the People's Republic Of China in Tiananmen Square, Beijing.  He is funded by Rothschild created Communism in Russia and also the following Rothschild agents:  Solomon Adler, a former United States Treasury official who was a Soviet Spy; Israel Epstein, the son of a Jewish Bolshevik imprisoned by the Tsar in Russia for trying to forment a revolution there; and Frank Coe, a leading official of the Rothschild owned IMF. 1950: Israel passes their law of return, guaranteeing every Jew worldwide the right to dwell in the state of Israel, however the Palestinians even though they had lived there for 1300 years, were denied that right. John Davitt, former chief of the Justice Department's internal security section notes that the Israeli intelligence service is the second most active in the United States after the Soviets and of course both Israel and the Soviet Union are run by an Ashkenazi Jewish leadership. 1951: On 1 April the Israeli Secret Intelligence Agency the Mossad, which will go on to terrorize the world, is formed. The motto of the Mossad is probably the most disgusting secret service motto in the world, it is, "By Way Of Deception,  Thou Shalt Do War." 1953: N. M. Rothschild & Sons found the British Newfoundland Corporation Limited to develop 60,000 square miles of land in Newfoundland, Canada, which comprised a power station to harness the power of the Hamilton (later renamed Churchill) Falls. At the time this was the largest construction project ever to be undertaken by a private company. 1954: "The Lavon Affair."  Israeli agents recruit Egyptian citizens of Jewish descent to bomb Western targets in Egypt, and plant evidence to frame Arabs, in an apparent attempt to upset American/Egyptian relations. Israeli defense minister, Ashkenazi Jew, Pinhas Lavon is eventually removed from office, though many think real responsibility lay with David Ben-Gurion. A hidden microphone planted by the Israelis is discovered in the Office of the US Ambassador in Tel Aviv. 1955: Edmond de Rothschild founds Compagnie Financiere, Paris. 1956: Telephone taps are found connected to two telephones in the residence of the US military attaché in Tel Aviv. 1957: James de Rothschild dies and it is reported (by the Rothschild owned media) that he bequeaths a large sum of money to the state of Israel to pay for the construction of their parliament building, the Knesset. He states that the Knesset should be, "a symbol, in the eyes of all men, of the permanence of the State of Israel." On page 219 of his book, "Tales of the British Aristocracy," L.G. Pine, the Editor of Burke’s Peerage, states that the Jews, "have made themselves so closely connected with the British peerage that the two classes are unlikely to suffer loss which is not mutual. So closely linked are the Jews and the lords that a blow against the Jews in this country would not be possible without injuring the aristocracy also." Maurice de Rothschild dies in Paris. 1962: de Rothschild Frères establishes Imétal as an umbrella company for all their mineral mining interests. Frederic Morton publishes his book, The Rothschilds, in which he states, "Though they control scores of industrial, commercial, mining and tourist corporations, not one bears the name Rothschild. Being private partnerships, the family houses never need to, and never do, publish a single public balance sheet, or any other report of their financial condition." This attitude reveals the true aim of the Rothschilds, to eliminate all competition and create their own worldwide monopoly. 1963: On June 4th President John F. Kennedy (the 35th President of the United States 1961 – 1963) signs Executive Order 11110 which returned to the U.S. government the power to issue currency, without going through the Rosthchilds owned Federal Reserve. Less than 6 months later on November 22nd , president Kennedy is assassinated by the Rothschilds for the same reason as they assassinated President Abraham Lincoln in 1865, he wanted to print American money for the American people, as oppose to for the benefit of a money grabbing war mongering foreign elite. Another, and probably the primary, reason for Kennedy's assassination is however, the fact that he made it quite clear to Israeli Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, that under no circumstances would he agree to Israel becoming a nuclear state.  The Israeli newspaper Ha'aretz on February 5, 1999, in a review of, Avner Cohen's book, "Israel and the Bomb," states the following, "The murder of American President John F. Kennedy brought to an abrupt end the massive pressure being applied by the U.S. administration on the government of Israel to discontinue the nuclear program...The book implied that, had Kennedy remained alive, it is doubtful whether Israel would today have a nuclear option." Edmond de Rothschild establishes La Compagnie Financière Edmond de Rothschild (LCF), in Switzerland as a venture capital house. This later develops into an investment bank and asset management company with many affiliates. He also marries his wife Nadine and they have a son, Benjamin de Rothschild. 1965: Israel illegally obtains enriched uranium from NUMEC (Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation). 1967: The treatment of the Palestinians by the Zionist Jews, finally ignites enough anger in the Arab world for Egypt, Jordan and Syria to mobilise on Israel's borders.  All of these three countries are suddenly attacked by Israel and as a result the Sinai which included Gaza was stolen from Egypt, and the West Bank and the Jordan River stolen from Jordan. As a result of this, on June 8, the Israelis launch an attack on the USS Liberty with Israeli aircraft and motor torpedo boats, in an effort to blame it on Egypt, to bring America into the war on their side, and of course follow to the letter, their Mossad motto, "By Way Of Deception, Thou Shalt Do War."As a result of their attack, 34 American servicemen were killed and 174 wounded.  Israel lies as usual, claiming it mistook this warship that was flying a large United States flag, for an ancient out-of-service Egyptian horse carrier El Quseir, that was 180 feet shorter.  They also claim the ship was in the war zone, when it was actually in international waters, far from any fighting.  The Israeli's attack on this warship lasts for 75 minutes during which time they shoot up one of the United States flags, resulting in the sailors desperately raising another one. In the aftermath of this attack, the American sailors who survived are warned by the United States military not to discuss the matter with anyone due to, "national security."  This story gets no prominence in the Rothschild controlled mainstream media and as usual Israel is in no way even rebuked for their crimes by their subservient country of America. 1913: Jacob Schiff sets up the Anti Defamation League (ADL) in the United States.  This organisation is formed to slander anyone who questions or challenges the Rothschild global conspiracy as, "anti-semitic." 1914:  The start of World War I.  In this war, the German Rothschilds loan money to the Germans, the British Rothschilds loan money to the British, and the French Rothschilds loan money to the French. Futhermore, the Rothschilds have control of the three European news agencies, Wolff (est. 1849) in Germany, Reuters (est. 1851) in England, and Havas (est. 1835) in France. The Rothschilds use Wolff to manipulate the German people into a fervour for war. From around this time, the Rothschilds are rarely reported in the media, because they own the media. 1914:  The start of World War I.  In this war, the German Rothschil