The court heard he was working at the hospital as a Telstra technician and attacked a social worker, described as being a woman in "mature years", as she sat in a chair.
He tried to
He tried to put a piece of material in her mouth but she kicked him and managed to break free, before cable ties were later found in his pocket.
Ms Barbagallo said Mr Edwards was convicted of common assault and sentenced to two years' probation.
Ex-drug squad head linked to speed sales
https://www.theage.com.au/national/ex-drug-squad-head-linked-to-speed-sales-20050301-gdzozb.html
The Melbourne Age - March 1, 2005
The deputy head of the former Victoria Police drug squad sold drugs to criminal gangs, a Supreme Court jury heard yesterday.
Chief Crown prosecutor Jeremy Rapke, QC, said Wayne Geoffrey Strawhorn, 49, made money from trafficking drugs, obtained through unauthorised police purchases, to the Bandidos motorcycle club and the group then headed by the late Lewis Moran.
He said Strawhorn, a police detective sergeant, was intimately involved in operations that targeted the two groups using a "controversial" policy of making controlled drug deliveries to criminals.
The policy involved the simple, but dangerous, practice of infiltrating criminal gangs with police informers or undercover operatives, Mr Rapke said.
He said police could make a 6000 per cent profit on the black market through sales of pseudoephedrine, used in the manufacture of amphetamines.
Normally, the drug was sold to criminals in the form of thousands of cold and influenza tablets.
Mr Rapke said police could buy pseudoephedrine for $170 a kilogram, and sell it on the black market for $10,000.
But Mr Rapke said a pure form of pseudoephedrine was sold to the Bandidos and Morans in unauthorised transactions under Strawhorn's direction.
He said police had recognised that pure pseudoephedrine was an inherently dangerous chemical.
He said it was thought to be totally inappropriate to have a controlled delivery of the drug except in the most controlled circumstances. Mr Rapke said the aim of authorised deliveries was to uncover secret laboratories used to make amphetamines, and locate those involved in the illicit drug trade.
"Selling at black market prices guaranteed enormous profits for the police involved and (provided) potential for corruption," he said.
Strawhorn has pleaded not guilty to five counts of trafficking pseudoephedrine, one alleged to be in a commercial quantity, between October 28, 1999, and May 19, 2000. He has also pleaded not guilty to making a threat to kill a police officer who was investigating police corruption.
Mr Rapke said the five transactions at the centre of the trial before Justice John Coldrey were unauthorised and illegal.
He said it was alleged a police colleague, at Strawhorn's direction, obtained 5.5 kilograms of pure pseudoephedrine in five transactions with the drug company. One police informer sold 3.5 kilograms of pseudoephedrine to the Bandidos, while two other informers sold 2 kilograms to Lewis Moran's son, Mark, who was later murdered.
Mr Rapke said evidence would be called that Strawhorn had made money out of the drug trafficking, but it was difficult to ascertain the full extent of his earnings.
"The accused's expenditure exceeds by a sizeable amount his known and identifiable source of income," Mr Rapke said.
He said Strawhorn, when under suspicion, spoke with one informer involved in the Moran transaction. Strawhorn told the informer to tell his colleague that if he was interviewed, the Moran transaction "didn't happen".
Strawhorn allegedly wore a concealed recording device when he asked another informer "Dorothy Dix" questions to have him deny that he (Strawhorn) was involved in corrupt activity.
Mr Rapke said Strawhorn, in March 2003, made comments that his police career was over, and he would have to kill an anti-corruption investigator because it was the only way he would get satisfaction.
The trial continues.
The Converstion April 4, 2012
http://theconversation.com/good-cop-bad-cop-how-corrupt-police-work-with-drug-dealers-6271
Richard Roxburgh played corrupt NSW Police detective Roger Rogerson in the ABC miniseries Blue Murder.
Shamed senior police officer Mark Standen is lead away from King St Supreme Court
after being found guilty of attempting to import a massive haul of pseudoephedrine.
Australia 21 Report
http://www.australia21.org.au//publications/press_releases/Australia21_Illicit_Drug_Policy_Report.pdf
The Australia 21 report on illicit drugs draws much-needed attention to many serious issues, including the major role played by corrupt police in drug distribution networks.
The role played by drugs in police corruption is complex, and bears consideration when evaluating the report and arguments for a change in policy.
The connection between the illegal drugs markets and police corruption is well known. Booms in illegal drug markets in the US in the 1990s, for example, corresponded with a rise in police corruption and violent misconduct.
Similar connections between drugs and police corruption are found in many countries, and Australia is no exception, as demonstrated by the recent conviction of Mark Standen.
There are two common situations in which officers abuse (or choose not to use) their power in such a way as to benefit from the drug trade, each of which is often rationalised as an attempt to at least do something about the problem of illicit drugs - a form of “illegal regulation”.
The first of these is the theft of drugs or money from drug dealers.
When police officers are tasked with policing the prohibition of illicit drugs, first-hand experience leads many to believe they are unable to eliminate the industry, or that the people they steal from are unlikely to be arrested or convicted.
In this context, police officers in the UK, the US and Australia have justified stealing from drug dealers as a kind of tax or charge - an attempt to try and make it harder for dealers to do business.
The second common kind of police corruption is “green-lighting”, whereby police agree to turn a blind eye to dealers or groups that adhere to certain rules (e.g. no violence, no selling drugs to children).
his often used with the professed intention of creating a level of control over the drugs trade. Anyone who has seen the ABC TV series Blue Murder will be familiar with the events uncovered by the New South Wales Independent Commission Against Corruption’s Milloo Inquiry, which alleged that criminal Arthur “Neddy” Smith’s activities had been green-lit by officers including the former detective Roger Rogerson, and that police officers sometimes even assisted Smith in the commission of crimes.
Fans of US TV show The Wire will recall “Hamsterdam”, the free zone where drug dealing was allowed on the condition that the drugs or violence did not spill onto other streets.
The reality is less noble-minded or contained; in New South Wales, for example, green-lighting of different groups by different officers created increasingly organised territorially defined cartels, and did nothing to stop the growth of the drugs trade.
Apart from any rationalisation for their behaviour as having some kind of noble cause, officers in these situations also face substantial material incentives.
In the market for drugs the high levels of inelastic demand (particularly in the case of highly addictive substances) and high prices create an very lucrative industry, and officers involved in extorting or protecting dealers can make substantial sums doing so.
One New York police officer made ten times his annual salary in protection money from drug dealers - so much that he often forgot to collect his legitimate pay.
Tackling these problems requires considering the incentives that officers face to engage in corruption, not just weeding out the odd bad cop. Despite the persistence of “bad apple” explanations of police corruption, many officers who are found to be corrupt often began as officers with a good, clean record of successful work.
While there may, of course, be bad individuals, of greater concern is that all officers are working in a “bad barrel” or “bad orchard” which is itself a corrupting influence.
The fact, then, that more officers do not become entangled in such activity is a credit to their integrity.
Any policy response to the issues raised in the Australia 21 report should take care to ensure it has a real effect on the market for drugs and that it makes it easier for such officers to maintain that integrity by considering the ramifications for police corruption.
Mark Standen found guilty at drugs trial
https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/mark-standen-found-guilty-at-drugs-trial-20110811-1inr7.html
Mark Standen found guilty at drugs trial
August 11, 2011
Former NSW crime fighter Mark Standen has been found guilty of plotting to import 300 kilograms of pseudoephedrine into Australia.
Standen, 54, was also found guilty of taking part in the supply of 300 kilograms of the substance, which is used in the manufacture of illegal amphetamine drugs, and guilty of conspiring to pervert the course of justice.
After a trial that began in March, the NSW Supreme Court jury retired on Monday afternoon and delivered its verdicts today.
Standen, a former assistant director of investigations for the NSW Crime Commission had denied conspiring with drug trafficker turned informant James Kinch and food wholesaler Bakhos "Bill" Jalalaty, between early 2006 and June 2008, to import pseudoephedrine, used to make speed and ice.
He also denied the charges of supplying pseudoephedrine and perverting the course of justice.
The Crown alleged Standen's desperate financial plight led to his involvement in the crimes.
Standen, who appeared ashen when he was led into the dock, did not show any emotion when the guilty verdicts were handed down.
Before being led away, Standen exchanged a few words with his two brothers who had regularly attended his trial.
Justice Bruce James commended the 11-member jury, saying he knew they had all experienced hardship during the trial.
He said they had been told that the trial was expected to last for 14 weeks but it had run for almost five months.
"I know that at least one time during the trial you thought the trial might last indefinitely," he said.
He would recommend that all the jurors be permanently exempted from future jury service, he said.
Standen's sentencing hearing will be mentioned before the judge on September 1.
AAP and Geesche Jacobsen
Mark Standen is led away from the NSW Supreme Court after being found guilty of involvement in a drug importation
Commission finds police used ice, cocaine and ecstasy, met with traffickers and joked about their own drug use
The Independent Broad-Based Anti-Corruption Commission says there are systemic deficiencies in Victoria police’s illicit drug prevention and detection
Victorian police sent each other joking texts about their drug use, while one was building a “sophisticated drug syndicate”, the state’s anti-corruption investigation has found.
Police partying on ice, cocaine and ecstasy would meet up with known traffickers, peddle drugs themselves and return positive tests, the report by the Independent Broad-Based Anti-Corruption Commission said.
The report takes in three investigations into claims of drug possession, trafficking and use by police since 2014 and says allegations against eight officers have been substantiated.
Operation Apsley revealed a group of police were using drugs regularly in their social lives, including one who used cocaine “most days” for four months last year.
The officer, known as Senior Constable A, and a friend, Senior Constable B, used and trafficked drugs and were “cavalier about the safety risks”, the report says. Both told Ibac they would not work if affected by drugs but messages between them refuted these claims, including the following exchange after a night out using cocaine.
Senior Constable A: “Feeling slightly average but okay. Gonna be a long shift. Rad night.”
Senior Constable B: “Kill me, I wanna lay down.”
Another senior constable messaged a civilian associate about putting MDMA powder into capsules and got the reply: “Now that you run a sophisticated drug syndicate you will be ... essstremely bizzy.”
Two other Ibac operations also exposed regular drug use. One that focused on a constable led to that officer’s brother being arrested by federal and interstate police on alleged drug offences.
Ibac said the substantiated allegations against eight officers were likely to be just “snapshots of a more widespread and serious problem for Victoriapolice”.
Of those eight officers, two were charged with giving false evidence, misleading or attempting to mislead Ibac and inciting a witness to mislead Ibac, and one was charged with criminal drug offences. One has been dismissed, three have resigned, three are suspended and one returned to work after an admonishment notice.
Ibac concluded there were systemic deficiencies in Victoria police’s illicit drug prevention and detection.
“Police officers cannot be selective in choosing which criminal laws they will obey,” Ibac commissioner Stephen O’Bryan QC said. “While most of the police officers investigated were aware they were engaging in illegal conduct, they rationalised their off-duty criminality as being separate to their obligations as police officers.”
Victoria police’s alcohol and drugs policy says illicit drug use is not tolerated but there was ambiguity about the consequences, Ibac said.
The Police Association secretary, Ron Iddles, denied there was a systemic drug problem within Victoria police but conceded the eight instances didn’t come as a “total shock”.
“Our members are susceptible to more pressure and stress than the average member of society,” Iddles said.
He said the report showed health and wellbeing services available to Victoria police’s 15,000 members needed to be improved.
Police accepted the recommendations and were reviewing their practices and policies, a Victoria police spokesman said.
A progress report is due on 30 June and Victoria police must provide Ibac with a final report by 30 June 2018.
The police minister, Lisa Neville, said drug use had “no place” within the force.
“This investigation related to a small group of police officers and Victoria police has since taken appropriate action through criminal, disciplinary and management interventions,” she said..
Brother of accused Claremont serial killer
Bradley Robert Edwards
breaks his silence about
the horrific abductions and murders
Aidan Wondracz- 2/03/2019
The brother of accused serial killer Bradley Robert Edwards insists his sibling is innocent.
Mr Edwards - a 50-year-old suspected of being the Claremont serial killer - is preparing to fight a string of murder and rape charges dating back to the late 1980s to the mid 90s.
His younger brother in the meantime penned an email to The Weekend West to say the family of the accused was behind him every step of the way.
'My brother is innocent and ... this will be made evident as the case unfolds,' the email read.
The brother of accused serial killer Bradley Robert Edwards (pictured) has broken his silence to defend his sibling's innocence
The immediate family has visited Mr Edwards in prison and spoken to him at every opportunity.
Though, they have been given legal advice to stay away from his court appearances.
Mr Edwards is accused of attacking an 18-year-old girl in her Huntingdale home in Perth in 1988 and allegedly raping a 17-year-old girl in Karrakatta Cemetery in 1995.
Police also allege he is responsible for the abduction and murder of Sarah Spiers, Jane Rimmer and Ciara Glennon from the upmarket Claremont suburb between January 1996 and March 1997.
Mr Edwards was arrested in December 2016 after forensic evidence allegedly linked him to the attacks.
The Supreme Court heard while Mr Edwards denied all the allegations brought against him in a six-hour interview with police, he failed to explain certain facts (pictured, Sarah Spiers)
At a pre-trial directions hearing last week, it emerged the prosecution wanted to use the DNA or fingerprint traces to connect Mr Edwards with the series of crimes.
The Supreme Court heard while Mr Edwards denied all the allegations brought against him in a six-hour interview with police, he failed to explain certain facts.
That is, he was unable to explain why traces of his DNA was found on a Kimono linked to the Huntingdale attack and also on two of his alleged victims.
He also couldn't explain why his fingerprints were found on a door of another Huntingdale home following an attempted break-in, the court heard.
Added to the list of the allegations is the abduction and murder of Sarah Spiers, Jane Rimmer (pictured)
and
Ciara Glennon from the upmarket Claremont suburb between January 1996 and March 1997
At a pre-trial directions hearing last week, it emerged the prosecution wanted to use the DNA or fingerprint traces to connect Mr Edwards with the series of crimes (pictured, Ciara Glennon)
Supreme Court Justice Stephen Hall noted the details brought to light during the pre-trial hearings were allegations - no evidence had been presented as of yet.
Barrister Paul Yovich said important questions had to be answered in relation to the forensic evidence.
'The question ... is, in each case, is it the accused’s DNA ... and if so, how did it get there?' he told the court.
'With count eight (Ms Glennon’s murder), are there other possibilities ... innocent contact, adventitious match or contamination in the collection or testing process?'
Mr Edwards is due back in court on March 20.
The Supreme Court heard while Mr Edwards denied all the allegations brought against him in a six-hour interview with police, he failed to explain certain facts (pictured, Sarah Spiers)
"Devils Garden ....The Darkest Side of Perth"
A new film is being produced called "Devils Garden... The Darkest Side of Perth", which will publicly expose that Police Corruption in Western Australia ran rife from the 1950's to 2016 and continuing, with a corrupt section of police being involved in committing crimes, in condoning criminal activity and protecting certain people from being investigated and prosecuted for crimes that they committed... there were people like the late billionaire building magnate, Len Buckeridge who were given the green light to commit what ever crimes they wanted, including murder, assault, rape fraud, robbery etc.. these people were given what they called
"the Green Light" by Police to commit whatever crimes they wanted without fear of investigation or prosecution ...
There is also a new books coming out this year "Living Next Door To A Psychopath" and "The Darkest Side of Perth" and a previous book called "Devil's Garden"ISBN: 978174664669 published by Random House in 2007 by well known Queensland Crime writer Debi Marshall with an in depth investigation into the Claremont Serial Killings and various miscarriages of justice in Western Australia policing and prosecution... and the controversial series of books entitled "The Triumph of Truth ( Who Is Watching The Watchers?) written in the 1990's which were illegal and clandestinely removed from the Western Australia Alexander Resource Reference Library in about the year 2000, which the film "Devils Garden... The Darkest Side of Perth" takes material from .....
The 1960's American TV Police and Crime Series Called Dragnet used to say at the beginning of each episode ... " These are true stories from Police and FIB files, however the true names have been changed to protect the innocent..."
The film being produced called "Devils Garden... The Darkest Side of Perth", is a set of true stories about police and prosecutors in Perth, Western Australia being involved in committing crimes and covering up for criminals who have committed serious crimes, and deliberately charging people who they know have not committed the crime they have been charged for ..... which will leave all the true names exposed and shame the guilty ....
One of the producers of the film "Devils Garden... The Darkest Side of Perth" stated .....
"... there seems no doubt that the Western Australian Police are not going to properly investigate and charge the real Claremont Serial Killers and those that helped carry out these most serious crimes and covering up those responsible for such serious crimes .... so the film will in effect bring the truth to light so at least the parents, families and friends of the victims and the general public can get to know the truth.... the problem is that a proper police investigation and inquiry would lead investigators too close to their own ranks and powerful business people and politicians who were either involved or know who are involved and are prepared to help cover the truth up..."
One of the producers of the film "Devils Garden... The Darkest Side of Perth" further stated .....
".... the NYT.bz investigation report into the Claremont Serial Abductions and Killings which we are using as part of the information supporting the story presented in the our film shows clearly that the arrest and the $200 million plus cost of the prosecution of Bradley Robert Edwards as the alleged sole Claremont Serial Abductor and Killer, who, without any help or protection from others .... is to satisfy the general public that the Claremont Serial Killer has been caught, and that there is no need to look any further for anyone involved in the Claremont Serial Abductions and Killings ..... regardless of any possible alleged involvement of Bradley Robert Edwards in the Claremont Serial Abductions and Killings ....... which is extremely doubtful from the information we have seen so far..... they is no doubt that other more powerful and well connected people in Perth, Western Australia .,. including Western Australian Police have been involved in the Claremont Serial Abductions and Killings and also the covering up of the the real truth behind the Claremont Serial Abductions and Killings ...... our film will attempt to set the public record straight ..... we are expecting threats on our lived#s for producing this provocative film .... and or legal action to try and stop it been shown to the public ... however ... regardless of these expected reactions the film has to be made and the truth has to be told to the public ..... it seems that not even the solicitors and barristers representing Bradley Robert Edwards are interested in knowing the truth that will help in defending their client Bradley Robert Edwards who has been charged and accused of the Claremont Serial Abductions and Murders "
Waiting list for copies of the Collectors Edition of new book titled
"The Darkest Side of Perth, Western Australia" is currently in the process of being published:
Anyone interested in obtaining a copy of the Collectors Edition of the book..
"The Darkest Side of Perth, Western Australia"
please email:
The AWN Publishing Manager
AWN News Group
Email: admin@awn.bz
Updated 20 Mar 2019,
Three young Perth women disappeared in the mid-1990s. Two decades later, a man faces court.
RELATED STORY: How prosecutors will argue an awkward teen became the Claremont serial killer
RELATED STORY: Explicit story about 'blitz attack' on girl found on alleged serial killer's computer
RELATED STORY: Accused serial killer's prior conviction for attack on woman revealed in court
RELATED STORY: 'Extreme' porn raised in dramatic start to Claremont serial killer hearing
Evidence of "graphic and ext
Evidence of "graphic and extreme" pornography found on a computer seized from the home of
alleged Claremont serial killer Bradley Edwards is not admissible at his trial, a judge has ruled.
Prosecutors had argued last month that the evidence, which included a pornographic movie and explicit stories about the rape and abduction of women, should be allowed at the trial, to show Mr Edwards had an interest in sexually attacking women.
However, in a complex judgement, Supreme Court Justice Stephen Hall has ruled the evidence — discovered on a computer at Mr Edwards's home almost 20 years after his alleged crimes — was not relevant.
He said there were several flaws in the state's argument that the pornography was relevant to the offences Mr Edwards was accused of committing.
"I do not accept that it can be assumed that the perpetrator of any of the offences was necessarily likely to have an interest in violent pornography," Justice Hall said.
"Nor [do I accept] that a person who had such an interest is more likely to have committed these offences."
The judge said it could not be firmly established when the pornography was possessed and created, other than between December 2015 and December 2016.
"Whilst it may be supposed that the activity of collecting and creating occurred over a period of years, it cannot be shown that any of that activity coincided with the commission of the offences, or was even close in time to those events," he said.
Mr Edwards has pleaded not guilty to all charges, including the murders of Sarah Spiers, Jane Rimmer and Ciara Glennon, the three women who disappeared from the streets of Claremont between 1996 and 1997.
He is also accused of sexually motivated attacks on two other women, one inside a Huntingdale home in 1988 and another at a cemetery in Karrakatta in 1995.
Justice Hall has allowed prosecutors to lead evidence about Mr Edwards's 1990 conviction for attacking a senior social worker at Hollywood Hospital, where he was working as a Telecom technician.
"It is true that there are a number of features of the Hollywood Hospital incident that are different to both the Huntingdale and the Karrakatta incidents," he told the court.
"Those differences are relevant but, in my view, they do not detract from the underlying common features.
"Attacking an unknown woman from behind and using a piece of material or cloth in an attempt to prevent resistance are sufficiently similar to give this evidence significant probative value."
Evidence called the "Telstra living witness project" will also be allowed at the July trial.
This evidence details about five instances between 1995 and 1997 when a man, who was either driving a Telecom car or said he worked for Telecom, stopped and stared at young women or offered them lifts in the Claremont and Cottesloe areas.
Ruled out of the murder case against Mr Edwards was what prosecutors called the "Huntingdale prowler series".
The evidence relates to allegations he stole items of women's underwear off clotheslines and broke into or attempted to break into houses to commit sexually motivated crimes.
But Justice Hall ruled that evidence could only be used by the prosecution as part of the case against Mr Edwards for the alleged Huntingdale attack.
He also rejected an application by the defence for the charges relating to that alleged attack to be the subject of a separate trial, unrelated to the three murder charges Mr Edwards is facing.
During Wednesday's hearing, it was also revealed about 580 witnesses are set to be called in the nine-month trial, although both the prosecution and defence lawyers said they would work to try to reduce that number.
Prosecutor Carmel Barbagallo said the trial would start with what she termed "the Edwards brief", dealing with his background, before proceeding chronologically.
Mr Edwards, who appeared via video link from Casuarina prison, was remanded in custody after the hearing until his next scheduled pre-trial hearing on April 24.
AAPThursday, 25 October 2018
Hakea Prison.
THE Department of Justice has been fined $100,000 for its role in the death of a prisoner who was crushed between a truck and a wall at Hakea Prison.
The remand prisoner was cleaning residential units at Hakea prison in 2015 prior to a redevelopment when the truck's right rear swung out and pinned him against side wall of the dock.
The department pleaded guilty in Armadale Magistrates Court to failing to take reasonable care to ensure the safety and health of a person who was not an employee.
WorkSafe WA Commissioner Ian Munns said the agency had a poor workplace safety record over many years.
"Prior to this incident, the department did not carry out a risk assessment to identify the risks created by the tasks, and the briefing given to the working party did not include vehicle movements," he said on Thursday.
"A risk register that identified pedestrian/vehicle interaction as a hazard was in place, but many staff were unaware of the existence of the register."
Mr Munns said between January 2010 and August 2015, WorkSafe inspectors issued 222 improvement notices and six prohibition notices to the department, with 67 relating to Hakea prison.
After the death, the department was issued with an additional 17 improvement notices between August 2015 and August 2017.
It also implemented procedures to reduce the risks of moving vehicles near pedestrians.
Accused serial killer under constant watch
https://www.theherald.com.au/story/5915116/accused-serial-killer-under-constant-watch/
Accused Claremont serial killer Bradley Edwards is under constant watch after being injured.
The accused Claremont serial killer is being supervised around the clock, including being watched via CCTV while he sleeps, amid suggestions he harmed his ear using a pencil before a court hearing.
Corrective Services Minister Fran Logan initially said Bradley Robert Edwards, 50, was attacked by another inmate in a Hakea Prison shower block on Monday morning, but later backtracked.
Premier Mark McGowan said on Tuesday there was a miscommunication and Mr Logan provided "what he thought was accurate information" after being in cabinet for about three hours.
Corrective Services Commissioner Tony Hassall said on Wednesday it was not yet clear what happened as a police investigation was ongoing.
Mr Hassall told ABC radio that Edwards, who has refused to say what transpired, was alone at the time and "staff didn't hear anything".
He later confirmed in a statement Edwards had been moved to Casuarina prison and was in a single cell with his own toilet in the crisis care unit, which is monitored 24/7 by CCTV cameras.
"In addition, and for the time being, Mr Edwards will remain under constant supervision by a dedicated officer," Mr Hassall said.
Edwards was taken to hospital after he was found by a prison guard with what authorities described as relatively minor injuries, causing a pre-trial hearing to be adjourned.
The hearing resumed on Tuesday and there were plenty of explosive revelations as prosecutor Carmel Barbagallo outlined propensity evidence that she seeks to be deemed admissible for the judge-alone trial, which is scheduled to start on July 22.
It emerged Edwards could not explain his DNA on the fingernails of one of three murder victims, Ciara Glennon, 27.
Australian Associated Press