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Subway Rider 'Bill Of Rights' Proposed

CBS 2 New York - Tue Dec 18, 5:58 AM ET

Two City Council members will reveal their proposed subway rider's "Bill Of Rights."

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Returning Soon To Late Night: David Letterman CBS 2 New York - Tue Dec 18, 5:55 AM ET
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Daring Jailbreak The Talk Of Union County CBS 2 New York - Tue Dec 18, 5:54 AM ET
Residents of Elizabeth, N.J., are stunned following two prisoners' daring 'Shawshank Redemption'-style escape from a nearby jail.

Mary Calvi reports.
Yonkers Police Investigate Death Of Delivery Man CBS 2 New York - Tue Dec 18, 5:53 AM ET
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They suspect a delivery man for a local diner may have been killed on the job. CBS 2's Tamsen Fadal reports.
Back By Popular Demand! Vodka And Bikinis Return CBS 2 New York - Mon Dec 17, 8:26 PM ET
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Millionaire Couple Found Guilty In 'Slavery' Case CBS 2 New York - Mon Dec 17, 6:47 PM ET
Mahender Murlidhar Sabhnani, 51, and wife Varsha Mahender, 45, were each convicted of all charges in a 12-count federal indictment,

including forced labor, conspiracy, peonage, involuntary servitude, and harboring aliens.
Escapees Take Page Out Of 'Shawshank Redemption' CBS 2 New York - Mon Dec 17, 6:45 PM ET
What's been the theme of successful movies like "Escape From Alcatraz" and

"The Shawshank Redemption" has become an incredible, yet frightening reality at a New Jersey jail. CBS 2's Christine Sloan reports.
Chemical Explosion Occurs In News Corp. Building CBS 2 New York - Mon Dec 17, 1:08 PM ET
Some kind of "chemical reaction" led to an explosion inside the NYC skyscraper that houses News Corp. CBS 2's Jim Rosenfield reports.
L.I. Couple Found Guilty In Forced Labor Trial CBS 2 New York - Mon Dec 17, 12:48 PM ET
A jury found a L.I. couple guilty Monday of enslaving two Indonesian women who they hired as housekeepers,

before treating them in a torturous manner with painful physical and psychological punishments. CBS 2's Jennifer McLogan reports.
Strong Winds Whip Tri-State Area CBS 2 New York - Mon Dec 17, 6:44 AM ET
The nor-easter is gone, along with the sleet, ice and snow. Now we're dealing with wild winds and flood warnings in some areas.

CBS 2's Magee Hickey has more.
S.I. House Fire Kills 9-Year-Old Boy CBS 2 New York - Mon Dec 17, 6:44 AM ET
Tragedy this morning in Staten Island, where a fire has killed a 9-year-old boy. The flames tore through a home in the Prince's Bay section.

That's where we find CBS 2's Tamsen Fadal with the very latest.
Manhunt Continues For Escaped N.J. Inmates CBS 2 New York - Sun Dec 16, 11:40 PM ET
A confessed killer and another prisoner remain on the loose. The men escaped from the Union County jail in Elizabeth, New Jersey.

CBS 2's Dave Carlin has more on how this happened.
Snow, Ice Create A Mess For Drivers CBS 2 New York - Sun Dec 16, 7:38 PM ET
This snow and ice created a mess for many drivers. As CBS 2's Christine Sloan shows us it's also draining the budgets of many local governments.
Weather Takes Down Giants' Practice Bubble CBS 2 New York - Sun Dec 16, 6:57 PM ET
Heavy snowfall, ice and wind caused much damage around the tri-state area. The most dramatic example was at the Meadowlands,

where snow collapsed the huge practice bubble used by the New York Giants. CBS 2's John Metaxas has more.

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From: VLOGZTV

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OUTFOXED:
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http://www.outfoxed.org/ Outfoxed documentary about Fox News
from producer/director Robert Greenwald...
outfoxed rupert murdoch's war on journalism robert

The 2008 New York International Theater, Film & Arts Festival
( NYIT Festival )
to be held at the Theatres, 45 Bleecker Street, New York
from the 19th January 2008 to the 23rd February 2008,
Mr Wijat and His team, are now in the USA, as Supermans is retired
they are in the USA for the American people fighting for
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But you can't stand on
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Cyclone toll reaches 1,100 in Bangladesh (AP) - 48 min ago

AP - A cyclone that slammed into the coast with 150 mph winds killed at least 1,100 people, isolating remote towns and villages swamped by a storm surge or hemmed in by piles of debris, aid workers an...

Senate blocks Iraq war money (AP) AP - The Senate on Friday blocked a Democratic proposal that would have paid for the Iraq war but required that troops start coming home.US envoy carries warning to Pakistan (AP) AP - A senior U.S. envoy who said Pakistan's democratic process had been "derailed" carried a stern warning Friday to President Gen. Pervez Musharraf from the Bush administration to end ...Army desertion rate highest since 1980 (AP) AP - Soldiers strained by six years at war are deserting their posts at the highest rate since 1980, with the number of Army deserters this year showing an 80 percent increase since the United States ...Stocks fluctuate amid lackluster news (AP)

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Human Whale in Australia?

ABC News - 1 hour, 24 minutes ago

To protest Japanese whaling, 2,000 people form shape of a giant whale.

View: Headlines Only | Include Summaries | Include Photos

Steroids and sports CNN - 20 minutes ago
International anti-doping officials are meeting in Madrid, Spain, with a sense of urgency, as CNN's Al Goodman reports.

Racy Hooters photos lands officer in hot water AP - 34 minutes ago
Pictures showing a high-ranking Hoboken, New Jersey police officer cavorting with waitresses from a Hooters restaurant in Alabama has become part of a discrimination lawsuit filed by five Latino officers. (Nov. 16)

Bad Santa FOX News - 51 minutes ago
Woman wearing Santa hat wanted for string of stick-ups

Apolo Anton Ohno FOX News - 52 minutes ago
2-time Olympic gold medalist reveals his winning regimen

22 People Busted In Worcester Drug Sweep WBZ Boston - 33 minutes ago
A drug sweep Friday morning in Worcester ended with 22 arrests, including one man who is described as a "top level drug dealer".

Lehigh Valley Preparing For Taste Of Winter CBS 3 Philadelphia - 34 minutes ago
Liz Keptner reports residents in the Lehigh Valley are getting set for the winter season.

Local Residents Talking About 1st Snowfall KDKA Pittsburgh - 36 minutes ago
After our first snowfall of the season some local residents are no getting ready for more; KDKA's Mary Berecky reports.

County's First Toll Road Opens Monday News 8 San Diego - 51 minutes ago
Thousands of commuters in the San Diego area will have a new way to get to work next week, because the county's first toll road is set to open Monday, November 19, 2007.

Holiday Travel Season Kicks Off Friday CBS 5 San Francisco - 53 minutes ago
Friday before Thanksgiving week has turned into one of the busiest travel holidays of the year. Don Knapp reports.

George Foreman FOX News - 52 minutes ago
Boxing champ, grill master reveals how a smile can change your life

WJZ @ Your Desk: Afternoon Edition WJZ 13 Baltimore - 1 hour, 2 minutes ago
Don Scott reports A federal judge Friday sentenced former state Sen. Thomas Bromwell to seven years in prison for accepting hundreds of thousands of dollars from a construction company executive in return for securing state contracts.

FOX News Flash: FOX and Friends Edition FOX News - 52 minutes ago
Has Santa's wife turned to a life of crime?

An island steeped in Swahili history AFP - 1 hour, 35 minutes ago
The Kenyan island of Lamu is a rare living heritage of Swahili culture and architecture, a melting pot of influences which stretches along the East African coast from Somalia to Mozambique. Founded around 1350 by Arabic traders, Lamu Old Town was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2001. Although tourists have been coming to the area for decades, an economic downturn pushed the island to start an annual cultural festival to promote and preserve its centuries-old traditions. An AFPTV report.

Ball of Fire FOX News - 52 minutes ago
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South Forecast weather.com - 1 hour, 42 minutes ago
A look at weather conditions in the South, updated twice each day.

Broadway strike Steals 'Grinch's' Christmas AP - 1 hour, 33 minutes ago
James Sanna, Producer of 'Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical,' talks to the AP about the Broadway stagehands strike. 'Grinch'" is the season's only holiday show and has a limited run. (Nov. 16)

National Forecast weather.com - 1 hour, 42 minutes ago
Three-day forecast for the entire US, updated each morning and afternoon.

Bhutto's house arrest lifted BBC - 1 hour, 34 minutes ago
Pakistan's opposition leader Benazir Bhutto is freed from house arrest, as a caretaker PM is nominated.

Elliot's Elaboration - Elliot Abrams AccuWeather - 1 hour, 57 minutes ago

Klum, 'Angels' walk runway in L.A. AP - 1 hour, 45 minutes ago
Catch a sneak peak of Victoria's Secret's upcoming fashion show. Heidi Klum and Victoria's Secret's 'Angels' walked the runway in L.A. Thursday for the taping of the show that airs December 4th on CBS. (Nov. 16)

Midwest Forecast weather.com - Fri Nov 16, 9:30 AM ET
A look at weather conditions in the Midwest, updated twice each day.

A Cavuto Christmas? FOX Business Now - 1 hour, 50 minutes ago
Hoenig's boss sees a great Christmas season ahead. So why are these retailers so weak?

Great Lakes snow weather.com - Fri Nov 16, 9:30 AM ET
Breaking Weather News: Watch the latest U.S. forecast and severe weather coverage from The Weather Channel, updated at least three times daily.

Political Grapevine: 11/15 FOX News - 1 hour, 51 minutes ago
What NASA says is really happening to the Arctic ice

Copter4 Vlog: Driver Stuck In Overturned Truck CBS4 Denver - Fri Nov 16, 9:25 AM ET
A truck overturned on the ramp from northbound C-470 to westbound U.S. 285 in Littleton Friday morning, trapping the driver for a time, Luan Akin reports. The crash did create slowing on C-470.

Close Encounters FOX News - 1 hour, 52 minutes ago
Fan fascination with Devils Tower National Monument

'I Love Lucy Square' Dedicated In Hollywood CBS 2 / KCAL 9 Los Angeles - Fri Nov 16, 9:22 AM ET
The late actress Lucile Ball and the restaurant owner of Lucy's El Adobo Cafe, Lucy Casado were honored in a dedication ceremony. Suzanne Rico reports.

Depp Gets Dissed FOX News - 1 hour, 52 minutes ago
Holiday movie preview

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Around the World FOX News - 1 hour, 53 minutes ago
Overflowing river worries in Australia and earthquake aftermath in Chile

25 Years Of People Serving People WCCO Minneapolis - Fri Nov 16, 9:13 AM ET
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What Price Democracy? FOX News - 1 hour, 53 minutes ago
uReport: Would you sell your right to vote for a new iPod?

Same Sex Predator May Be Lurking At Local Colleges CBS 2 / KCAL 9 Los Angeles - Fri Nov 16, 9:12 AM ET
Police think that the same man who attacked an El Camino College student may be responsible for other attacks. Dave Mecham reports.

Across America FOX News - 1 hour, 53 minutes ago
Controversial 'superferry' set to go in Hawaii and crabbers grounded in California

Texans Face Pain At The Gas Pump CBS 11 Dallas - Fri Nov 16, 9:10 AM ET
The statewide average retail gasoline price reached its highest-ever November level, according to the weekly AAA Texas gasoline price survey released Friday

Catching Up With Duran Duran ABC News - 1 hour, 56 minutes ago

The Grammy-winning group has been making music together for almost 30 years.

Got Old Electronics? Recycle Them For Free! WCCO Minneapolis - Fri Nov 16, 9:06 AM ET
The mall is hosting the 2-day recyling drop-off and people are just lining up to get rid of anything and everything that plugs in, Sue Turner reports (2:06).

Congress unlikely to send Bush war money soon AP - 2 hours, 5 minutes ago
Senate Democrats said Friday that money for the Iraq war should be tied to troop withdrawals because the Baghdad government has not taken advantage of the security provided by U.S. Forces. (Nov. 16)

WJZ @ Your Desk: Morning Edition WJZ 13 Baltimore - Fri Nov 16, 9:03 AM ET
Don Scott reports a Baltimore City police officer remains at Shock Trauma after a late night shooting.

Discrimination Case: Cops Posed With Hooters Girls CBS 2 New York - Fri Nov 16, 9:02 AM ET
Pictures of a high-ranking Hoboken police officer posing with Hooters girls are part of a discrimination lawsuit filed by five latino officers. CBS 2's Kate Sullivan reports.

Double Standard? FOX Business Now - 2 hours, 21 minutes ago
Federal appeals court throws out new fuel economy standards, questioning why light trucks can pollute more than cars

Food, Fun, And Free Weekend Events WCCO Minneapolis - Fri Nov 16, 8:54 AM ET
Each Friday morning we feature a new restaurant, free event and something to do outside, Karen Leigh and Bill Hudson report (1:31).

US economy faces problems BBC - 2 hours, 29 minutes ago
Rising fuel prices, falling house sales and increasing debts suggest the US economy is in trouble.

What Do Posh And Margaret Thatcher Have In Common? WCCO Minneapolis - Fri Nov 16, 8:46 AM ET
Posh Spice, Margaret Thatcher and J.K. Rowling are named some of the top role models for women in business in the U.K., Karen Leigh reports (0:32).

China vows safe Olympics Reuters - 2 hours, 41 minutes ago

Fighting genital mutilation in Egypt AFP - Fri Nov 16, 8:45 AM ET
The Egyptian government has pledged to step up its fight against female genital mutilation in Egypt, where the vast majority of Muslim and Christian women are subjected to excision. The authorities are threatening to punish doctors carrying out the operations, and have launched an information campaign. One association has for years held seminars in the Beni Sueif region to break the taboo surrounding the problem.

I-5 Truck Tunnel In Newhall Pass Reopens CBS 2 / KCAL 9 Los Angeles - Fri Nov 16, 8:45 AM ET
Repairs to the southbound truck tunnel on the Golden State (5) Freeway were completed over two weeks earlier than anticipated. Jennifer Davis reports.

Global warming 'hits everyone' BBC - 2 hours, 43 minutes ago
Every country will be affected by global warming say leading researchers meeting in Valencia, Spain.

Morning Headlines For 11/16 WCCO Minneapolis - Fri Nov 16, 8:37 AM ET
A cyclone blew ashore late last night in Bangladesh killing at least 242 people; Barry Bonds has been indicted; Family of Edina girl injured in club pool files lawsuit, Karen Leigh and Bill Hudson report (2:17).

Nascar Race Features NEXTEL Experience CBS4 Miami - Fri Nov 16, 8:33 AM ET
Evan Bacon talks about the NEXTEL Fan Experience at the Ford Championship weekend taking place at the Homestead-Miami Speedway.

Omega acids affect mood CNN - Fri Nov 16, 9:31 AM ET
CNN's Dr. Sanjay Gupta explains the differences between Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids, and how they affect your mood.

Storm Outlook for Friday AccuWeather - Fri Nov 16, 8:30 AM ET

Hate crime justice CNN - 2 hours, 44 minutes ago
Critics say the Justice Department is turning a blind eye to hate crimes. CNN's Kelli Arena reports.

Storm Outlook for Saturday AccuWeather - Fri Nov 16, 8:30 AM ET
S. Fla. Revs Up For Ford Championship Weekend CBS4 Miami - Fri Nov 16, 8:27 AM ET
The NASCAR Championship weekend is here. Evan Bacon talks to Ford 200 truck driver Brandan Gaughan and his crew chief, Brian Barry who is from South Florida.

Nigersaurus Unveiled ABC News - 2 hours, 55 minutes ago
The dinosaur discovered in the Sahara is on display in Washington, D.C.

Last Minute Preps Underway For Light Up Night KDKA Pittsburgh - Fri Nov 16, 8:26 AM ET
KDKA's John Cater has more as downtown Pittsburgh prepares for Light Up Night, the kick off to the city's holiday season!

Robotic cockroaches take power BBC - 2 hours, 56 minutes ago
Robotic cockroaches have integrated themselves into the insects' society, say scientists.

Thieves Target Dallas Check Cashing Store Again CBS 11 Dallas - Fri Nov 16, 8:20 AM ET
A month after a man bought a the Dollar Check Cashing on Forest Lane, thieves broke into the store. The previous owner sold it because he was robbed at gunpoint, the new owner said.

Cyclone Sidr death toll rises Reuters - Fri Nov 16, 9:48 AM ET
911 Call From Deputy Paul Rein's Shooting Released CBS4 Miami - Fri Nov 16, 8:19 AM ET
The Broward Sheriff's Office made public 911 calls on Thursday from the morning Deputy Paul Rein was killed.

Fast food ban sought CNN - Fri Nov 16, 9:44 AM ET
CNN's Dr. Sanjay Gupta reports on one city's unusual proposal to curb obesity.

Owner Reopens Landmark Flea Market Closed By City CBS4 Miami - Fri Nov 16, 8:16 AM ET
The owner of the landmark flea market in Opa-Locka has reopened his business after it was shutdown by the city and plans to file an injuction against the city of Opa-Locka.

DNA Link in Italian Murder Mystery ABC News - Fri Nov 16, 9:37 AM ET
Traces of Amanda Knox's DNA are found on knife linked to the investigation.

Good Question: Get The Best Treatment When Bumped CBS4 Denver - Fri Nov 16, 7:57 AM ET
Airlines often bump passengers because flights are overbooked. CBS4's Alan Gionet asks the Good Question: How do you get the best treatment when you're bumped? Experts say to get a check instead of a voucher. Also call instead of standing in line.

Musharraf frees Bhutto Reuters - Fri Nov 16, 9:37 AM ET
Police Make Arrest After Child Is Assaulted KDKA Pittsburgh - Fri Nov 16, 7:51 AM ET
A man is in police custody after a young child was found unresponsive in her home on Thursday; KDKA's Alison Morris reports.

Fiery Democratic Debate ABC News - Fri Nov 16, 9:35 AM ET
Clinton takes some punches and hits back at rivals Obama and Edwards.

Former Graland Teacher Due In Court On Sex Charges CBS4 Denver - Fri Nov 16, 7:50 AM ET
Meredith Hollen, a former teacher at Graland Country Day School in Denver, is accused of several encounters with a former male student over a 3 month period, Shaun Boyd reports. She s due in court Friday morning.

Deadly Cyclone Hits Asia ABC News - Fri Nov 16, 9:35 AM ET
Hundreds are killed as a powerful cyclone slams into Bangladesh.

Parents Of Missing Nurse Care For Granddaughter CBS4 Denver - Fri Nov 16, 7:47 AM ET
Homicide Detective assigned to case of missing Air Force nurse Nonnie Dotson in Jefferson County. Dotson's daughter is living with the nurse's parents in Texas, Suzanne McCarroll reports.

Vaccinations or jail CNN - Fri Nov 16, 9:18 AM ET
CNN's Dr. Sanjay Gupta reports on a school district's controversial to plan to get students vaccinated.

Officers Shot Customers In Denver Lunch Gunfight CBS4 Denver - Fri Nov 16, 7:42 AM ET
Undercover officers who got into a shootout with a suspected robber in a restaurant where they were eating in Denver did what they had to do, police officials said Thursday. Jodi Brooks reports.

97-Year-Old Grad ABC News - Fri Nov 16, 9:03 AM ET
Evie Eaves of Texas earns her GED.

He's Back! Howie Carr Returns TO WRKO WBZ Boston - Fri Nov 16, 7:33 AM ET
A familiar voice is returning to the radio dials Friday. Howie Carr is returning to WRKO after a nasty court fight with the station.

Deadly cold virus CNN - Fri Nov 16, 8:40 AM ET
CNN's Dr. Sanjay Gupta reports on a new strain of the common cold virus that has killed at least 10 people.

Landmark Flea Market Closed By City CBS4 Miami - Fri Nov 16, 7:33 AM ET
It's a landmark in Opa-Locka, but when sellers arrive at the Opa-Locka Hialeah Flea Market Friday morning, they may not be allowed to sell. Code enforcement officials shut the business down late Thursday, citing code violations & safety issues.

New Way to Save for the Holidays ABC News - Fri Nov 16, 8:39 AM ET
Dell is launching a virtual piggy bank for friends and family to donate money.

Ex Sheriff Ken Jenne Faces Sentencing Friday CBS4 Miami - Fri Nov 16, 7:33 AM ET
Former Broward Sheriff Ken Jenne is preparing to face the music; Friday he will be sentenced to up to 2 years in prison on federal corruption charges.

The Bottom Line: Clinton at the Debate ABC News - Fri Nov 16, 8:36 AM ET
George Stephanopoulos breaks down N.Y. senator's comeback in Nevada.

Main Line Death Under Investigation CBS 3 Philadelphia - Fri Nov 16, 7:12 AM ET
Brandy Bell reports police are investigating the suspicious death of a man in his Main Line community

Midair Collision Narrowly Averted ABC News - Fri Nov 16, 8:34 AM ET
Two planes fly within 600 feet of each other near Chicago.

Peterson's Second Wife Says He Was Dangerous CBS 2 Chicago - Fri Nov 16, 7:05 AM ET
As the search for missing mom Stacy Peterson continues, one of Drew Peterson's ex-wives says he was violent and abusive. CBS 2's Rafael Romo reports.
Musharraf swears in new gov't, Bhutto speaks out AP - Fri Nov 16, 8:24 AM ET
Authorities freed opposition leader Benazir Bhutto from house arrest Friday, hours before the arrival in Pakistan of a senior U.S. official expected to urge the country's military leader to end emergency rule. (Nov. 16)

Police: Man Arrested In Assault On Young Child KDKA Pittsburgh - Fri Nov 16, 6:54 AM ET
Police say they have made an arrest this morning after a baby was found near death late Thursday night in Troy Hill; KDKA's Alison Morris reports.

Staying healthy when flying CNN - Fri Nov 16, 7:24 AM ET
Plan ahead in order to stay healthy while flying, as CNN's Judy Fortin reports in this Health Minute.

Seneca Valley Teachers Go Back To Class KDKA Pittsburgh - Fri Nov 16, 6:50 AM ET
Teachers in the Seneca Valley School District are returning to work today without a contract; KDKA's Bob Allen reports.

Residents versus developers Reuters - Fri Nov 16, 7:10 AM ET
Holiday Travel Headaches Already At Logan Airport WBZ Boston - Fri Nov 16, 6:47 AM ET
Many people are headed to Logan and other airports today hoping to avoid the holiday travel rush. Meanwhile President Bush is hoping a new travel plan will avoid the frustration and waiting travelers have faced in the past. WBZ's Kate Merril reports.

Report: Bangladesh cyclone kills 425 (AP)

AP - A cyclone that slammed into Bangladesh's coast with 140 mph winds killed at least 425 people before heading inland and losing strength, a local news agency said Friday.

Senate blocks Iraq war money (AP) AP - The Senate on Friday blocked a Democratic proposal to pay for the Iraq war but require that troops start coming home.US envoy carries warning to Pakistan (AP) AP - A senior U.S. envoy who said Pakistan's democratic process had been "derailed" carried a stern warning Friday to President Gen. Pervez Musharraf from the Bush administration to end ...Industrial production dropped in Oct. (AP) AP - Industrial production plunged in October by the largest amount in nine months, reflecting a big drop in utility output and continued troubles in autos and housing-related industries.Clinton accuses rivals of mud-slinging (AP)

New York Times - Latest News and Video

Dancing Hillary

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In Mississippi, Poor Lag in Hurricane Aid

By LESLIE EATON

The Edgewood Manor housing project, above, has not had any repairs since it was damaged by Hurricane Katrina.

The state is the only one for which the White House has waived the rule that 50 percent of its federal grants be spent on low-income programs.

Court Rejects Fuel Standards on Trucks

By FELICITY BARRINGER and MICHELINE MAYNARD

A federal appeals court said that new fuel-economy standards for light trucks, including S.U.V.’s, didn’t thoroughly assess the impact of greenhouse gases.

The New York Review of Books

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Tolstoy's Real Hero By Orlando Figes War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy,translated
from the Russian by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky
In his Lectures on Russian Literature Vladimir Nabokov maintains that '...
The In-Between Woman By Cathleen Schine Learning to Drive:
And Other Life Stories by Katha Pollitt Katha Pollitt is known as
a good old-fashioned feminist and leftist columnist for The Nation, as well as a prize-...
The Partisan By Michael Tomasky The Conscience of a Liberal by
Paul Krugman Difficult as it is to remember now, there was a time in
the United States, as recently as fifteen or so years ago, when we were ...
The Green vs. the Brown Amazon By John Terborgh The Last Forest:
The Amazon in the Age of Globalization by Mark London and Brian Kelly
One of the first things any Brazilian tells a foreigner is that Brazil is really two co...
Looking for 'Lucia'

Clinton accuses rivals of mud-slinging (AP)

AP - Under pressure in a feisty debate, Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton accused her closest rivals''

Thursday night of slinging mud "right out of the Republican playbook" and leveled her sharpest ...

Romney assails Giuliani on immigration (AP) AP - Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney said Thursday that formerNew York Mayor Rudy Giuliani is partly responsible for the vast number ofillegal immigrants living in the U.S. today.Clinton hits 'boys' in Democratic debate (AP) AP -Hillary Rodham Clinton showed she knows how to use the roughhouse tacticsof the political boys club.N.H., Iowa voters get anti-Romney calls (AP) AP -Residents in New Hampshire and Iowa have received phone calls raising questions about Republican presidential hopeful Mitt Romney, his Mormon faith and the Vietnam War-era military deferments he ...Gore, Schwarzenegger push climate forum (AP)

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Bridget's Views On Men Understanding Women

You are great........

07/20/2007by eclipse_gt_2k

I like watching Brigitte she is so f$%&in Hillarious.... I love the way she puts her videos together, you never know what she is going to do next. Brigitte if you read this i just wanna say keep doing what your doing you are great.....Huge fan of ya. Have a wonderful day and stay away from them bugs.

BRIDGET ON:Kid Nation

TV Squad Daily with Brigitte: 07-19-2007

Today: Kid Nation, the new reality show, is creating some major controversy

11/14/2007by blood_with_heavy_metal

i think you are make some program for your self about which movies you like and i think (FORGET ABOUT MOVIES YOU ARE SOO BEUTIFULL ) :X

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brigitte_dale

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Today: Kid Nation, the new reality show, is creating some major controversy

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'Why didn't nobody notice?'

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Presidents who suffered attempted assassinations

Andrew Jackson - would-be assassin: Richard Lawrence (both derringers misfired)
Harry Truman - Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torresola attempted to storm Blair House, residence of Truman
Gerald Ford - would be assassins: Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme and Sara Jane Moore, in two separate incidences
Ronald Reagan - shot and wounded by John W. Hinkley, Jr

The history evidence is fairly clear, if you are keen about trying ot become the President of the United States of Ameerica, all these problems can be solved by joining uo with either the Freemason and/or one of thir other associated secret societies like Yales famous Skull and Bones Society, The Council On Foreign Relations, the Trilateral Commision or the Bilderberg Group. By doing so yo will make a lot of loyal friends, become rich and powerful, and even if you do not make it to the top of the food chain as the President of the USA, you are sure ot end up with a great well paid job as a public servant working as an assistant to one of the other Freemason Presidents of the USA.

If you do join the Freemasons, and become the President of the USA, you mae have a great momument built with your name on it, like the one build below to honout the First Freemason President of The USA George Washington. the name goerge seems ot be very popular when it comes to Freemason USA President..The have in fact been two George Bush Presidents. James is also a popular name to name you son,if you think yoy would like to groom him up for a shot to become the President of the United Stated of America.

http://ctgrandlodge.ctfreemasons.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=396&Itemid=55

GEORGE WASHINGTON MASONIC NATIONAL MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION Centennial Celebration

On February 22, 1910, George Washington’s 178th birthday, Masonic leaders from across the nation

met in Alexandria, Virginia and formed an association for the purpose of building a great memorial to honor America’s foremost Freemason. February 22, 2010, the 100th Anniversary of the founding of the George Washington Masonic National Memorial Association, will be a day of great festivities.

In honor of the occasion, the Conference of Grand Masters of North America, hosted by the Grand Lodge of Virginia, will be held in nearby Arlington. Delegates will attend the Association’s Annual Meeting and celebrate the 100th Anniversary and Washington’s 278th birthday at the Memorial.

At the Annual Meeting, a new portrait of George Washington as a Freemason will be unveiled. Painted by local artist, Christopher Erney, the portrait will be a new interpretation of Washington. Prints of the portrait will be available at the meeting. Complementing the portrait is a new video. It presents George Washington as the inspiration for the founding of America and explores the founding of the George Washington Masonic National Memorial Association. Underwritten by the Masonic Charity Foundation of Oklahoma, it will be available on DVD and as a download from the Memorial’s website for Masonic education.

The Memorial's new logo to commemorate the occasion was also designed by local artist Christopher Erney. The logo combines the Washington Family Crest with numerous Masonic symbols. Its Square and Compasses is taken from the Memorial’s 1923 cornerstone affirms the Association's motto "In Memoriam Perpetuam" as it supports Freemasonry in a new century of service.

Following the Annual Meeting, the International Order of DeMolay will rededicate the colossal bronze statue of George Washington in Memorial Hall and reaffirm the role of DeMolay young men in Freemasonry. The statue was a gift to the Memorial from the DeMolay and 2010 marks the 60th Anniversary of its unveiling by President and Past Grand Master Harry S. Truman.

On display during the celebration will be the Trowel and Gavel used at the 1793 Cornerstone Laying of the United States Capitol by George Washington and the 1752 Fredericksburg Lodge No. 4 Bible upon which a young Washington took upon himself his Masonic obligations.

The new White House Stones Exhibit will be inaugurated at the celebration. Each stone in the exhibit is marked by one of the Scots Masons who helped build the White House in the 1790s. The stones were discovered during the restoration of the White House by President Harry S. Truman in 1948. President Truman had the stones labeled and one was sent to each U.S. Grand Lodge and other Masonic organizations. The Exhibit reassembles nearly 50 stones. The Exhibit also includes minute books from Lodge No. 8 of Edinburgh recording the stonemasons’ marks and noting those who have “gone to America.” A matching Minute Book of Federal Lodge No. 1 will show those Scots masons forming the first lodge in 1793 on White House grounds. The exhibit is supported by the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, Southern Jurisdiction, Valley of Washington, Orient of the District of Columbia, and by the Grand Lodge, F.A.A.M., of the District of Columbia. A gala reception will be held in Grand Masonic Hall and while the Annual Meeting is being held the ladies will enjoy an entertaining program in the North Lodge Room. A Centennial Celebration souvenir booklet containing a brief history of the Association including historic and current photographs will be distributed and several commemorative gift items will also be available and on display.
2010 is a unique celebration year for the Memorial Association. Together we are celebrating 100 years of dedication to Freemasonry’s greatest brother and honoring the countless brothers who built and sustain the Memorial. Equally important, 2010 marks a pledge of rededicated service, trusting in God that the century ahead will be filled with success and achievement. The Association shines as a bright light of Masonry as it fulfills its mission: “To inspire humanity through education to emulate and promote the virtues, character and vision of George Washington, the Man, the Mason and Father of our Country.”

To learn more, please visit the Memorial’s website: www.gwmemorial.org

http://ctgrandlodge.ctfreemasons.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=59

What is Freemasonry?

Freemasonry is the oldest fraternal organization in the world. It is dedicated to promoting improvement in the character of its members. A Mason is taught to be a good citizen. To be of good character. To care for those less fortunate, and to give back to his community. The Masonic fraternity contributes over $1 Billion each year to its philanthropic pursuits. Over $750 Million of that in the United States alone. The Crippled Children's and Burns Hospitals sponsored by Shrine Masons are world famous for their ability to help those most in need. Freemasonry traces its roots to the Middle Ages. It is from associations of stone masons, who built the magnificent cathedrals, castles, and monasteries of Europe that the fraternity started. These groups, eventually, began to accept members who were not actual working masons. At that time they adopted the term "Accepted" Masons, and Freemasonry was born.

Is Masonry A Religion?
No, it is not a religion. This is not to say that masons do not have religious beliefs. One of the tenets of the Masonic Fraternity is that its members are free to express their beliefs in the religion of their choice. However, it is also a condition of membership that each recognize that the wonders of the universe are not here as a result of our doing. But rather as a result of a Supreme Being, who brings order and purpose to our existence. Is Masonry A Secret Society? This is a widespread misconception, and is completely untrue. The so-called secrets of Freemasonry have actually been in print for well over a century. The fraternity does nothing to hide its existence, its purpose or its membership. The lessons taught in our meetings are meant for the improvement and education of our members. As such, there are portions of these lessons that are not discussed with those outside of the fraternity. Grand Lodge - Local Lodges A Grand Lodge is the governing body for a series of Local Lodges. The Local Lodge is where individual members belong. It is also where instruction is given and the actual work of the Fraternity is conducted. The first Grand Lodge was founded in London, England in 1717. It is from them that other countries petitioned for their own charters. They formed in groups, establishing their own Grand Lodges, which in turn gave charters to Local Lodges. Today, there are more than 150 Grand Lodges worldwide with a collective membership of more than 6,000,000. What Are The Requirements For Membership? Membership in the Masonic Fraternity is an act of free will. A man must ask for the opportunity. The potential member must be at least eighteen years of age, of sound moral character, and able to express his belief in a Supreme Being. One member of the Local Lodge being petitioned, as well as one other Mason, must be willing to sign his petition. His election is by unanimous consent. Masonic Charity The Masonic Fraternity believes that its members have an obligation to give back to their communities, and to benefit others. It is an important point to emphasize that Masons are taught to go about these tasks in a quiet, unassuming fashion. This is meant to impress upon our members that it is the work, and not the individual, that is of importance. It is also to preserve the dignity of those for whom the work is performed. The philanthropic work of our Grand Lodge jurisdiction and its appendant bodies are as follows:
Freemasonry - A Way of Life As the oldest, largest, and best known fraternal organization in the world, Freemasonry opens its doors to all who endorse its teachings. A strong belief in family, community, pride in our country, and sound ethical and moral values are what distinguish the Masonic fraternity. Our strength lies in the unity of our conviction to these ideals.

Masonic Body	Support Charity
Connecticut Grand Lodge	The Masonic Charity Foundation, Connecticut Freemasons Foundation
Scottish Rite	Schizophrenia Research, Masonic Museum and Library, Children's Learning Centers, and Scholarships
Knights Templar	Eye Foundation and Research
Tall Cedars of Lebanon	Muscular Dystrophy
Shrines of North America	Crippled and Burned Children's Hospitals
Grotto	Dental Care for Children with Special Needs Program and an annual grant to United Cerebral Research.
Eastern Star	Cancer Research and Religious Scholarships
Amaranth	Diabetes Research
Chapter, RAM	RICRA
Council, Royal and Select Masters	Arterial Sclerosis

Interested? For membership information, please visit our How to Join

George Washington (February 22, 1732 [O.S. February 11, 1731]^[1]^[2]^[3]– December 14, 1799) was the commander of theContinental Army in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) and the first President of the United States of America (1789–1797).^[4] For his central role in the formation of the United States, he is often referred to as the father of his country.^[5]^[6]d the official British dating method to the Gregorian calendar with the start of the year on January 1.
George Washington

Personal life Religious beliefs Monuments and memorials Legacy Early life and education Career French and Indian War (Seven Years War) Militia versus regular army Between the wars American Revolution Presidency

Portrait of George Washington byGilbert Stuart

The Continental Congress appointed Washington commander-in-chief of the American revolutionary forces in 1775. The following year, he forced the British out of Boston, lost New York City, and crossed the Delaware River in New Jersey, defeating the surprised enemy units later that year. As a result of his strategy, Revolutionary forces captured the two main British combat armies at Saratoga and Yorktown. Negotiating with Congress, the colonial states, and French allies, he held together a tenuous army and a fragile nation amid the threats of disintegration and failure. Following the end of the war in 1783, King George IIIasked what Washington would do next and was told of rumors that he'd return to his farm; this prompted the king to state, "If he does that, he will be the greatest man in the world." Washington did return to private life and retired to his plantation at Mount Vernon.^[7]

He presided over the Philadelphia Convention that drafted the United States Constitution in 1787 because of general dissatisfaction with the Articles of Confederation. Washington became President of the United States in 1789 and established many of the customs and usages of the new government's executive department. He sought to create a nation capable of surviving in a world torn asunder by war between Britain and France. His unilateral Proclamation of Neutrality of 1793 provided a basis for avoiding any involvement in foreign conflicts. He supported plans to build a strong central government by funding thenational debt, implementing an effective tax system, and creating a national bank. Washington avoided the temptation of war and a decade of peace with Britain began with the Jay Treaty in 1795; he used his prestige to get it ratified over intense opposition from the Jeffersonians. Although never officially joining the Federalist Party, he supported its programs and was its inspirational leader. Washington's farewell address was a primer on republican virtue and a stern warning against partisanship, sectionalism, and involvement in foreign wars.

Washington was awarded the very first Congressional Gold Medal with the Thanks of Congress.^[8]

Washington died in 1799, and the funeral oration delivered by Henry Lee stated that of all Americans, he was "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen".^[9] Washington has been consistently ranked by scholars as one of thegreatest U.S. Presidents.

Early life and education

George Washington was born on February 22, 1732 [O.S. February 11, 1731]^[1]^[2]^[3] the first child of Augustine Washington and his second wife, Mary Ball Washington, on their Pope's Creek Estate near present-day Colonial Beach in Westmoreland County, Virginia. His father had four children by his first wife, Jane Butler: two died young, but two sons survived (Lawrence, born circa 1718, and Augustine, born circa 1720), making George the third son, but very much younger. Moving to Ferry Farm in Stafford County at age six, George was educated in the home by his father and eldest brother.^[10] The growth of tobacco as a commodity in Virginia could be measured by the number of slaves imported to cultivate it. When Washington was born, the population of the colony was 50 percent black, mostly enslaved Africans and African Americans.^[11]

In his youth, Washington worked as a surveyor, and acquired what would become invaluable knowledge of the terrain around his native Colony of Virginia.^[12] His eldest brother's marriage into the powerful Fairfax family gained young George the patronage ofThomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, the Proprietor of the Northern Neck, which encompassed some five million acres. In late July 1749, immediately following the establishment of the town of Alexandria, Virginia along the Potomac River, 17-year old George was commissioned as the first Surveyor of the newly created Culpeper County, Virginia in the interior of the colony. This appointment was undoubtedly secured at the behest of Lord Fairfax and his cousin (and resident land agent) William Fairfax of Belvoir, who sat on the Governor's Council.^[13]

Career

Washington embarked upon a career as a planter, which historians defined as those who held 20 or more slaves. In 1748 he was invited to help survey Lord Fairfax's lands west of the Blue Ridge. In 1749, he was appointed to his first public office, surveyor of newly created Culpeper County.^[10]^[14] Through his half-brother, Lawrence Washington, he became interested in theOhio Company, which aimed to exploit Western lands. In 1751, George and his half-brother traveled to Barbados, staying at Bush Hill House,^[15] hoping for an improvement in Lawrence's tuberculosis. This was the only time George Washington traveled outside what is now the United States.^[16] After Lawrence's death in 1752, George inherited part of his estate and took over some of Lawrence's duties as adjutant of the colony.^[17]

In late 1752, Virginia's newly arrived Governor, Robert Dinwiddie, divided command of the militia into four regions and George applied for one of the commands, his only qualifications being his zeal and being the younger brother of the former adjutant. Washington was appointed a district adjutant general in the Virginia militia in 1752,^[10] which appointed him Major Washington at the age of 20. He was charged with training the militia in the quarter assigned to him.^[18] At age 21, inFredericksburg, Washington became a Master Mason in the organization of Freemasons, afraternal organization that was a lifelong influence.^[19]^[20]

In December 1753, Washington was asked by Governor Dinwiddie to carry a British ultimatum to the French Canadians on the Ohio frontier.^[10] Washington assessed French military strength and intentions, and delivered the message to the French Canadians at Fort Le Boeuf in present dayWaterford, Pennsylvania. The message, which went unheeded, called for the French Canadians to abandon their development of the Ohio country. The two colonial powers were heading toward worldwide conflict. Washington's report on the affair was widely read on both sides of the Atlantic.

French and Indian War (Seven Years War)

In 1754, Dinwiddie commissioned Washington a Lieutenant Colonel and ordered him to lead an expedition to Fort Duquesne to drive out the French Canadians.^[10] With his American Indian allies led by Tanacharison, Washington and his troops ambushed a French Canadian scouting party of some 30 men, led by Joseph Coulon de Jumonville.^[21] Washington and his troops were subsequently overwhelmed at Fort Necessity by a larger and better positioned French Canadian and Indian force, in what was Washington's only military surrender. The terms of surrender included a statement that Washington had assassinated Jumonville after the ambush. Washington could not read French, and, unaware of what it said, signed his name.^[22] Released by the French Canadians, Washington returned to Virginia, where he was cleared of blame for the defeat, but resigned because he did not like the new arrangement of the Virginia Militia.^[22]

In 1755, Washington was an aide to British General Edward Braddock on the ill-fated Monongahela expedition.^[10] This was a major effort to retake the Ohio Country. While Braddock was killed and the expedition ended in disaster, Washington distinguished himself as the Hero of the Monongahela.^[23] While Washington's role during the battle has been debated, biographer Joseph Ellis asserts that Washington rode back and forth across the battlefield, rallying the remnant of the British and Virginian forces to a retreat.^[24]Subsequent to this action, Washington was given a difficult frontier command in the Virginia mountains, and was rewarded by being promoted to colonel and named commander of all Virginia forces.^[10]

In 1758, Washington participated as a Brigadier General in the Forbes expedition that prompted French evacuation of Fort Duquesne, and British establishment of Pittsburgh.^[10]Later that year, Washington resigned from active military service and spent the next sixteen years as a Virginia planter and politician.^[25]

Militia versus regular army

As a colonial militia officer, albeit a high ranking one, Washington was acutely conscious of the disparity between officers in the militia and the regular British Army establishment. His eldest brother Lawrence had been fortunate to be awarded a commission in the British Army, as "Captain in a Regiment of Foot", in summer 1740, when the British Army raised a new regiment (the 61st Foot, known as Gooch's American Regiment) in the colonies, for service in the West Indies during the War of Jenkins' Ear.^[26]^[27] Each colony was allowed to appoint its own company officers—the captains and lieutenants—and signed commissions were distributed by Colonel William Blakeney to the various governors.^[28]Fifteen years later, when General Braddock arrived in Virginia in 1755 with two regiments of regulars (the 44th and 48th Foot), Washington sought to obtain a commission, but none were available for purchase.^[29] Rather than serve as a militia lieutenant colonel, where he would be outranked by more junior officers in the regulars, Washington chose to serve in a private capacity as aide-de-camp to the general; as an aide, he could command British regulars.^[30] Following Braddock's defeat, the British Parliament decided in November 1755 to create a new Royal American Regiment of Foot—later renamed King's Royal Rifle Corps. Unlike the earlier "American Regiment" of 1740–42, all of the officers were recruited in England and Europe in early 1756.

Between the wars

On January 6, 1759, Washington married the widow Martha Dandridge Custis. Surviving letters suggest that he may have been in love at the time with Sally Fairfax, the wife of a friend. Some historians believe George and Martha were distantly related.

Nevertheless, George and Martha made a good marriage, and together raised her two children from her previous marriage, John Parke Custisand Martha Parke Custis, affectionately called "Jackie" and "Patsy" by the family. Later the Washingtons raised two of Mrs. Washington's grandchildren, Eleanor Parke Custis and George Washington Parke Custis. George and Martha never had any children together—his earlier bout with smallpox followed, possibly, by tuberculosis may have made him sterile. The newlywed couple moved to Mount Vernon, where he took up the life of a planter and political figure.^[31]

Washington's marriage to Martha, a wealthy widow, greatly increased his property holdings and social standing. He acquired one-third of the 18,000 acre (73 km²) Custis estate upon his marriage, and managed the remainder on behalf of Martha's children. He frequently bought additional land in his own name. In addition, he was granted land in what is now West Virginia as a bounty for his service in the French and Indian War. By 1775, Washington had doubled the size of Mount Vernon to 6,500 acres (26 km²), and had increased the slave population there to more than 100 persons. As a respected military hero and large landowner, he held local office and was elected to the Virginia provincial legislature, the House of Burgesses, beginning in 1758.^[32]

Washington lived an aristocratic lifestyle—fox hunting was a favorite leisure activity. Like most Virginia planters, he imported luxuries and other goods from England and paid for them by exporting his tobacco crop. Extravagant spending and the unpredictability of the tobacco market meant that many Virginia planters of Washington's day were losing money. (Thomas Jefferson, for example, would die deeply in debt.)

Washington began to pull himself out of debt by diversification. By 1766, he had switched Mount Vernon's primary cash crop from tobacco to wheat, a crop which could be sold in America, and diversified operations to include flour milling, fishing, horse breeding, spinning, and weaving. Patsy Custis's death in 1773 from epilepsy enabled Washington to pay off his British creditors, since half of her inheritance passed to him.^[33]

During these years, Washington concentrated on his business activities and remained somewhat aloof from politics. Although he expressed opposition to the 1765 Stamp Act, the first direct tax on the colonies, he did not take a leading role in the growing colonial resistance until after protests of the Townshend Acts (enacted in 1767) had become widespread. In May 1769, Washington introduced a proposal drafted by his friend George Mason, which called for Virginia to boycott English goods until the Acts were repealed. Parliament repealed the Townshend Acts in 1770, and, for Washington at least, the crisis had passed. However, Washington regarded the passage of the Intolerable Acts in 1774 as "an Invasion of our Rights and Privileges." In July 1774, he chaired the meeting at which the "Fairfax Resolves" were adopted, which called for, among other things, the convening of a Continental Congress. In August, Washington attended theFirst Virginia Convention, where he was selected as a delegate to the First Continental Congress.^[34]

American Revolution

After fighting broke out in April 1775, Washington appeared at the Second Continental Congress in military uniform, signaling that he was prepared for war. Washington had the prestige, the military experience, the charisma and military bearing, the reputation of being a strong patriot, and he was supported by the South, especially Virginia. Although he did not explicitly seek the office of commander and even claimed that he was not equal to it, there was no serious competition. Congress created the Continental Army on June 14, 1775. Nominated by John Adams of Massachusetts, Washington was then appointed Major General and elected by Congress to be Commander-in-chief.^[10]

Washington assumed command of the Continental Army in the field at Cambridge, Massachusetts in July 1775,^[10] during the ongoing siege of Boston. Realizing his army's desperate shortage of gunpowder, Washington asked for new sources. British arsenals were raided (including some in the Caribbean) and some manufacturing was attempted; a barely adequate supply (about 2.5 million pounds) was obtained by the end of 1776, mostly from France.^[35] Washington reorganized the army during the long standoff, and forced the British to withdraw by putting artillery on Dorchester Heights overlooking the city. The British evacuated Boston and Washington moved his army to New York City.

Although negative toward the patriots in the Continental Congress, British newspapers routinely praised Washington's personal character and qualities as a military commander. These were bold articles about an enemy general who commanded an army in a cause that many Britons believed would ruin the empire.^[36] Washington's refusal to become involved in politics buttressed his reputation as a man fully committed to the military mission at hand and above the factional fray.

In August 1776, British General William Howe launched a massive naval and land campaign designed to seize New York and offer a negotiated settlement. The Continental Army under Washington engaged the enemy for the first time as an army of the newly declared independent United States at the Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the entire war. His army's subsequent nighttime retreat across the East River without the loss of a single life or materiel has been seen by some historians as one of Washington's greatest military feats.^[37] This and several other British victories sent Washington scrambling out of New York and across New Jersey, which left the future of the Continental Army in doubt. On the night of December 25, 1776, Washington staged a counterattack, leading the American forces across the Delaware River to capture nearly 1,000 Hessians in Trenton, New Jersey. Washington followed up his victory at Trenton with another one at Princeton in early January. These victories alone were not enough to ensure ultimate victory, however, as many did not reenlist or deserted during the harsh winter. Washington reorganized the army with increased rewards for staying and punishment for desertion, which raised troop numbers effectively for subsequent battles.^[38]

British forces defeated Washington's troops in the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777. Howe outmaneuvered Washington and marched into Philadelphia unopposed on September 26. Washington's army unsuccessfully attacked the British garrison at Germantown in early October. Meanwhile, Burgoyne, out of reach from help from Howe, was trapped and forced to surrender his entire army at Saratoga, New York. France responded to Burgoyne's defeat by entering the war, openly allying with America and turning the Revolutionary War into a major worldwide war. Washington's loss of Philadelphia prompted some members of Congress to discuss removing Washington from command. Thisattempt failed after Washington's supporters rallied behind him.^[39]

Washington's army camped at Valley Forge in December 1777, staying there for the next six months. Over the winter, 2,500 men of the 10,000-strong force died from disease and exposure. The next spring, however, the army emerged from Valley Forge in good order, thanks in part to a full-scale training program supervised by Baron von Steuben, a veteran of the Prussian general staff. The British evacuated Philadelphia to New York in 1778 but Washington attacked them at Monmouth and drove them from the battlefield. Afterwards, the British continued to head towards New York. Washington moved his army outside of New York.

In the summer of 1779 at Washington's direction, General John Sullivan carried out a decisive scorched earth campaign that destroyed at least forty Iroquois villages throughout present-day central and upstate New York in retaliation for Iroquois and Tory attacks against American settlements earlier in the war. Washington delivered the final blow to the British in 1781, after a French naval victory allowed American and French forces to trap a British army in Virginia. The surrender at Yorktown on October 17, 1781, marked the end of most fighting. Though known for his successes in the war and of his life that followed, Washington suffered many defeats before achieving victory.

In March 1783, Washington used his influence to disperse a group of Army officers who had threatened to confront Congress regarding their back pay. By the Treaty of Paris (signed that September), Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States. Washington disbanded his army and, on November 2, gave an eloquent farewell address to his soldiers.^[40]

On November 25, the British evacuated New York City, and Washington and the governor took possession. At Fraunces Tavern on December 4, Washington formally bade his officers farewell and on December 23, 1783, he resigned his commission as commander-in-chief, emulating the Roman general Cincinnatus. He was an exemplar of the republican ideal of citizen leadership who rejected power. During this period, there was no position of President of the United States under the Articles of Confederation, the forerunner to the Constitution.

Washington's retirement to Mount Vernon was short-lived. He made an exploratory trip to the western frontier in 1784,^[10] was persuaded to attend the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787, and was unanimously elected president of the Convention. He participated little in the debates involved (though he did vote for or against the various articles), but his high prestige maintained collegiality and kept the delegates at their labors. The delegates designed the presidency with Washington in mind, and allowed him to define the office once elected. After the Convention, his support convinced many, including the Virginia legislature, to vote for ratification; the new Constitution was ratified by all 13 states.

Presidency

The Electoral College elected Washington unanimously in 1789, and again in the 1792 election; he remains the only president to have received 100% of the electoral votes. At his inauguration, he insisted on having Barbados Rum served.^[41] John Adams was elected vice president. Washington took the oath of office as the first President under the Constitution for the United States of America on April 30, 1789, at Federal Hall in New York City although, at first, he had not wanted the position.^[42]

The 1st United States Congress voted to pay Washington a salary of $25,000 a year—a large sum in 1789. Washington, already wealthy, declined the salary, since he valued his image as a selfless public servant. At the urging of Congress, however, he ultimately accepted the payment, to avoid setting a precedent whereby the presidency would be perceived as limited only to independently wealthy individuals who could serve without any salary. Washington attended carefully to the pomp and ceremony of office, making sure that the titles and trappings were suitably republican and never emulated European royal courts. To that end, he preferred the title "Mr. President" to the more majestic names suggested.

Washington proved an able administrator. An excellent delegator and judge of talent and character, he held regular cabinet meetings to debate issues before making a final decision. In handling routine tasks, he was "systematic, orderly, energetic, solicitous of the opinion of others but decisive, intent upon general goals and the consistency of particular actions with them."^[43]

Washington reluctantly served a second term as president. He refused to run for a third, establishing the customary policy of a maximum of two terms for a president which later became law by the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution.^[44]

Domestic issues

Washington was not a member of any political party and hoped that they would not be formed, fearing conflict and stagnation. His closest advisors formed two factions, setting the framework for the future First Party System. Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton had bold plans to establish the national credit and build a financially powerful nation, and formed the basis of the Federalist Party. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, founder of the Jeffersonian Republicans, strenuously opposed Hamilton's agenda, but Washington favored Hamilton over Jefferson.

The Residence Act of 1790, which Washington signed, authorized the President to select the specific location of the permanent seat of the government, which would be located along the Potomac River. The Act authorized the President to appoint three commissioners to survey and acquire property for this seat. Washington personally oversaw this effortthroughout his term in office. In 1791, the commissioners named the permanent seat of government "The City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia" to honor Washington. In 1800, the Territory of Columbia became the District of Columbia when the federal government moved to the site according to the provisions of the Residence Act.^[45]^[46]

In 1791, Congress imposed an excise on distilled spirits, which led to protests in frontier districts, especially Pennsylvania. By 1794, after Washington ordered the protesters to appear in U.S. district court, the protests turned into full-scale riots known as the Whiskey Rebellion. The federal army was too small to be used, so Washington invoked theMilitia Act of 1792 to summon the militias of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and several other states. The governors sent the troops and Washington took command, marching into the rebellious districts.^[47] There was no fighting, but Washington's forceful action proved the new government could protect itself. It also was one of only two times that a sitting President would personally command the military in the field. These events marked the first time under the new constitution that the federal government used strong military force to exert authority over the states and citizens.

Foreign affairs

In 1793, the revolutionary government of France sent diplomat Edmond-Charles Genêt, called "Citizen Genêt," to America. Genêt issued letters of marque and reprisal to American ships so they could capture British merchant ships. He attempted to turn popular sentiment towards American involvement in the French war against Britain by creating a network of Democratic-Republican Societies in major cities. Washington rejected this interference in domestic affairs, demanded the French government recall Genêt, and denounced his societies.

Hamilton and Washington designed the Jay Treaty to normalize trade relations with Britain, remove them from western forts, and resolve financial debts left over from the Revolution. John Jay negotiated and signed the treaty on November 19, 1794. The Jeffersonians supported France and strongly attacked the treaty. Washington and Hamilton, however, mobilized public opinion and won ratification by the Senate by emphasizing Washington's support. The British agreed to depart their forts around the Great Lakes, the Canadian-U.S. boundary was adjusted, numerous pre-Revolutionary debts were liquidated, and the British opened their West Indies colonies to American trade. Most importantly, the treaty delayed war with Britain and instead brought a decade of prosperous trade with that country. This angered the French and became a central issue in political debates.

Farewell Address

Main article: George Washington's Farewell Address

Washington's Farewell Address (issued as a public letter in 1796) was one of the most influential statements of American political values.^[48] Drafted primarily by Washington himself, with help from Hamilton, it gives advice on the necessity and importance of national union, the value of the Constitution and the rule of law, the evils of political parties, and the proper virtues of a republican people. While he declined suggested versions^[49] that would have included statements that morality required a "divinely authoritative religion," he called morality "a necessary spring of popular government." He said, "Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle."^[50]

Washington's public political address warned against foreign influence in domestic affairs and American meddling in European affairs. He warned against bitter partisanship in domestic politics and called for men to move beyond partisanship and serve the common good. He warned against 'permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world',^[51]saying the United States must concentrate primarily on American interests. He counseled friendship and commerce with all nations, but warned against involvement in European wars and entering into long-term "entangling" alliances. The address quickly set American values regarding religion and foreign affairs.

Retirement and death

After retiring from the presidency in March 1797, Washington returned to Mount Vernon with a profound sense of relief. He devoted much time to farming.

On July 4, 1798, Washington was commissioned by President John Adams to be Lieutenant General and Commander-in-chief of the armies raised or to be raised for service in a prospective war with France. He served as the senior officer of the United States Army between July 13, 1798, and December 14, 1799. He participated in the planning for a Provisional Army to meet any emergency that might arise, but did not take the field.^[10]^[52]

On December 12, 1799, Washington spent several hours inspecting his farms on horseback, in snow and later hail and freezing rain. He sat down to dine that evening without changing his wet clothes. The next morning, he awoke with a bad cold, fever, and a throat infection called quinsy that turned into acute laryngitis and pneumonia. Washington died on the evening of December 14, 1799, at his home aged 67, while attended by Dr. James Craik, one of his closest friends, Dr. Gustavus Richard Brown, Dr. Elisha C. Dick, andTobias Lear V, Washington's personal secretary. Lear would record the account in his journal, writing that Washington's last words were "'Tis well." Modern doctors believe that Washington died largely because of his treatment, which included calomel and bloodletting, resulting in a combination of shock from the loss of five pints of blood, as well asasphyxia and dehydration.^[53]

Throughout the world men and women were saddened by Washington's death. Napoleon ordered ten days of mourning throughout France and in the United States thousands wore mourning clothes for months.^[52]^[54] To protect their privacy, Martha Washington burned the correspondence between her husband and herself following his death. Only three letters between the couple have survived.

Washington's interment and new tomb

On December 18, 1799, a funeral was held at Mount Vernon, and Washington was interred in a tomb on the estate.^[55]

Congress passed a joint resolution to construct a marble monument in the United States Capitol for his body, supported by Martha. In December 1800, the United States House passed an appropriations bill for $200,000 to build the mausoleum, which was to be a pyramid that had a base 100 feet (30 m) square. Southern opposition to the plan defeated the measure because they felt it was best to have his body remain at Mount Vernon.^[56]

In 1831, for the cenntenial of his birth, a new tomb was constructed to receive his remains. Also in that year, an attempt was made to steal the body of Washington, but proved to be unsuccessful.^[57] Despite this, a joint Congressional committee in early 1832 debated the removal of Washington's body from Mount Vernon to a crypt in the Capitol, built byCharles Bullfinch in the 1820s. Yet again, Southern opposition proved to be very intense, antagonized by a ever-growing rift between North and South. Congressman Wiley Thompson of Georgia expressed the fear of Southerners when he said "Remove the remains of our venerated Washington from their association with the remains of his consort and his ancestors, from Mount Vernon and from his native State, and deposit them in this capitol, and then let a severance of the Union occur, and behold the remains of Washington on a shore foreign to his native soil."^[58]

On February 16, 1832, John Augustine Washington, brother of George and resident of Mount Vernon, strongly refused to allow anyone to remove the body of George Washington from the estate.^[59] This ended any talk of the movement of his remains, and he was moved to the new tomb that was constructed there on October 7, 1837, presented by John Struthers of Philadelphia. After the ceremony, members of the family gathered together, and the key to his tomb was thrown into the Potomac.

Administration, Cabinet and Supreme Court appointments

The Washington CabinetOfficeNameTermPresidentGeorge Washington1789–1797Vice President John Adams1789–1797Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson1790–1793

Edmund Randolph1794–1795Timothy Pickering1795–1797Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton1789–1795Oliver Wolcott, Jr.1795–1797Secretary of War Henry Knox1789–1794

Timothy Pickering1794–1795James McHenry1796–1797Attorney General Edmund Randolph1789–1794William Bradford1794–1795Charles Lee1795–1797

upreme Court Appointments by President George Washington

Supreme Court Appointments by President George Washington
Position	Name	Term

Chief Justice	John Jay	1789–1795 (resigned)
	John Rutledge	1795–1796 (rejected)
	William Cushing	1796 (declined)
	Oliver Ellsworth	1796–1800 (resigned)

Associate Justice	James Wilson	1789–1798
	William Cushing	1789–1810
	John Blair	1789–1795
	Robert H. Harrison	1789 (declined)
	John Rutledge	1789–1791
	James Iredell	1790–1799
	Thomas Johnson	1792–1793
	William Paterson	1793–1806
	Samuel Chase	1796–1811

States joining the Union under Washington's Presidency

Original states: North Carolina - 1789 Rhode Island - 1790
New states: Vermont - 1791 Kentucky - 1792 Tennessee - 1796

Legacy

Representative Henry Lee, a Revolutionary War comrade and father of the Civil War general Robert E. Lee, famously eulogized Washington as follows:

First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen, he was second to none in humble and enduring scenes of private life. Pious, just, humane, temperate, and sincere; uniform, dignified, and commanding; his example was as edifying to all around him as were the effects of that example lasting...Correct throughout, vice shuddered in his presence and virtue always felt his fostering hand. The purity of his private character gave effulgence to his public virtues...Such was the man for whom our nation mourns.^[9]

Lee's words set the standard by which Washington's overwhelming reputation was impressed upon the American memory. Washington set many precedents for the national government and the presidency in particular.

As early as 1778, Washington was lauded as the "Father of His Country".^[60]

During the United States Bicentennial year, George Washington was posthumously appointed to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States by the congressional joint resolution Public Law 94-479 of January 19, 1976, approved by President Gerald Ford on October 11, 1976, and formalized in Department of the Army Order 31-3 of March 13, 1978 with an effective appointment date of July 4, 1976.^[10] This restored Washington's position as the highest ranking military officer in U.S. history.

Monuments and memorials

Today, Washington's face and image are often used as national symbols of the United States, along with the icons such as the flag and great seal. Perhaps the most prominent commemoration of his legacy is the use of his image on the one-dollar bill and the quarter-dollar coin. Washington, together with Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson, andAbraham Lincoln, is depicted in stone at the Mount Rushmore Memorial. The Washington Monument, one of the most well-known American landmarks, was built in his honor. TheGeorge Washington Masonic National Memorial in Alexandria, Virginia, constructed entirely with voluntary contributions from members of the Masonic Fraternity, was also built in his honor.^[61]

Many things have been named in honor of Washington. Washington's name became that of the nation's capital, Washington, D.C., only one of two capitals across the globe to be named after an American president (the other is Monrovia, Liberia). The state of Washington is the only state to be named after an American (Maryland, Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia are all named in honor of British monarchs). George Washington University and Washington University in St. Louis were named for him, as was Washington and Lee University (once Washington Academy), which was renamed due to Washington’s large endowment in 1796. Countless American cities and towns feature a Washington Street among their thoroughfares.

The Confederate Seal prominently featured George Washington on horseback, in the same position as a statue of him in Richmond, Virginia.

There is even a statue of Washington in London, the capital of his enemies. Based on Jean Antoine Houdon's marble statue in Richmond, Virginia, it was given to the British Nation in 1921 by the Commonwealth of Virginia. It stands in front of the National Gallery at Trafalgar Square. It has been claimed that the soil on which the statue stands also comes from America since Washington is reported to have said that he would never stand on English ground.^[62]^[63]

Washington and slavery

Main article: George Washington and slavery

The slave trade continued throughout George Washington’s life. On the death of his father in 1743, the 11-year-old inherited 10 slaves. At the time of his marriage to Martha Custis in 1759, he personally owned at least 36 (and the widow's third of her first husband's estate brought at least 85 "dower slaves" to Mount Vernon). Using his wife's great wealth he bought land, tripling the size of the plantation, and additional slaves to farm it. By 1774 he paid taxes on 135 slaves (this does not include the "dowers"). The last record of a slave purchase by him was in 1772, although he later received some slaves in repayment of debts.^[64]

Before the American Revolution, Washington expressed no moral reservations about slavery, but in 1786, Washington wrote to Robert Morris, saying, "There is not a man living who wishes more sincerely than I do, to see a plan adopted for the abolition of slavery."^[65] In 1778 he wrote to his manager at Mount Vernon that he wished "to get quit of negroes." Maintaining a large, and increasingly elderly, slave population at Mount Vernon was not economically profitable. Washington could not legally sell the "dower slaves," however, and because these slaves had long intermarried with his own slaves, he could not sell his slaves without breaking up families.^[66]

As president, Washington brought seven slaves to New York City in 1789 to work in the first presidential household– Oney Judge, Moll, Giles, Paris, Austin, Christopher Sheels, and William Lee. Following the transfer of the national capital to Philadelphia in 1790, he brought nine slaves to work in the President's House– Oney Judge, Moll, Giles, Paris, Austin, Christopher Sheels, Hercules, Richmond, and Joe (Richardson).^[67] Oney Judge and Hercules escaped to freedom from Philadelphia, and there were foiled escape attempts from Mount Vernon by Richmond and Christopher Sheels.

Pennsylvania had begun an abolition of slavery in 1780, and prohibited nonresidents from holding slaves in the state longer than six months. If held beyond that period, the state's Gradual Abolition Law^[68] gave those slaves the power to free themselves. Washington argued (privately) that his presence in Pennsylvania was solely a consequence of Philadelphia's being the temporary seat of the federal government, and that the state law should not apply to him. On the advice of his attorney general, Edmund Randolph, he systematically rotated the President's House slaves in and out of the state to prevent their establishing a six-month continuous residency. This rotation was itself a violation of the Pennsylvania law, but the President's actions were not challenged.

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793^[69] established the legal mechanism by which a slaveholder could recover his property, a right guaranteed by the Fugitive Slave Clause of the U.S. Constitution (Article IV, Section 2). Passed overwhelmingly by Congress and signed into law by Washington, the 1793 Act made assisting an escaped slave a federal crime, overruled all state and local laws giving escaped slaves sanctuary, and allowed slavecatchers into every U.S. state and territory.

Washington was the only prominent, slaveholding Founding Father who succeeded in emancipating his slaves. His actions were influenced by his close relationship with Marquis de La Fayette. He did not free his slaves in his lifetime, however, but included a provision in his will to free his slaves upon the death of his wife. At the time of his death, there were 317 slaves at Mount Vernon– 123 owned by Washington, 154 "dower slaves," and 40 rented from a neighbor.^[70]

Martha Washington bequeathed the one slave she owned outright– Elisha– to her grandson George Washington Parke Custis. Following her death in 1802, the dower slaves were inherited by her grandchildren.

It has been argued that Washington did not speak out publicly against slavery, because he did not wish to create a split in the new republic, with an issue that was sensitive and divisive.^[71] Even if Washington had opposed the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, his veto probably would have been overridden. (The Senate vote was not recorded, but the House passed it overwhelmingly, 47 to 8.)^[72]

Religious beliefs

Washington was baptized into the Church of England.^[73]^[74] In 1765, when the Church of England was still the state religion,^[75] he served on the vestry (lay council) for his local church. Throughout his life, he spoke of the value of righteousness, and of seeking and offering thanks for the "blessings of Heaven."

In a letter to George Mason in 1785, Washington wrote that he was not among those alarmed by a bill "making people pay towards the support of that [religion] which they profess," but felt that it was "impolitic" to pass such a measure, and wished it had never been proposed, believing that it would disturb public tranquility.^[76]

His adopted daughter, Nelly Custis Lewis, stated: "I have heard her [Nelly's mother, Eleanor Calvert Custis, who resided in Mount Vernon for two years] say that General Washington always received the sacrament with my grandmother [Martha Washington] before the revolution."^[77] After the revolution, Washington frequently accompanied his wife to Christian church services; however, there is no record of his ever taking communion, and he would regularly leave services before communion—with the other non-communicants (as was the custom of the day), until, after being admonished by a rector, he ceased attending at all on communion Sundays.^[78]^[79] Prior to communion, believers are admonished to take stock of their spiritual lives and not to participate in the ceremony unless he finds himself in the will of God.^[80]^[81] Historians and biographers continue to debate the degree to which he can be counted as a Christian, and the degree to which he was a deist.

Upon the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 at a celebration in Newburg, New York, Washington called upon one of his Chaplains, John Gano to offer the prayer of thanksgiving. Washington also requested that Gano baptize him as recorded in The Kentucky State Historical Society register. Virginia Baptists, who were witnesses, state that the baptism was in 1780 or 1781.^[82]

He was an early supporter of religious toleration and freedom of religion. In 1775, he ordered that his troops not show anti-Catholic sentiments by burning the pope in effigy on Guy Fawkes Night. When hiring workmen for Mount Vernon, he wrote to his agent, "If they be good workmen, they may be from Asia, Africa, or Europe; they may be Mohammedans, Jews, or Christians of any sect, or they may be Atheists."^[80]^[83] In 1790, he wrote a response to a letter from the Touro Synagogue, in which he said that as long as people remain good citizens, they don't have to fear persecution for having differing beliefs/faiths. This was a relief to the Jewish community of the United States, since the Jews had been either expelled or discriminated against in many European countries.

...the Government of the United States ... gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance. ... May the children of the Stock of Abraham, who dwell in this land, continue to merit and enjoy the good will of the other Inhabitants; while every one shall sit in safety under his own vine and figtree, and there shall be none to make him afraid. May the father of all mercies scatter light and not darkness in our paths, and make us all in our several vocations useful here, and in his own due time and way everlastingly happy.

The United States Bill of Rights was in the process of being ratified at the time.

Personal life

Along with Martha's biological family noted above, George Washington had a close relationship with his nephew and heir Bushrod Washington, son of George's younger brotherJohn Augustine Washington. Bushrod became an Associate Justice on the US Supreme Court after George's death.

As a young man, Washington had red hair.^[84]^[85] A popular myth is that he wore a wig, as was the fashion among some at the time. Washington did not wear a wig; instead he powdered his hair,^[86] as represented in several portraits, including the well-known unfinished Gilbert Stuart depiction.^[87]

Washington suffered from problems with his teeth throughout his life. He lost his first adult tooth when he was twenty-two and had only one left by the time he became President.^[88] John Adams claims he lost them because he used them to crack Brazil nuts but modern historians suggest the mercury oxide which he was given to treat illnesses such as smallpox and malaria probably contributed to the loss.^[88] He had several sets of false teeth made, four of them by a dentist named John Greenwood.^[88] Contrary to popular belief, none of the sets were made from wood. The set made when he became President was carved from hippopotamus and elephant ivory, held together with gold springs.^[88]^[89] The hippo ivory was used for the plate, into which real human teeth and bits of horses' and donkeys' teeth were inserted.^[88] Dental problems left Washington in constant pain, for which he took laudanum. This distress may be apparent in many of the portraits painted while he was still in office, including the one still used on the $1 bill.^[88]

One of the most enduring myths about George Washington involves his chopping down his father's cherry tree and, when asked about it, using the famous line "I cannot tell a lie, I did it with my little hatchet." There is no evidence that this ever occurred.^[90] It, along with the story of Washington throwing a silver dollar across the Potomac River, was part of a book of mythic stories written by Mason Weems that made Washington a legendary figure beyond his wartime and presidential achievements

President-Elect http://www.welt.de/english-news/article2704430/Obama-meets-with-President-Bush-at-White-House.html

Obama meets with President Bush at White House

11.November 2008, 08:58 U.S. President-elect Barack Obama visited the White House on Monday for his first post-election meeting with President George W. Bush, a strikingly symbolic moment in the transition of power. Obama, who will take office on January 20, urged Bush to take immediate action in light of the financial crisis. US President George W. Bush (left) and President-elect Barack Obama meet in the Oval Office of the White House on November 10, 2008. Bush and Obama held private talks that likely included the faltering economy, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and terrorist threats.

Current president George W. Bush and first lady Laura greeted newly elected president Barack Obama and his wife, Michelle, with smiles and handshakes, even as Obama’s advisers reviewed some of Bush’s executive orders with an eye to reversing them after he is sworn in on Jan. 20. The two men met privately in the Oval Office for over an hour in talks thought to have encompassed the global financial crisis, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and other daunting challenges the Republican president will bequeath to his Democratic successor. It was their first face-to-face encounter following Obama’s resounding victory over Republican John McCain in Tuesday’s election, which will make him the United States’ first black president.

Obama, 47, had repeatedly attacked Bush’s "failed policies“ on the campaign trail, and the Illinois senator swept to power on a theme of change -- specifically, change from the unpopular president’s approach to economics and foreign affairs. Top congressional Democrats have asked the Bush administration to consider aid to the automakers through the financial bailout initiative that has so far covered banks and other financial services companies, and Obama urged Bush to act quickly at their meeting, according to The New York Times. Citing people familiar with their discussion, the Times said Bush indicated he might support some aid for the auto industry and a broader economic stimulus package if Obama dropped his opposition to a free-trade pact with Colombia. Obama’s aides say after taking office he will likely move quickly to roll back Bush’s executive orders that limit stem cell research and expand oil and gas drilling in some areas. But members of Obama’s team cautioned on Monday he had not yet decided whether to reverse executive orders. There was no outward sign of tension, however, when the Obamas stepped from their limousine at the south portico of the White House. Earlier, they had been cheered by crowds of onlookers as their motorcade sped through the capital. "Good morning,“ Laura Bush chirped, though it was well past noon. Obama put his hand on Bush’s back cordially as the two couples entered the mansion. The leaders then strolled down the colonnade side by side, chatting. Obama was the more animated of the two, gesturing with both hands. He had never set foot in the Oval Office before and was ushered in ahead of Bush. While their husbands met, the first lady gave Michelle Obama a tour of the White House living quarters, which will soon be her family’s new home and where daughters Malia, 10, and Sasha, 7, will be running the halls.

SENSE OF URGENCY

At the end of a two-hour visit, Bush and Obama had nothing to say to reporters and both camps were mostly tight-lipped. White House spokeswoman Dana Perino would only say that domestic and international issues were discussed and that Bush "again pledged a smooth transition.“ Obama spokeswoman Stephanie Cutter said the leaders agreed on the need to cooperate in the changeover "in light of the nation’s many critical economic and security challenges.“ Later, as Obama’s plane sat on the airport tarmac in Washington before taking off for Chicago, journalists onboard overheard snippets of a cell phone conversation the president-elect had with an unknown party. "I am not going to be spending too much time in Washington over the next several weeks,“ Obama said. Newly elected presidents traditionally visit the White House between election and inauguration but usually wait longer than Obama did. He came calling at Bush’s invitation after only six days, underscoring a sense of urgency in the transition. It will be the first wartime transfer of power in four decades and comes amid economic upheaval at home and abroad. Financial markets, struggling in a global credit crunch, are awaiting news of Obama’s appointments for key jobs such as Treasury secretary, but a spokeswoman for Obama said on Monday he would not make any Cabinet announcements this week. Obama said in his first post-election news conference on Friday he would not be rushed into making hasty decisions. Underscoring Obama’s assertion he will not act as a shadow president during the transition, an aide confirmed what the White House had been saying -- that he will not attend a global financial summit in Washington on Friday and Saturday. Bush, whose low approval ratings helped propel Obama to victory, has said he will do all he can to help in the changeover. Though visits by incoming presidents to the White House before taking office are a ritual dating back decades, there was little denying Obama’s tour carried special significance. The son of a black father from Kenya and white mother from Kansas, Obama made history by winning the presidency, an achievement seen as a breakthrough in U.S. race relations.

Michelle Obama The new First Lady of the U.S.A.

Obama the Winner Obama wins a historic presidential election

President Obama Obama's victory speech in Chicago

The 44 US Presidents From Washington to Obama

White House Pets The beloved pets of past presidential families

Why McCain Lost McCain lost due to gaffes, Obama

Previous presidents of the United States of America

George Washington (February 22, 1732 - December 14, 1799) served as the first President of the United States of America (1789-1797), and led the Continental Army to victory over the Kingdom of Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783).

John Adams (October 30, 1735 - July 4, 1826). He was elected second President of the United States (1797-1801) after serving as America's first Vice President (1789-1797) for two terms. He is regarded as one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States.

Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 - July 4, 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801-1809), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States.

James Madison, Jr.(March 16, 1751 - June 28, 1836), the fourth President of the United States (1809-1817), and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

James Monroe (April 28, 1758 - July 4, 1831) was the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825). His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state.

John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 - February 23, 1848) was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States from March 4, 1825 to March 4, 1829. He was a member of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Anti-Masonic and Whig parties.

Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 - June 8, 1845) was the seventh President of the United States (1829-1837). He was military governor of Florida (1821), commander of the American forces at the Battle of New Orleans (1815), and eponym of the era of Jacksonian democracy.

Martin Van Buren (December 5, 1782 - July 24, 1862) was the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841. He was a key organizer of the Democratic Party, a dominant figure in the Second Party System, and the first president who was not of British or Irish descent.

William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 - April 4, 1841) was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. The oldest President elected until Ronald Reagan in 1980, Harrison had served 30 days in office, still the shortest tenure in United States presidential history, before his death in April 1841.

John Tyler, Jr. (March 29, 1790 - January 18, 1862) was the tenth President of the United States (1841-1845), and the first ever to obtain that office via succession. He was also the first and one of only two (along with Andrew Johnson) to have no party affiliation during part of his term.

James Knox Polk (November 2, 1795-June 15, 1849) was the eleventh President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1845 to March 4, 1849. A Democrat, Polk served as Speaker of the House (1835-1839) and Governor of Tennessee (1839-1841) prior to becoming president.

Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 - July 9, 1850) was an American military leader and the twelfth President of the United States. Known as "Old Rough and Ready", Taylor had a 40-year military career in the U.S. Army.

Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 - March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office.

Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 - October 8, 1869) was an American politician and the fourteenth President of the United States, serving from 1853 to 1857. To date, he is the only president from New Hampshire. Pierce was a Democrat and a "doughface" (a Northerner with Southern sympathies) who served in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate.

James Buchanan, Jr. (April 23, 1791 - June 1, 1868) was the fifteenth President of the United States (1857-1861). To date he is the only President from Pennsylvania, and is the only never to marry.

Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 - April 15, 1865), the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through the American Civil War, only to be assassinated as the war was coming to an end. Before becoming the first Republican elected to the Presidency, Lincoln was a lawyer, an Illinois state legislator, a member of the United States House of Representatives.

Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 - July 31, 1875) was the seventeenth President of the United States (1865-69), succeeding to the Presidency upon the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. He was one of only two U.S. Presidents to be impeached.

Ulysses S. Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27, 1822 - July 23, 1885), was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 - January 17, 1893) was an American politician, lawyer, military leader and the nineteenth President of the United States (1877-1881). Hayes was elected President by one electoral vote after the highly disputed election of 1876.

James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 - September 19, 1881) was the twentieth President of the United States. His assassination, six months after he assumed the Presidency, means that his tenure is the second shortest in United States history.

Chester Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829 - November 18, 1886) served as the twenty-first President of the United States. Arthur was a member of the Republican Party and worked as a lawyer before becoming the twentieth vice president under James Garfield.

Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 - June 24, 1908) was both the twenty-second and twenty-fourth President of the United States. Cleveland is the only President to serve two non-consecutive terms (1885-1889 and 1893-1897) and thus is the only individual to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents.

Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 - March 13, 1901) was the twenty-third President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893.

Stephen Grover Cleveland was the only Democrat elected to the Presidency in the era of Republican political domination that lasted from 1860 to 1912.
Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 - June 24, 1908) was both the twenty-second and twenty-fourth President of the United States. Cleveland is the only President to serve two non-consecutive terms (1885-1889 and 1893-1897) and thus is the only individual to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents.

William McKinley, Jr. (January 29, 1843 - September 14, 1901) was the twenty-fifth President of the United States, and the last veteran of the American Civil War to be elected.

Theodore Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 - January 6, 1919), was the twenty-sixth President of the United States. A leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Party, he was a Governor of New York and a professional historian, naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier.

William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 - March 8, 1930), the twenty-seventh President of the United States, the tenth Chief Justice of the United States, a leader of the progressive conservative wing of the Republican Party in the early 20th century, a pioneer in international arbitration.

Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 - February 3, 1924) was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. A leading intellectual of the Progressive Era, he served as President of Princeton University and then became the Governor of New Jersey in 1910.

Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 - August 2, 1923) was the twenty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his death from a heart attack, aged 57, in 1923. A Republican from Ohio, Harding was an influential newspaper publisher.

John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. (July 4, 1872 - January 5, 1933) was the thirtieth President of the United States (1923-1929). A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state. His actions during the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight.

Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 - October 20, 1964) was the thirty-first President of the United States (1929-1933). Besides his political career, Hoover was a professional mining engineer and author.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 - April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was the thirty-second President of the United States. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945 and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms. Franklin and Theodore Roosevelt were related but only distantly.

Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 - December 26, 1972) was the thirty-third President of the United States (1945-1953). As the thirty-fourth vice president, he succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt, who died less than three months after he began his fourth term.

Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 - March 28, 1969) was the thirty-fourth President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general in the United States Army. During the Second World War, he served as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe, with responsibility for planning and supervising the successful i

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This is a list of notable Freemasons. Freemasonry is a fraternal organisation which exists in a number of forms worldwide. Throughout history some members of the fraternity have made no secret of their involvement, while others have not made their membership public. In some cases, membership can only be proven by searching through the fraternity's records. Such records are most often kept at the individual Lodge level, and may be lost due to fire, flood, deterioration, or simple carelessness. Grand Lodge governance may have shifted or reorganized, resulting in further loss of records on the member or the name, number, location or even existence of the Lodge in question. In areas of the world where Masonry has been suppressed by governments, records of entire Grand Lodges have been destroyed. Because of this, masonic membership can sometimes be difficult to verify.

Standards of "proof" for those on this list may vary widely; some figures with no verified Lodge affiliation are claimed as Masons if reliable sources give anecdotal evidence suggesting they were familiar with the "secret" signs and passes, but other figures are rejected over technical questions of irregularity in the Lodge that initiated them. Where available, specific Lodge membership information is provided; where serious questions of verification have been noted by other sources, this is indicated as well.phy/esoterica/reuss_t/reuss_t.html GL of BC&Y article on Reuss

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Jose Abad Santos, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines.^[1]
Abd al-Qadir, Sufi mystic, scholar and political leader.^[2]^[3]
John Abbott Canadian Prime Minister (1891 - 1892). Initiated St. Paul's, No. 374, E.R., Montreal, 1847.^[4]
William "Bud" Abbott of the Abbott & Costello comedy team.^[5]
Nicanor Abelardo, Filipino composer. Raised in Luzon Lodge No. 57 ^[6]
Sherman Adams Governor of New Hampshire and U.S. Congressman.^[5]
Gregorio Aglipay, first Filipino Supreme Bishop of the Philippine Independent Church.^[7]
Emilio Aguinaldo First President of the Philippines. Pilar Lodge No. 203 (now Pilar Lodge No. 15) at Imus Cavite and was founder of Magdalo Lodge No. 31 (renamed Emilio Aguinaldo Lodge No. 31 in his honor).^[5]
Agustín I of Mexico, emperor of Mexico^[8]
Nelson Aldrich, United States Senator from Rhode Island. Treasurer of the Grand Lodge of Rhode Island 1877-78, member of What Cheer lodge.^[5]
Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin Astronaut. Montclair Lodge No. 144, New Jersey.^[9]
Elizabeth Aldworth, Entered Apprentice and Fellowcraft Degree.^[10]
Vasile Alecsandri Romanian Poet, playwright, politician and diplomat.^[11]
José Eloy Alfaro Delgado - President of Ecuador^[12]
Eugène Goblet d'Alviella, Vice-chancellor of the Université Libre de Bruxelles and Belgian senator.^[13]
Salvador Allende Socialist president of Chile (1970-1973). Lodge Progreso No. 4, Valparaíso.^[9]
Ezra Ames, Portrait painter^[5]
Edward Neville da Costa Andrade, English physicist. Initiated into Lodge Progresso No. 4 in 1935.^[14]
Jules Anspach, Belgian Liberal politician^[13]
Galicano Apacible, Filipino politician.^[15]
Sir Edward Victor Appleton, English Physicist. Nobel Prize 1947. Isaac Newton Lodge No. 859, Cambridge.^[9]
Dennis Archer, US Politician. Geometry Lodge #49 (Prince Hall), Detroit^[16]
Constantin Argetoianu, Prime Minister of Romania, 1939.^[11]
Lewis Addison Armistead, Confederate general during the American Civil War. Alexandria-Washington Lodge #22, Alexandria, Virginia^[17]
Louis Armstrong, Jazz musician. Montgomery Lodge No. 18 (Prince Hall), New York.^[9]
Thomas Arne Composer of Rule Britannia ^[14]
Benedict Arnold, Hiram Lodge No. 1, New Haven, Connecticut (expelled 1781)^[18]
Eddy Arnold, singer^[5]
François-Marie Arouet (Voltaire), Raised 1778 by WM Ben Franklin, Loge des Neuf Sœurs, Paris^[19]
Gheorghe Asachi Romanian writer, poet, painter, historian, dramatist and translator.^[11]
Elias Ashmole, 17th-century English antiquary and politician, Warrington Lodge, Lancashire^[20]
John Jacob Astor, American Financier, The Holland Lodge No. 8, New York, New York, 1790^[21]
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk National hero and founder of the modern Republic of Turkey. Macedonia Risorta Lodge No. 80 (some claim Lodge Veritas), Thessaloniki^[22]^[23]^[24](Debated - According to Turkish journalist, Can Dundar, Atatürk had never been a Mason.^[25])
Stephen F. Austin Secretary of State for the Republic of Texas. Louisiana Lodge No. 109, Missouri.^[5]
Gene Autry, Movie and television star, Catoosa Lodge No. 185, OK^[26]

B

Johann Christian Bach, Composer. Lodge of Nine Muses No. 235, London.^[27]
Michael Baigent, British author and editor of Freemasonry Today^[28]
Mikhail Bakunin, Russian revolutionary, Lodge Il Progresso Sociale, Florence 1864,^[29]
Nicolae Balcescu, Romanian historian, journalist and 1848 revolutionary.^[11]
Henry Baldwin, US Associate Justice (1830-1844):^[30] Master of Lodge No. 45 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1805^[30]
Harold Ballard, One time owner of Toronto Maple Leafs National Hockey League team. Corinthian No. 481, GRC, Toronto, ON.^[4]
Simion Barnutiu, Romanian philosopher and politician.^[31]
Diego Martínez Barrio, Prime minister of Spain and founder of the Republican Union Party^[32]
Frederic Bartholdi, Sculptor of the Statue of Liberty in New York. Lodge Alsace-Lorraine, Paris.^[33]
Edmund Barton, first Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia, Speaker of the legislative assembly.^[5]
William "Count" Basie, Jazz orchestra leader and composer. Wisdom Lodge No. 102 (Prince Hall), Chicago. Also a Shriner.^[5]
Frederick Bates, Governor of Missouri.^[5]
Birch Bayh, US Senator from Indiana from 1962-1981.^[5]
Daniel Carter Beard, Founder of the Boy Scouts. Made a Mason in Mariner's Lodge No. 67, New York City, New York, and later affiliated with Cornucopia Lodge 563, Flushing, New York.^[34]
Edvard Beneš, President of Czechoslovakia (1935-1939, 1945-1948). Ian Amos Komensky Lodge No. 1, Prague.^[35]
R.B. Bennett, Prime Minister of Canada 1930-1935.^[5]
Lloyd M. Bentsen, US Senator from Texas^[5]
Irving Berlin, Composer. Munn Lodge No.190, New York.^[36]
Silvio Berlusconi, Italian media tycoon and politician. Propaganda Due, Expelled in 1981 (some say 1976) by the Grand Orient of Italy^[37]
Ramón Emeterio Betances, Puerto Rican politician and statesman. Logia Unión Germana, San Germán, Puerto Rico.^[38]
George Valentin Bibescu, Romanian aviation pioneer, Grand Master of Romanian Grand Lodge from 1911 to 1916.^[11]
Henry Harrison Bingham, Union Army officer during the American Civil War. Chartiers Lodge #297, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania.^[17]
Francis Bischof, Queensland Australia Police Commissioner from 1958-1969.^[39]
Hugo L. Black, US Associate Justice (1937-1971),^[30] Birmingham Temple Lodge No. 836, Birmingham, AL
John Blair, US Associate Justice (1789-96), and Grand Master of Virginia from 1778 to 1784.^[30]
Samuel Blatchford, US Associate Justice (1882-1893)^[30]
Dimitrie Bolintineanu, Romainan poet, politician, 1848 revolutionary.^[11]
Simón Bolívar, Leader of South American independence. (Initiated: Cádiz, Spain)^[34] Founding brother of Lodge Order and Liberty No. 2, Peru, 1824^[40]
Cezar Bolliac, Radical Romanian political figure, amateur archaeologist, journalist and Romantic poet.^[11]
Shadrach Bond, first Governor of Illinois.^[41]
Andrés Bonifacio, Leader during Philippine Revolution from Spain. Taliba Lodge No. 165 under Gran Oriente Español (Spanish Grand Lodge).^[42]
Omar Bongo, President of Gabon.^[43]
Robert Borden, Prime Minister of Canada St. Andrew's Lodge No. 1, Halifax, Nova Scotia^[44]
Gutzon Borglum, American sculpture, raised in Howard Lodge No. 35.^[45]
Lincoln Borglum, Son of Gutzon Borglum, completed the Mount Rushmore project, raised in Battle River Lodge No. 92.^[45]
Ernest Borgnine, Actor, Abingdon Lodge No. 48^[46]
James Boswell, Scottish writer, raised in Canongate Kilwinning Lodge at Edinburgh, 1759^[17]
Mackenzie Bowell, Prime Minister of Canada from 1894-1896^[34]
James Bowie, Frontiersman, Inventor of the Bowie knife. L'Humble Chaumiere Lodge No. 19 Opelousas, Louisiana.^[47]
Charles Bradlaugh, Nineteenth Century Atheist and Republican MP, Grand Lodge des Philadelphes, London^[48]
Omar N. Bradley, US General. West Point Lodge No. 877, New York^[34]
Sir Donald Bradman, Australian Cricketer.^[49]
Sir Christoffel Brand, first Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of the Cape Colony^[50]
Joseph Brant, Principal Chief of the Six Nations Indians. Initiated in Lodge No. 417, 1776. First Master of Lodge No. 11, Mohawk Village (near Brantford) in 1798.^[4]
Dimitrie Bratianu, Prime Minister of Romania (1881).^[11]
Ion C. Bratianu, Romanian politician, three-time Prime Minister of Romania.^[11]
David Brearley, Signer of the US Constitution on behalf of New Jersey, the first Grand Master of Masons for the State of New Jersey.^[51]
Henry Brougham, Scottish abolitionist and founder of Edinburgh Review. Raised in Fortrose Lodge, Stornway, Scotland^[17]
James Bruce, Scottish explorer. Canongate Kilwinning Lodge^[17]
Samuel von Brukenthal, Baron of the Holy Roman Empire.^[11]
James Buchanan, U.S. President,^[34] Lodge No. 43, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Charles Buls, mayor of Brussels^[13]
Luther Burbank, US horticulturist, botanist, agricultural science pioneer. Santa Rosa Lodge No. 57,^[17]
Arleigh Burke, US Admiral^[26] Supreme Temple Architect (Honored in 1997)^[52]
Robert Burnaby, English explorer and businessman. First Past Master of Victoria Lodge No. 1085, District Grand Master (English) of British Columbia.^[53]
Conrad Burns, US Senator from Montana^[5]
Robert Burns, National poet of Scotland. St. David's Lodge No. 174, Tarbolton.^[54]
Harold H. Burton, US Associate Justice (1945-1958)^[30]
Arthur Leopold Busch, naval architect. Member of Peconic Lodge No. 349 Greenport, New York.^{[citation needed]}
Cyriel Buysse, Flemish nationalist writer^[13]
Richard E. Byrd, US Admiral. Initiated in Federal Lodge No. 1 and founded First Antarctic Lodge No. 777 in 1935^[17]
James F. Byrnes, US Associate Justice (1941-1942)^[30]

C

Alessandro Cagliostro, Sicilian charlatan and occultist^[55]
Plutarco Elías Calles, President of Mexico^[56]
Malcolm Campbell, English motor-racer^[17]
Eddie Cantor. Entertainer, raised in Munn Lodge No 190, New York City^[17]
Manuel Camus, Philippine Senator. October 12, 1898, Zetland in the East Lodge No 508 Singapore, under the jurisdiction of the M. W. Grand Lodge of England.^[57]
Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino Prime Minister of Romania.^[11]
Carol II King of Romania (1930-40).^[11]
José Miguel Carrera, Chilean General and President.^[58] St. John's Lodge No. 1, New York^[59]
Kit Carson, American Adventurer. Montezuma Lodge No. 109, Sante Fe, New Mexico^[34]
Paul Foster Case, Founder of the Los Angeles occult school, the Builders of the Adytum, Fairport Lodge No. 476, Fairport, New York^[60]
Marc Chagall, Russian artist. initiated in 1912^[61]
Thomas Chalmers, Lodge St. Vigean, 1800^[61]
Joshua Chamberlain, Commander of US forces on Little Round Top during the American Civil War battle of Gettysburg, and governor of Maine. United Lodge #8, Brunswick, Maine^[62]
Nicolas Chamfort, French writer, Loge des Neuf Soeurs, Paris^[19]
Walter Chrysler Founder of Chrysler Corporation.^[5]
Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Studholme Alliance Lodge No. 1591, Rosemary Lodge No. 2851. (Note: The Churchill Society claims he resigned from his Lodges in 1912.)^[63]
André Citroen, French engineer and motor-car manufacturer, Lodge La Philosophie, Paris^[61]
Mark Wayne Clark, US Army General, Mystic Tie Lodge No. 398, Indianapolis^[61]
Thomas C. Clark, US Associate Justice (1949-1967)^[30]
William Clark, Explorer, Lewis and Clark expedition. Saint Louis Lodge No. 111.^[64]
John H. Clarke, US Associate Justice (1916-1922)^[30]
Henry Clay Speaker of the. U.S. House of Representatives and Grand Master of Kentucky.^[5]
Moses Cleaveland founded the city of Cleaveland, Ohio, Worshipful Master of Moriah Lodge in 1791^[61]
DeWitt Clinton, Governor of New York State, Grand Master of NY during the Morgan Affair, The Holland Lodge No. 8, New York, New York, 1790^[65]
Tyrus Cobb, baseball star. Royston Lodge No. 426, Detroit^[61]
William F. Cody, a.k.a. Buffalo Bill, raised in Platte Valley Lodge No. 15, Nebraska^[66]
George Cohan, Broadway star, raised in Pacific Lodge No. 233, New York City^[66]
Nat King Cole pianist and ballad singer.^[5]
Samuel Colt manufacturer of Colt revolvers^[66]
Émile Combes, French Prime Minister^[67]^[68]^[69]
Spencer Compton, 7th Marquess of Northampton, Pro Grand Master, United Grand Lodge of England^[70]
Charlie Conacher, Canadian ice hockey player. Initiated in North Gate Lodge No. 591, Pickering, Ontario, in 1935.^[4]
Marquis de Condorcet, French mathematician and philosopher, Lodges de Neuf Soeurs^[66]
Leroy Cooper, U.S. astronaut, member of Carbondale Lodge No. 82, Colorado^[66]
Harry H. Corbett actor- star of Steptoe and Son[^[71]]
Charles de Coster, Belgian author ^[13]
Edith Cowan, First woman elected to Australian Parliament, Member of St Cuthberts Lodge Perth Australia (Le Droit Humain).^[72]
Francesco Crispi, Prime Minister of Italy^[73] (possibly expelled in 1894?)^[74]
Miron Cristea Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church (1925-39), Prime Minister of Romania (1938-39).^[11]
Davy Crockett, 19th-century American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier and politician^[66]
Aleister Crowley, English occultist, Anglo-Saxon Lodge No. 343, Paris (GLdF), 1904^[75]
William Cushing, US Associate Justice (1789-1810),^[30] St. Andrews Lodge, Boston
Alexander John Cuza Romanian Domnitor of the Danubian Principalities, 1859-66.^[11]

D

Jim Davidson. British comedian, Former Master, Chelsea Lodge, England (resigned), Founding Master of British Forces Foundation (Lodge) No. 9725^[76]^[77]
William Crosby Dawson, US Judge and Politician, San Marino Lodge No. 34, F.&A.M, Greensboro, GA. Grand Master of Masons in Georgia from 1843 until his death in Greensboro on May 6, 1856.^[78]
Carol Davila Romanian Physician.^[11]
Ovide Decroly, Belgian educationalist. initiated in Lodge Les Amis Philanthropes No. 2, Brussels in 1902 ^[66]
Marcelo H. del Pilar, Filipino writer, reformer, journalist, and revolutionary leader of the Philippine Revolution. Considered as the "Father of Philippine Masonry". Initiated in Spain in 1889 ^[79]
Isabelo de los Reyes, Filipino politician and labor activist in.^[80]
Cecil B. DeMille Movie Director, member of Prince of Orange Lodge No. 16, New York City^[66]
Süleyman Demirel, 9th President of the Republic of Turkey. Initiated in Grand Lodge of Turkey, 1955.^[81]
Jack Dempsey, heavyweight boxing champion in 1919, Kenwood Lodge No. 800, Chicago^[66]
Frédéric Desmons, Protestant priest who persuaded the Grand Orient de France to remove the term of the Great Architect of the Universe from their Constitution^[82]
Willis Van Devanter, US Associate Justice (1911-1937)^[30]
Thomas Dewey, American politician (1902-1971)^[83]
Blaise Diagne, Senegalese political leader^[84]
Porfirio Díaz, President of Mexico^[85]
John George Diefenbaker, Prime Minister of Canada, Wakaw Lodge No. 166, Wakaw, SK^[86]
Everett Dirksen U.S. Congressman and Minority Leader of the U.S. Senate.^[5]
Henry Dodge U.S. Senator from Wisconsin.^[5]
Bob Dole, US politician^[26] Russell Lodge No. 177, Kansas^[34]
Ed Doolan US Radio Presenter^[87]
James Doolittle, US General.^[26]
Jim Douglas, Governor of Vermont ^[88]
Tommy Douglas, Canadian politician, Weyburn Lodge No. 20, Weyburn, SK^[89]
William O. Douglas, US Associate Justice (1939-1975)^[30]
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle British physician and author, creator of Sherlock Holmes.^[5]
Edwin Drake, US oil industry pioneer, Oil Creek Lodge No. 3, Titusville, Pennsylvania^[66]
Jean Henri Dunant founder of the Red Cross and shared the first Nobel Prize^[90]
Herbert Dunnico, UK Politician and Master of the New Welcome Lodge^[91]
Joseph Duveen, 1st Baron Duveen, UK art dealer, Royal Colonial Institute Lodge No. 3556^[90]

E

Hubert Eaton, American chemist, Euclid Lodge, No. 58, Great Falls, Montana^[90]
John David Eaton, President of the Canadian based T. Eaton Company. Assiniboine, No. 114, G.R.M., Winnipeg.^[4]
Edinburgh, Duke of, see entry below for Prince Philip
King Edward VII, King of Great Britain, UGLE^[77]
King Edward VIII, King of Great Britain; UGLE^[77]
Gustave Eiffel, Designer and architect of the Eiffel Tower.^[92]
Duke Ellington, Musician, Social Lodge No. 1, Washington, D.C., Prince Hall Affiliation^[90]
Oliver Ellsworth, Chief Justice of the United States (1796-1800)^[30]
Sam Ervin, US Senator.^[26]

F

Eberhard Faber, founder of the Faber Pencil Company. Chancellor Walworth No. 271, New York,^[90]
Douglas Fairbanks, movie star. Member of Beverly Hills Lodge No. 528^[90]
Ettore Ferrari, Italian sculptor. Grand Master of the Grande Oriente d'Italia,^[93]
Stephen J. Field, US Associate Justice (1863-1897)^[30]
William Fields, American comedian. Member of E. Coppee Mitchell Lodge No. 605, Philadelphia^[90]
Charles Finney, American Preacher, Evangelist and Author (1792-1875). Meridian Sun Lodge No. 32 in Warren, New York. Finney asked for dismissal and was honorably discharged.^[94]
Hamilton Fish IV, US Politician^[95]
Geoffrey Fisher, the 99th Archbishop of Canterbury and head of the worldwide Anglican Communion.^[34]^[77]
John Fitch, US engineer. Member of Bristol lodge No.25^[90]
Sanford Fleming, Canadian engineer and inventor. St. Andrew's No. 16, Toronto, Ontario.^[4]
Sir Alexander Fleming, Scottish biologist and pharmacologist. London Scottish Rifles Lodge No. 2310.^[96]
Banister Fletcher, English architect and historian of architecture. Initiated 1910, Authors' Lodge No. 3456^[90]
Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian, French poet and romance writer. Loge des Neuf Sœurs, Paris^[19]
Martin Folkes, originator of the story of the falling apple inspiring Newton's discovery of gravity^[97]
Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca, first President of Brazil. Grand Master of the Grande Oriente do Brasil.^[98]
Gerald Ford, U.S. President. Malta Lodge No. 465, Grand Rapids, MI^[99]
Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company. Raised in Palestine Lodge No. 35.^[97]
Nathan Bedford Forrest, confederate general.^[100] Member of Angerona Lodge no. 168 in Tennessee, but later resigned from Freemasonry.^[101]
Antoine Fourcroy, French chemistry pioneer, Lodge Les Neuf Soeurs at Paris^[97]
Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor^[102]
Benjamin Franklin, February 1731, St. John's Lodge of Philadelphia; Tun Tavern Lodge, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Master of Loge Les Neuf Sœurs, Paris; Past Grand Master of Pennsylvania^[103]
Henry Frye, Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court, (Prince Hall)^[104]

G

Isabelle Gatti de Gamond, pioneering Belgian secular educationalist and Socialist activist^[13]
Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian general.^[105]
James A. Garfield, U.S. President. Magnolia Lodge No. 20, Columbus Lodge No. 30, and Garrettsville Lodge No. 246, Ohio^[34]^[106]
Licio Gelli, Italian politician. Worshipful master of Propaganda Due - Expelled in 1981 (some say 1976) by the Grand Orient of Italy.^[107]
King George IV, King of Great Britain, UGLE^[77]
King George VI, King of Great Britain, UGLE^[77]
Ion Ghica, twice Prime Minister of Romania, four-time President of the Romanian Academy.^[11]
Sir W S Gilbert, one half of 'Gilbert and Sullivan'.^[108]
King C. Gillette, American businessman^[109]
John H. Glenn, Jr., Astronaut and US Senator^[26] Concord Lodge No.688 Concord, Ohio^[34]
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German philosopher and Poet. Lodge Amelie, Weimar.^[110]
Octavian Goga, Prime Minister of Romania (1937-38).^[11]
Alexandru G. Golescu, Prime Minister of Romania (1870).^[11]
E. Urner Goodman, co-founder of the Boy Scouts' Order of the Arrow^[111]
Henri Grégoire, Roman Catholic priest, Constitutional bishop of Blois and French revolutionary leader.^[43]
Virgil I. Grissom, American astronaut. Mitchell Lodge No. 228, Mitchell, Indiana.^[112]

H

Manly Palmer Hall, Esoteric author. Raised 1954/11/22 into Jewel Lodge No. 374, San Francisco^[113]
Lionel Hampton, Musician, (Prince Hall).^[114]
John Hancock, American revolutionary, merchant and statesman.^[115]
Winfield Scott Hancock, U.S. General. Charity Lodge #190, Norristown, Pennsylvania^{[citation needed]}
Warren G. Harding, U.S. President. Marion Lodge No. 70, Ohio^[34]
John M. Harlan, US Associate Supreme Court Justice.^[30]
Joseph Hewes, Signer of the American Declaration of Independence.^[116]
J. Edgar Hoover, First Director of the FBI.^[26] Grand Cross. Federal Lodge No. 1, Washington, D.C.
Tim Horton, Canadian ice hockey player. Initiated in Kroy Lodge No. 676, Toronto, Ontario, in 1962.^[4]
Harry Houdini, Escape artist.^[117]
William Howley, the 90th Archbishop of Canterbury, and head of the worldwide Anglican Communion. Royal York Lodge, Bristol, England.^[118]^[119]^[120]
Camille Huysmans, Mayor of Antwerp and Prime Minister of Belgium.^[13]

I

Burl Ives, American actor and singer,^[26] Magnolia (now Magnolia-La Cumbre) Lodge No. 242, California

J

Nat Jackley English comic actor.^[121]
Andrew Jackson, U.S. President. Harmony Lodge No. 1^[34]
Jesse Jackson, US Civil Rights leader and Politician, Harmony Lodge No. 88, Chicago, Illinois (PHA)^[122]^[123]
Robert H. Jackson, U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice (1941-1954)^[30]
John Jay, Chief Justice of the United States (1789-1795)^[30]
Andrew Johnson, U.S. President. Greenville Lodge No. 119, Tennessee^[34]
John Paul Jones, Naval hero during the American Revolution, St. Bernards Lodge No. 122, Kirkudbright, Scotland^[34]
Melvin Jones, Founder of Lions Clubs International, Garden City Lodge No. 141, Illinois^[34]
Benito Juárez, President of Mexico. Rito Nacional Mexicano de la Logia Independiente, No. 02

K

David Kalakaua, King of Hawaii, 1874-91. Lodge Le Progress de l'Oceanie No. 124^[34]
Alexander Keith, Canadian politician and brewmaster, former Grand Master of Nova Scotia ^[124]
Rudyard Kipling, UK author and poet, Hope and Perseverance Lodge No. 782. E.C., Lahore, India; founding member, The Builders of the Silent Cities Lodge No. 12, St. Omer, France, F.R.^[125]
Adolph Knigge, German author^[126]
Mark Koltko-Rivera, American scientific author in field of psychology. Winter Park Lodge #239 (Florida).^[127]
Mihail Kogalniceanu Prime Minister of Romania (1863-65), Liberal statesman, lawyer, historian and publicist.^[11]

L

Frank S. Land, member of the Ivanhoe Lodge #446 on June 29, 1912 in Kansas City. He was the founder of DeMolay International.^[128]
Joseph Lamar, US Associate Justice (1888-1893), Webb Lodge No. 166 F.& A.M., Augusta, Georgia^[30]
Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven (1873–1932), Afrikaans writer and member of South African parliament.^[129]^[130]
José P. Laurel, President of the Japanese-Sponsored Republic of the Philippines during World War II, from 1943 to 1945. Batangas Lodge No. 383 under the Gran Oriente Espanol, (renamed Batangas Lodge No. 35 under the Grand Lodge of the Philippines).^[131]
Scott Leavitt, United States Congressman from Montana. Member of Delta Lodge 128, Great Falls, Montana^[132]
Leopold I of Belgium, king of Belgium^[13]
Meriwether Lewis, Explorer, Lewis and Clark expedition. Door to Virtue Lodge No. 44, Albemarle County, Virginia.^[64]
Frank Licht, Politician. Governor of Rhode Island (1969-1973)^[133]
Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, composer of La Marseillaise^[134]
Pascal Lissouba, president of the Republic of the Congo, 1992-1997.^[43]
Franz Liszt, Composer. Lodge zur Einigkeit, Frankurt.^[92]
Charles Lindbergh, US Aviator and chairman of the America First Committee, Keystone Lodge No. 243, St. Louis, Mo.^[135]
Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, Grandmaster of the Grand Orient de France during the French Revolution^[136]
Trent Lott, Former majority leader of the US Senate^[137]
Harold Lloyd, silent film comedian and Imperial Potentate of the Shriners of North America, 1949-50.^[138]
Graciano López Jaena, Filipino writer and journalist in the Philippine Revolution. Worshipful Master at Logia Povernir No. 2.^[139]
Juan Luna, Filipino painter and a political activist of the Philippine Revolution during the 1800s. Raised in Paris, France, under the auspices of Lodge Solidaridad 53.^[140]

M

Apolinario Mabini, First prime minister, 1899. September 1892 at Logia Balagtas 149 under the Grand Oriente Espanol.^[141]
Sir John A. Macdonald, The first Prime Minister of the Dominion of Canada (1867 - 1873 and 1878-1891). Began the creation of rail service across Canada. St. John's Lodge No. 758, Kingston, Ontario. Honourary Past Grand Senior Warden.^[4]
John Bayne Maclean, Canadian founder of Maclean's Magazine and President of Maclean's Publishing Co. Ionic Lodge No. 25, Toronto, ON.^[4]
Robert Macoy, US publisher and organizer of Eastern Star^[142]
Titu Maiorescu Romanian literary critic and politician, Prime Minister of Romania (1913-14).^[11]
John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States (1801-1835), Grand Master of Virginia from 1793-1795^[30]
Thurgood Marshall, U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice (1967-1991), Coal Creek Lodge No. 88, Tulsa, Oklahoma PHA^[34]
General Douglas MacArthur, US General during World War II,^[26] Manila Lodge No. 1, 1936, Philippines ^[34]
Harpo Marx, US film comedian^[143]
Francis Mason, American missionary and zoologist^[144]
Giuseppe Mazzini Italian Revolutionary, Grand Master of the Grande Oriente d'Italia^[93]
John S. McCain, Sr. (1884-1945), US admiral, Carrollton Lodge No. 36^[145]
John S. McCain, Jr. (1911-1981), US admiral, made "Mason at Sight", Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia, 1975, enrolled St. John's Lodge No. 11^[146]
Henry Joy McCracken, Member of the Society of the United Irishmen^[147]
William McKinley, U.S. President. Hiram Lodge No. 21, Virginia. Demitted from same to become a Charter Member of Eagle Lodge No. 431, Canton, Ohio (a.k.a. William McKinley Lodge)^[34]
Samuel McLaughlin, Founder and President of the McLaughlin Carriage Co. which later became General Motors of Canada. Cedar Lodge No. 270, Oshawa, Ontario. Grand Steward in 1945, 75 year member in the Craft. Royal Arch, Knight Templar, President of Oshawa Shrine Club.^[4]
John McLean, US Associate Justice (1829-1861)^[30]
Ned Ray McWherter, Governor of Tennessee (1987-1995)^[148].
Sebastião de Melo, Marquis of Pombal, 18th century Portuguese statesman^[149]^[150]
Sir Robert Menzies, 12th Prime Minister of Australia, Austral Temple Lodge No. 110, VC^[151]
Juan Álvarez Mendizábal, Spanish minister of the Treasury, Taller Sublime, Cádiz^[152]
George Middleton, Third Master of African Lodge #459 (Prince Hall)^[153]
J. B. Milam (1884-1949), Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, 32 degree Mason^[154]
Sherman Minton, US Associate Justice (1949-1956)^[30]
Ion Minulescu Romanian poet, novelist, short story writer, journalist, literary critic and playwright.^[11]
Kweisi Mfume, President NAACP, Mount Olive Lodge No. 25, Baltimore, Maryland (Prince Hall).^[155]
John Molson, Founder of Molson Breweries. St. Paul's Lodge, No. 374 UGLE, Montreal. Past Provincial Grand Master.^[4]
Bob Monkhouse, English comedian and television presenter, Chelsea Lodge No.3098.^[156]^[157]
James Monroe U.S. President, Williamsburg Lodge No. 6, Williamsburg, Virginia.^[158]^[159]
Jacque-Étienne Montgolfier, co-inventor of the Hot air balloon, 1745 - 1799. Initiated 1784, Loge des Neuf Soeurs, Paris^[160]
Joseph-Michel Montgolfier, co-inventor of the Hot air balloon, 1740 - 1810. Initiated 1806, Loge des Neuf Soeurs, Paris^[160]
William H. Moody, US Associate Justice (1906-1910)^[30]
Robert Moray, Scottish philosopher, Edinburgh [Lodge] 1641.^[161]
John Hunt Morgan General for the Confederate States of America, Daviess Lodge #22, Lexington, Kentucky ^[162]
Robert Morris, Poet Laureate of Freemasonry and founder of the Order of the Eastern Star^[163]
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Composer. Zur Wohltätigkeit (Charity) Lodge, Austria. Composed several pieces of Masonic ritual music, the first at age 11.^[164]
Leopold Mozart, Father of Amadeus, Zur Wohltätigkeit (Charity) Lodge, Austria.^[164]
Audie Murphy, One of the most decorated United States combat soldier of World War II^[26]

N

James Naismith, Canadian-born American sports educator who invented the game of basketball.^[4]
Ernesto Nathan, Italian politician and mayor of Rome, grand master of the Grande Oriente d'Italia^[165]
Samuel Nelson, US Associate Justice (1845-1872)^[30]
Kenneth Noye, British criminal, Hammersmith Lodge^[166]
Sam Nunn, US Senator.^[26]

O

Daniel O'Connell Irish political figure,Lodge No. 189, Dublin, in 1797^[167]
Bernardo O'Higgins South American revolutionary leader and first Chilean head of state as Captain General^[168]
Camilo Osías, President of the Senate of the Philippines.^[169]

P

Brad Paisley, American country music artist, Southern Jurisdiction, Scottish Rite.^[170]
Alexandru Paleologu Romanian essayist, literary critic, diplomat and politician.^[11]
Rafael Palma, Filipino politician, writer, and educator. Fourth President of the University of the Philippines. Bagong Buhay Lodge No. 291 (renumbered No. 16) July 14, 1908. Affiliated with Sinukuan Lodge No. 16 and in 1920 became Grand Master, the unified Grand Lodge of the Philippine Islands.^[171]
Arnold Palmer, Professional Golfer,^[26] Loyalhanna Lodge No. 275, Latrobe, Pennsylvania
Quintin Paredes, Filipino lawyer, politician, and statesman. Raised November 29, 1913 at Sinukuan Lodge No. 16 and became its Worshipful Master in 1920. Grand Master 1922^[172]
Richard Parsons, 1st Earl of Rosse, First recorded Grandmaster of Ireland and founder of the Dublin Hellfire club^[173]
William Paterson, US Associate Justice (1793-1806)^[30] and 2nd governor of New Jersey
Norman Vincent Peale,^[26] Midwood Lodge No. 1062, Brooklyn, New York
James Cash Penney Founder of J.C. Penney's department stores. Wasatch Lodge #1 in Salt Lake City, Utah.^[174]
Matthew Calbraith Perry, Commodore, US Navy, The Holland Lodge No. 8, New York, New York, 1819^[21]
John J. Pershing, Commander, American Expeditionary Force, World War I, Lincoln Lodge No.19, Lincoln, Nebraska.^[175]
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, husband of Queen Elizabeth II, Navy Lodge No 2612, London.^[176]
John Henry Lawrence Phillips, Bishop of Portsmouth,1960-1975: Provincial Grand Master Hampshire & Isle of Wight, 1975-1979 ^[177]
George Pickett, Confederate general at Gettysburg^[178]
Albert Pike, Confederate general, re-wrote rituals for Scottish Rite (Southern Jurisdiction), author of Morals and Dogma, Western Star Lodge No. 2, Little Rock, Arkansas. Sovereign Grand Commander AASR, Southern Jurisdiction.^[179]
John Pintard, founder of the New York Historical Society, The Holland Lodge No. 8, New York, New York^[21]
Augustus Le Plongeon, French Archaeologist. First to survey and excavate at Chitchen Itza.^[180]
Joel Roberts Poinsett, U.S. statesman, diplomat, physician and botanist.^[59]
James K. Polk, U.S. President. Initiated June 5, 1820, Columbia Lodge No. 31, Tennessee^[34]
Mariano Ponce, Filipino physician Initiated in Madrid and became Secretary of Logia Revoluccion and Logia Solidaridad 53. He also became a 33° mason under the auspices of the Gran Oriente Español.^[181]
Eugène Edine Pottier, French composer of the Internationale^[182]
Reynato Puno, Chief Justice of the Philippines, Grandmaster of Masons, active member of Hiram Lodge No. 88, and the Grand Lodge of the Philippines^[183]^[184]^[185]
Alexander Pushkin, Russian poet. Lodge Ovid, Kischinev, 1821^[34]
William Preston, Author of Illustrations of Masonry.^[186]
Richard Pryor, American comedian and actor. Henry Brown Lodge No. 22, Peoria, Illinois.^[187]

Q

Manuel L. Quezon, First president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines under U.S. occupation rule in the early period of the 20th century. Raised March 17, 1908 at Sinukuan Lodge No. 272 (renamed Sinukuan Lodge No. 16). first Filipino Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of the Philippine Islands that was established in 1917.^[188]

R

Ion Heliade Radulescu Romanian academic, poet, essayist, memoirist, short story writer, newspaper editor and politician.^[11]
Nick Rahall (b. 1949), US representative from West Virginia^[189]
Thomas Stamford Raffles, Raised July 5, 1813, Lodge De Vriendschap, Sourabaya^[190]
A. Philip Randolph, Joppa Lodge No. 55, NYC ^[191]
Stanley F. Reed, US Associate Justice (1938-1957)^[30]
George Reid, 4th Prime Minister of Australia, Lodge Centennial No. 169, UGL of New South Wales^[151]
Ed Rendell, Governor of Pennsylvania ^[192]
Theodor Reuss, German occultist and head of O.T.O., Pilger Loge #238 (UGLE) 1878, and excluded from Freemasonry in 1880.^[193]
Paul Revere, American Revolutionary hero, St. Andrew's Lodge, Boston, Massachusetts; Grand Master of Massachusetts 1794-97.^[34]
Michael Richards, American Actor^[194]^[195]
Rafael del Riego, Spanish general and liberal politician^[196]
Ringling Brothers (all seven of them), American circus promoters^[197]
Jose Rizal, Polymath and National Hero of the Philippines, Logia Solidaridad 53 Madrid, Spain; made honorary Worshipful Master of Nilad Lodge No. 144 in 1892^[198]
Charles Owen Leaver Riley, Anglican Archbishop, Grand Master of District Grand Lodge of Western Australia 1904-17, 1920-29.^[199]
Roy Rogers, American actor, Hollywood Lodge No. 355, California^[34]^[200]
Will Rogers American political commontator and satirist, Claremore Lodge No. 53, OK^[34]
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, U.S. President. Holland Lodge No. 8, New York^[34]
Theodore Roosevelt, U.S. President. Matinecock Lodge No. 806, Oyster Bay, New York^[34]
Félicien Rops Belgian artist^[13]
Edmundo Ros, Musician. Sprig of Acacia Lodge, Javea, Spain ^[201]
Constantin Daniel Rosenthal Romanian painter and 1848 revolutionary.^[11]
C. A. Rosetti Romanian literary and political leader, participant in the Wallachian Revolution of 1848.^[11]
James Mayer Rothschild Financier, Initiated Oct. 24, 1802: Emulation Lodge No. 12, London^[34]
Archibald Hamilton Rowan, member of the Society of the United Irishmen^[147]
Manuel Roxas, was the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines.^[202]
William Byron Rumford, California legislator, Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge, Berkeley, California^[203]
Alecu Russo Romanian writer, literary critic and publicist.^[11]
John Rutledge, Chief Justice of the United States (1795), Associate Justice (1789-1791)^[30]

S

Mihail Sadoveanu Romanian Novelist, short story writer, journalist and political figure, Grand Master from 1932.^[11]
Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, (1825-1903) Prime Minister of Spain^[204]
Augusto César Sandino Central American revolutionary and founder of the Nicaraguan Sandinistas ^[205]
Jose de San Martin, Argentine hero from the Spanish Revolution^[206]
Antonio López de Santa Anna, (Santa Ana) Mexican general and President^[8]
Artur Santos, Portuguese politician, Mayor of Ourem during the Fatima apparitions^[207]
Lope K. Santos, Tagalog language writer from the Philippines. first Woshipful Master of Magat Lodge No. 68 in Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya.^[208]
Denis Sassou Nguesso, general and the president of the Republic of the Congo.^[43]
Peter Sellers, actor, comedian, star of The Goon Show and The Pink Panther movie series, Chelsea Lodge No 3098, UGLE^[157]
Sir Ernest Shackleton, UK explorer^[209]
Philipp Gotthard of Schaffgotsch, Prince-Bishop of Breslau^[210]
Friedrich Schiller, Rudolstadt Lodge, Berlin^[34]
Richard Seddon, Longest serving Prime Minister of New Zealand (1893-1906), Grand Master of New Zealand (1898-1900)^[211]^[212]
Jean Sibelius, Composer, Suomi Lodge No. 1, Helsinki, Finland, 1922.^[213] Wrote several pieces of interest to Masons including "Praising Hymn" and the "Ode to Fraternity."
Heath Shuler, United States Congressman for North Carolina, Oconee Lodge 427.^[214]^[215]^[216]
Sampson Simson, Lawyer and philanthropist^[217]
James Sloan, co-founder of the Orange Order^[218]
Joseph Smith, Sr., Mormon leader, Ontario Lodge No. 23 of Canandaigua, New York, 1818^[219]
Joseph Smith, Jr., Founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, Nauvoo Lodge, Illinois^[220]
Hyrum Smith, Mormon leader, Mount Moriah Lodge No. 112, Palmyra, New York^[219]
John Philip Sousa, Composer,^[26] Hiram Lodge No. 10, Washington, D.C.^[26]
Richard Bernard "Red" Skelton, American comedian, Vincennes Lodge No. 1, Vincennes, Indiana^[34]^[194]
Sir Bernard Spilsbury, British forensic scientist.^[77]
Jock Stein, football manager of teams including Celtic F.C. and Scotland.^[221]
Stanislaw Stempowski, Grand Master of the National Grand Lodge of Poland (1926-1928)^[222]
Potter Stewart, US Associate Justice (1958-1981)^[30]
Philipp von Stosch, occultist, antiquarian and English spy.^[223]
Joseph Story, US Associate Justice (1811-1845)^[30]
Alexandru Sturdza, Russian publicist and diplomat of Romanian origin.^[11]
Dimitrie Sturdza, four-time Prime Minister of Romania, president of the Romanian Academy (1882-1884).^[11]
Sir Arthur Sullivan, Sullivan of 'Gilbert and Sullivan'^[108], and was also Grand Organist of the UGLE in 1887.^[224]
Goswin de Stassart, Belgian statesman^[13]
William Stukeley, English archaeologist and antiquarian. Lodge at Salutation Tavern, London.^[225]
Noah H. Swayne, US Associate Justice (1862-1881)^[30]

T

Alphonso Taft, U.S. Attorney General and Secretary of War. Kilwinning Lodge No. 356, Ohio
William Howard Taft, U.S. President. Made a "Mason at sight" inside Kilwinning Lodge No. 356, Ohio, February 18, 1909 Kilwinning Lodge No. 356, Ohio^[30]^[34]
Mehmed Talat, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. Initiated into Macedonia Risorta Lodge, Thessaloniki,1903. First Grand Master of Ottoman Grand Orient (1909-1910)^[81]^[226]
Christian Tell Romanian politician, 1848 revolutionary, Mayor of Bucharest.^[11]
Dave Thomas, Founder of Wendy's, raised as a Master Mason in Sol. D. Bayless Lodge No. 359 Fort Wayne, Indiana. Conferred the 32nd Degree, N.M.J., on 11/16/1961, Fort Wayne, Indiana.^[227]
Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina and segregationist candidate for the United States presidency in 1948^[228]
John Tipton, American politician^[229]
Nicolae Titulescu Romanian diplomat, government minister, President of the League of Nations.^[11]
Thomas Todd, US Associate Justice (1807-1826)^[30]
Robert Trimble, US Associate Justice (1826-1828). Union #16 in Paris, Kentucky^[30]
Harry S Truman, U.S. President, Belton Lodge No. 450, Belton, Missouri. Grand Master of Missouri, 1940-1941^[230]
Mark Twain, American author. Polar Star Lodge No. 79, A.F.& A.M., St. Louis, Missouri. (Suspended for non-payment of dues and later reinstated April 24, 1867. Demitted October 1867, but recorded as having visited Carson City Lodge U.D. in February and March 1868.)^[231]

V

Alexandru Vaida-Voevod three-time Prime Minister of Romania.^[11]
Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen, Founder of the Belgian Liberal Party^[13]
Swami Vivekanada, Hindu Spiritual Leader^[232]
Frederick M. Vinson, Chief Justice of the United States (1946-1953)^[30]
Traian Vuia Romainan inventor and early aviation pioneer.^[11]

W

Elijah Wadsworth, Major General of Ohio Militia War of 1812. Master of the Erie Lodge (later Western Star Lodge No. 21) in Ohio, 1813.^[233]
Sir Charles Warren, English archaeologist. Surveyor of Herod's Temple. Royal Lodge of Friendship No. 278, Gibraltar.^[234]
Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States (1953-1969), Grand Master of California 1935 to 1936^[30]
George Washington General, Politician, and First President of the United States. Initiated in Fredericksburg VA, Past Master of Alexandria Lodge No. 22, Virginia.^[235]
John Wayne, American actor, Marion McDaniel Lodge No. 56^[236]
Thomas Smith Webb, author of Freemason’s Monitor or Illustrations of Masonry, sometimes called the "Founding Father of the York or American Rite" for his efforts to promote that masonic body.^[237]
Adam Weishaupt, founder of the Illuminati^[126]
Philip Wharton, 1st Duke of Wharton, English politician, atheist and member of the Hellfire club ^[238]
Oscar Wilde, Irish playwright, novelist, and poet, Apollo University Lodge, No. 357 (UGLE)^[239]
Billy Wilder, Austrian-American journalist, filmmaker, screenwriter and producer.^[190]
James Wilson (Orangeman), co-founder of the Orange Order^[218]
John Wilkes, English politician and journalist ^[240]
King William IV, King of Great Britain, UGLE^[77]
Jeff Winter, English football referee^[241]
Levi Woodbury, US Associate Justice (1845-1851)^[30]
William B. Woods, US Associate Justice (1881-1887)^[30]
Steve Wozniak Co-founder Apple Computers, Charity Lodge No. 362, Campbell, California^[34]
Christopher Wren, English architect, Master of Lodge Original, No. 1, now the Lodge of Antiquity No. 2,^[242] "adopted" May 18, 1691^[243]

X

Y

John Yarker - English occultist - 1° Lodge of Integrity No. 189 (later 163) Manchester, October 25, 1854, affiliated with Fidelity Lodge No. 623 April 27, 1855 - Expelled from the Ancient and Accepted Rite and Demitted (from all regular Freemasonry), 1862^[244]

Z

Duiliu Zamfirescu Romanian novelist, poet, short story writer, lawyer, nationalist politician, journalist, diplomat and

Categories: Freemasonry

http://www.calodges.org/no406/FAMASONS.HTM

Welcome to Burbank Masonic Lodge No. 406

Famous Masons

U.S. Presidents	Presidential Candidates	Declaration of Independence Signers	Foreign Leaders
Supreme Court Justices	U.S. Senators	U.S. Military Leaders	U.S. Pioneers
Civic Leaders	Medical Leaders	Sports	Authors, Publishers and Poets
Entertainers	Religeous Leaders	Industry and Commerce	Other Famous Freemasons

MASONIC PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES

      George Washington, 1st President, 1789 - 1797, Commanding General during American Revolution, made a Mason August 4, 1753, in Fredericksburg Lodge (now No. 4), A. F. & A. M., Fredericksburg, Virginia.
      James Monroe, 5th President, 1817 - 1825, made a Mason November 9, 1775, in Williamsburg Lodge (now No. 6), A.F. & A.M., Williamsburg, Virginia.
      Andrew Jackson, 7th President, 1829 - 1837 Harmony Lodge No. 1, Nashville, Tennessee, an Honorary Member of Federal Lodge No. 1, F. & A.M., Washington, D.C., and Jackson Lodge No. 1, F. & A.M., Tallahassee, Florida. In 1822 and 1823 he served as the Grand Master of Masons in Tennessee.
      James Knox Polk, 11th President, 1845 - 1849, made a Mason September 4, 1820, in Columbia Lodge No. 31, F. & A.M., Columbia, Tennessee.
      James Buchanan, 15th President, 1857 - 1861, made a Mason January 24, 1817, in Lodge No. 43 (it has no name), F. & A.M., Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
      Andrew Johnson, 17th President, 1865 - 1869, made a Mason during May, 1851, in Greeneville Lodge No. 119 (now No. 3), F. & A.M., Greeneville, Tennessee.
      James Abram Garfield, 20th President. 1881, made a Mason November 22, 1864, in Columbus Lodge No. 30 F. & A.M., Columbus, Ohio.
      William McKinley, 25th President, 1897 - 1901, made a Mason May 3, 1865, in Hiram Lodge No. 21, A.F. & A.M., Winchester, Virginia.
      Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President, 1901 - 1909, made a Mason April 24, 1901, in Matinecock Lodge No. 806, F. & A.M., Oyster Bay, New York.
      William Howard Taft, 27th President, 1909 - 1913 - Chief Justice Supreme Court 1921 - 1930, made a "Mason at Sight" in an "Occassional Lodge" called for that purpose on February 18, 1909, in the Scottish Rite Cathedral, Cincinnati, Ohio, by Charles S. Hoskinson, Grand Master of Masons in Ohio.
      Warren Gamaliel Harding, 29th President, 1921 - 1923, made a Mason August 27, 1920, in Marion Lodge No. 70, F. & A.M., Marion, Ohio.
      Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President, 1933 - 1945, made a Mason November 28, 1911, in Holland Lodge No. 8, F. & A.M., New York, New York, the same Lodge in which George Washington, the Nation's first President, held Honorary membership.
      Harry S. Truman, 33rd President, 1945 - 1951, made a Mason March 18, 1909, in Belton Lodge No. 450, A.F. & A.M., Belton, Missouri. He served as the Grand Master of Masons of Missouri in 1940.
Initiated: February 9, 1909, Belton Lodge No. 450, Belton, Missouri.
In 1911, several Members of Belton Lodge separated to establish Grandview Lodge No. 618, Grandview, Missouri, and Brother Truman served as its first Worshipful Master. At the Annual Session of the Grand Lodge of Missouri, September 24-25, 1940, Brother Truman was elected (by a landslide) the ninety-seventh Grand Master of Masons of Missouri, and served until October 1, 1941. Brother and President Truman was made a Sovereign Grand Inspector General, 33º, and Honorary Member, Supreme Council on October 19,1945 at the Supreme Council A.A.S.R. Southern Jurisdiction Headquarters in Washington D.C., upon which occasion he served as Exemplar (Representative) for his Class. He was also elected an Honorary Grand Master of the International Supreme Council, Order of DeMolay. On May 18, 1959, Brother and Former President Truman was presented with a fifty-year award, the only U.S. President to reach that golden anniversary in Freemasonry.
      Gerald R. Ford, Jr. 38th President, 1974 - 1977. He was raised to the Sublime degree of Master Mason on May 18, 1951 in Columbia Lodge No. 3, F. &.A.M., of Washington, D.C., as a courtesy for Malta Lodge No. 465, F. & A.M. of Grand Rapids, Michigan.
      Lyndon Baines Johnson 1908-1973. 36th President, 1963 - 1969. Entered Apprentice degree Johnson City Lodge No. 561, Johnson City, Texas October 30, 1937. Did not advance.

Presidential Candidates:
      Dewey, Thomas E. - New York Governor
      Dole, Bob - former U.S. Senator/Majority Leader, Kansas; Russell Lodge No. 177, Kansas
      Goldwater, Barry - Former Senator from Arizona
      Humphrey, Hubert H. - Vice President of the United States
      McGovern, George - Senator from South Dakota
      Stassen, Harrold E. - Minnesota Governor &emdash; Fellowship Shekinah Lodge No. 257, St. Paul, MN; 33º, Grand Cross A.A.S.R., S.J.
      Wallace, Governor George C. - Presidential Candidate who was nearly assasinated

Of the fifty-six signers of the Declaration of Independence, the following were known to be members of a Masonic lodge:
      Benjamin Franklin - 1 of 13 Masonic signers of Constitution of the U.S. member of St. John's Lodge, Tun Tavern, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Past Provincial Grand Master of Pennsylvania
      Elbridge Gerry, member of Philanthropic Lodge, Marblehead, Massachusetts.
      John Hancock, made a Master Mason, at the age of 23, in 1760, in Merchants Lodge No. 1, Quebec City, the first civilian Lodge established in Canada after the Conquest. In 1763, he went to Boston, Massachusetts, where he affiliated with St. Andrew's Lodge.
      William Hooper, member of Hanover Lodge, Masonborough, North Carolina.
      Richard Stockton, charter member, and first Master of St. John's Lodge, Princeton, New Jersey.
      Matthew Thornton, made a Mason in a Lodge attached to a British Regiment of Foot during the Siege of Louisburg, Canada, in 1745, serving in a New Hampshire Colonial Regiment as a surgeon. Baron Von Steuben, while at Valley Forge, is said to have conferred the higher Degrees on him and to have been the only Signer who attained the 32nd Degree of the Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite.
      George Walton, member of Solomons Lodge No. 1, Savannah, Georgia.
      William Whipple, member of St. Johnþs Lodge No. 1, Portsmouth, New Jersey.
      The following named Signers have been referred to as members of the Fraternity by various Masonic writers, and in Masonic publications, but their Lodge affiliation is not known:
      Roger Sherman, claimed to have been made a Mason prior to the American Revolution. A Masonic Apron said to be worn by him is in the collection at Yale University.
      Josiah Bartlett, one so named is listed as a charter member of King Solomon's Lodge, Charlestown, Massachusetts. Descendants, however, say he was not a member of the Craft. There is doubt that this Bartlett is the signer, and records of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts do not show his Lodge affiliation.
      Philip Livingston, often referred to as a Mason, but this is open to debate. Records of the Grand Lodge of New York do not disclose his name. Several members, named Livingston, are noted in the records of Holland Lodge No. 8, New York City, New York.
      Joseph Hewes. Records of Unanimity Lodge No. 7, Edenton, North Carolina, show his name as a visitor on St. John's Day, December, 1776.
      Robert Treat Paine, member of a Massachusetts Lodge. The Grand Lodge of Massachusetts records do not show his affiliation He was said to be present at the celebration of St. John's Day, Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, in June, 1759.
      Thomas McKean, noted as a frequent visitor to Perseverance Lodge No. 2l, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The McKean genealogy has stated he was a Mason, although his name is not found on the records of the Grand Lodge of Delaware, which was not organized until the close of the American Revolution. A brother, Samuel McKean, was a member of the Fraternity.
      John Penn, known to have attended Lodges in North Carolina, but his Masonic affiliation is not known.
      Lyman Hall, claimed to have been a member of Solomons Lodge No. 1, Savannah, Georgia.
      William Ellery, claimed as a member of a Lodge in Boston, Massachusetts.
      Thomas Nelson, Jr., claimed to have visited Lodge No. 9, Yorktown, Virginia, after the Siege of that place was lifted in the Revolutionary War, accompanied by Lafayette and Washington.
      Absence of definite proof of the Masonic affiliation of the Signers named in the foregoing paragraphs, precludes the possibility of knowing. This is also the case with Thomas Jefferson; John Adams; Benjamin Rush, Robert Morris; John Witherspoon; George Wythe; Francis Lightfoot Lee; Richard Henry Lee, and others. Caesar Rodney, of Delaware fame, had a son Caesar Augustus Rodney - a member of the Craft. George Read, another Signer from Delaware, had a son - George M. Read - who was Grand Master of Pennsylvania. Samuel Huntington had a son who was Grand Master of Ohio.

Foreign Leaders:
      Abbott, Sir John J.C. - Prime Minister of Canada 1891-92
      Miguel Aleman (Mexican President 1947-52)
      Allende, Salvador - Former President of Chile, Lodge Progresso No. 4, Valpariso
      Emilio Aguinaldo (Phillippine Patriot and General)
      Ataturk, Mustapha Kemal, Former President of Turkey 1923-1938
      Barclay, E-J. - President of Liberia in 1930 - 1941. Depute-Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Liberia in 1930
      Barrientos, Rene. - 1925-1969. President of Bolivie 1964
      Batista, Mariano. 1832-1907. - President of Bolivia in 1892.
      Benes, Eduard - President of Czechoslovakia 1935-1938. Lodge Ian Amos Komensky No. 1, Prague and Lodge Pravda Vitezi
      Bennett, Viscount R.B. - Prime Minister of Canada 1930-35
      Bertrand, Francisco - 1870-1926 President of Honduras.
      Sveinn Bjornsson (1st President of Iceland)
      Bolivar, Simon. 1783-1830 - Hero of the Independence of South American countries from Spain. Known as the George Washington of South America.
      Bonaparte, Napolean - Military Leader, Emperor of France (and his four brothers)
There is serious doubt about Napoleon Bonapart being a Mason among Masonic researchers. His four brothers memberships are well documented.
      Bonaparte, Joseph 1768-1844. - King of Naples
      Borden, Sir Robert L. - Prime Minister of Canada 1911-1920
      Botha, Pik - Former Foreign Minister of South Africa
      Bowell, Sir Mackenzie - Prime Minister of Canada 1894-96
      Brant, Joseph - Chief of the Mohawks 1742 - 1807
      King Charles XIII (King of Sweden 1748-1818)
      Churchill, Winston, Sir. 1874-1965. - Former Prime Minister Member of the Studholme Lodge 1591, of London.
      Diefenbaker, John G. - Prime Minister of Canada 1957-63
      Doumer, Paul - President of France
      Doumergue, Gaston - President of France
      Edward VIII - King of England who abdicated the throne in less than 1 year
      Edward VII - King of England
      Frederic II - King of Prussia
      Frederick the Great, King of Prussia 1740-86
      Francis I Holy Roman Emperor, 1745-65.
      Francis II Holy Roman Emperor, 1768-1806.
      Frederic VII - King of Denmark. 1806-1863.
      Garibaldi, Giuseppe. 1807-1882. - Deputy of Rome.
      George VI - King of England during W.W. II MORE
      Georges II 1895-1952. - King of Greece
      Gustave V - King of Sweden 1907 - 1950.
      Gustavus VI Adolphus (King of Sweden 1792-1809)
      Joffre 1852-1931 - Marshall of France.; Kamehemeha IV King of Hawaii (1854-63).
      Kemehemeha V King of Hawaii (1863-72).; Lafayette, Marquis de - French Supporter of Amerian Freedom; Leopold I - King of Belgium (1831-65)
      MacDonald, Sir John A. - Prime Minister of Canada 1867-73 and 1878-91; Mitterand, Alexandre - President of France
      Peter the Great (Emperor of Russia 1689-1725); Tirpitz, Alfred Von 1849-1930 - German Naval officer responsible for submarine warfare
      William I (King of Prussia 1861- 88); William II (King of the Netherlands (1792-1849); William IV (King of England (1830-37)

United States Supreme Court Justices:
      Baldwin, Henry ; Black, Hugo L.Blair, John Jr.,; Blatchford, Samuel; Burton, Harold H. ; Byrnes, James F.; Catton, John; Clark, Thomas C.
      Clarke, John H.; Cushing, William ; Devanter, Willis Van; Douglas, William O.; Ellsworth, Oliver; Field, Stephen J. ; Harlan, John M. ; Jackson, Robert H.; Lamar, Joseph E.
      Marshall, Thurgood ; Marshall, John - Chief Justice 1801 - 1835; Mathews, Stanley; Minton, Sherman; Moody, William H.; Nelson, Samuel
      Paterson, William - Signer US Constitution ; Pitney, Mahlon; Reed, Stanley F.; Rutledge, Wiley B. Stewart, Potter, Swayne, Noah H., Todd, Thomas, Trimble, Robert
      Vinson, Frederick M. - Chief Justice 1946 - 1953, Warren, Earl - Chief Justice 1953 - 197?, Governor of California, Grand Master of California, Woodbury, Levi , Woods, William B.

United States Senators:
      Bryan, Richard; Burns, Conrad; Byrd, Robert; Dirksen, Everett; Douglas, Stephen; Ervin Samual J. Jr, who headed "Watergate" Committee
      Glenn, John H. - First American to orbit the earth in a space craft. Member of Concord #688 Concord, Ohio.
      Grassley, Charles; Hatfield, Mark; Helms, Jesse; Hollings, Ernest; Johnston, Bennett Jr.
      Kemp, Jack - Secretary of HUD, New York; Fraternal Lodge No. 625 in Hamburg, NY, Quarterback for Buffalo Bills; Lott, Trent; Nunn, Sam; Simpson, Alan; Thomas, Craig

United States Military Leaders:
      Aldrin, Edwin E. "Buzz" Astronaut; second man on the moon, Montclair Lodge No. 144 New Jersey.
      Allen, Ethan - General, Revolutionary War; Windsor, Vermont
      Arnold, Gen. Henry "Hap" - Commander of the Army Air Force during World War II
      Bradley, Omar N. - Five Star General of the Army, World War II, U.S.
      Byrd, Richard E. Admiral - Arctic & Anarctic explorer, 1st to fly over North Pole
      Cooper, Gordon "Gordo" - Astronaut
      Chenault, Claire L. - World War II General
      Clark, Mark - World War II General, European Theater
      Doolittle, James - General, famous World War II Air Force Pilot
      Farragut, Admiral David G. (First Admiral of the U.S. Navy)
      Grissom, Virgil (Gus) - Astronaut
      Irwin, Jim - Astronaut
      James, Daniel "Chappie" - General, U.S. Air Force
      Jones, John Paul - Founder and First Admiral of the U.S. Navy - St. Bernard Lodge No. 122 (now St. Cuthbert No. 41)
      King, Ernest J. - World War II Five Star Admiral, Comander of Pacific Theater
      Knox, Henry - Revolutionary War General
      LaMay, Curtis E. - Air Force General, Commander of Strategic Air Command
      MacArthur, Douglas - Five Star General, Allied Commander in the Pacific in World War II,
                        “Duty, Honor, Country” Speech
      Marshall, George C. - Five Star General, Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff World War II, Post war Secretary of State and Architect of the Marshall Plan.
      McClellan, George B. - General, Union Army
      Murphy, Audie - Most decorated American Soldier of World War II
      Peary, Robert E. Admiral - First man to reach the North Pole (1909) - Kane Lodge No. 451, NY
      Perry, Matthew Calbraith - Commodore; responsible for opening relations with Japan; Holland Lodge No. 8, New York City
      Pershing, John Joseph "Blackjack" - General of the Armies, Commander of the American Expeditionary Force in World War I
      Pickett, George E. - Maj. Gen. (CSA), led "Pickett's Charge" at Gettysburg
      Pike, Zebulon - Military explorer who discovered Pike's Peak, which is named for him
      Rickenbacker, Eddie - Great American Air Force Ace
      Ridgeway, Matthew B. - US Military Leader, General who succeeded MacArthur in Korea
      Schirra, Wally - Astronaut
      Schwartzkopf, Norman - Former U.S. General, Desert Storm commander
      Stillwell, Joseph - World War II General
      Wainwright, Johnathon - World War II General, survived Battan Death March

Pioneers who helped settle the United States:
      Astor, John Jacob - Fur trader and financier
      Austin, Stephen F. - Father of Texas, Louisiana Lodge No. 109, St. Genevieve, Missouri.
      Blair, John - Signer US Constitution
      Bougainville, Louis-Antoine - Navigator.1729-1811
      Bowie, James - Died at the Alamo
      Brearley, David - Signer US Constitution
      Burbank, Luther - Pioneering botanist
      Burnett, David G. - 1st President of the Republic of Texas
      Carson, Christopher "Kit" - Frontiersman, scout and explorer; Montezuma Lodge No. 109,
New Mexico.
      Clark, William - Explorer (Lewis and Clark)
      Clemens, Samuel L. - Mark Twain - writer
      Cody, William F. "Buffalo Bill" - Indian fighter, Wild West Show
      Colt, Samuel - Firearms inventor
      Crockett, David - American Frontiersman and Alamo fame
      Dayton, Jonathan - Signer US Constitution
      Dubois, W.E.B. - Educator/Author/Historian
      Ellery, William - One of nine Masonic signers of the Declaration of Independence
      Fitch, John - Inventor of the Steamboat
      Fuller, Alfred (Fuller Brush)
      Fulton, Robert - Inventor of 1st Submarine and Steam powered warship
      Gatling, Richard J. - Built the "Gatling Gun"
      Hall, Prince - Founded African Lodge in U.S. African Lodge is the Grandfather of Prince Hall Masonry.
      Henry, Patrick - Patriot
      Henson, Mathew - Explorer
      Henson, Josiah - Inspired the novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
      Houston, Sam - 2nd and 4th President of the Republic of Texas
      Jones, Anson - 5th President of the Republic of Texas
      Key, Francis Scott - Wrote U.S. National Anthem
      Lewis, Meriwether - Explorer (Lewis and Clark)
      Lamar, Mirabeau B. - 3rd President of the Republic of Texas
      Lindbergh, Charles - Aviator. First solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean - member of Keystone Lodge No. 243, St. Louis, MO
      Marshall, James W. - Discovered Gold at Sutter's Mill California 1848
      McHenry, James - Signer of the U.S. Constitution - Spiritual Lodge No. 23, Maryland
      Revere, Paul - Famous Midnight Ride - Grand Master of Massachusetts
      Rush, Benjamin - one of nine Masonic signers of the Declaration of Independence.
      Stanford, Leland - California pioneer - Drove the golden spike linking the intercontinetal railroad and founded Stanford University
      Travis, Colonel William B. - died at Alamo
      Wright, Orville and Wilber - Inventors of Airplane

Other Civic Leaders:
      Bradley, Thomas - Mayor of Las Angeles, CA
      Carnahan, Melvin - Governor of Missouri
      Clinton, DeWitt - Governor of New York
      Freeman, Orville - Former Governor of Minnesota and Secretary of Agriculture.
      Hawkins, Augustus F. - US Congressman from California
      Hoover, J. Edgar - Director of FBI
      La Guardia, Fiorella H. - La Guardia Airport, Mayor of New York 1930's and 40's
      New, Harry S. - Postmaster General who established Airmail
      Poinsett, Joel R. - U.S. Minister to Mexico who developed the Poinsettia
      Rangal, Charles B. - U.S. Congressman from New York
      Stassen, Harold - Statesman, signer of U.N. Charter
      Stokes, Louis - U.S. Congressman from Ohio
      Stokes, Carl B. - First Black elected Mayor, Cleveland, Ohio
      Thompson, Tommy - Governor of Wisconsin, Secretary of Health and Human Services 2001 -
      Young, Andrew - Former Mayor of Atlanta

Medical Leaders:
      Desaguliers, Jean-Theophile - Physician. Inventor of the planetarium. 1683-1744.Jenner, Edward - Inventor - Vaccination
      Mayo, Drs. William and Charles - Founded the Mayo Clinic
      Menninger, Karl A. - Psychiatrist famous for treating mental illness
      Mesmer, Franz Anton 1734-1815 - practiced Mesmerism which led to Hypnotism
      Still, Andrew T. - American Physician who devised treatment of Osteopathy
      Wootton, Percy, MD - President American Medical Association (1997- )

Sports Heroes:
      Alexander, Grover C.
      Ballard, Harold Owner Toronto Maple Leafs NHL team. Corinthian No. 481, Toronto, ON.
      Brown, Mordecai P.C.
      Chandler, Albert “Happy”
      Cobb, Tyrus R. “Ty” - Baseball Hall of Fame Player
      Combs, Earle Bryan - Baseball Hall of Fame
      Corchran, Gordon “Mickey”
      Dempsey, Jack - Heavyweight boxing champion
      Hornsby, Rogers - An original member of the Baseball Hall of Fame
      Hubbel, Carl - Baseball; Meeker Lodge No. 479, Oklahoma
      Johnson, John A 'Jack' - Heavyweight boxing title holder
      Mathewson, Christopher “Christy”
      Palmer, Arnold - Golf Pro
      Rickey, Branch - Baseball Legend, Signed Jackie Robinson (first black in major league).
      Robinson, Sugar Ray - World Champion Boxer
      Starr, Bart - Football Quarterback - Green Bay Packers.
      Wagner, Honus - Baseball batting legend
      Young, Cy - Famous baseball pitcher for whom the Cy Young Award is named

Authors, Publishers and Poets:
      Abbott, Robert Sengstacke - Founder/publisher Chicago Defender
      Burns, Robert - National Poet of Scotland; St. David's Lodge No. 174, Tarbolton, Scotland.
      Chagall, Marc - Artist, painter.
      Collodi, Carlo - Author of Pinocchio
      Conan Doyle, Arthur - 1859-1930. Member of Phoenix Lodge 257, Portsmouth, in 1886. Author of Sherlock Holmes
      Dac, Pierre. 1895-1975 - Humorist
      Doyle, Sir Author Conan - Writer - Sherlock Holmes
      Fleming, Sir Alexander - USA. Invented penicillin. 1881-1955.
      Fortune, Timpothy Thomas - Journalist
      Gannett, Frank E. - Hobosco Lodge No. 716, Ithaca, NY - media empire
      Gibbon, Edward - Author of "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire"
      Gray, Harold Lincoln - Creator of "Little Orphan Annie"
      Guest, Edgar A. - Poet; "The Lambskin Apron"
      Haley, Alex - Author
      Harvey, Paul - Radio personality
      Johnson, John H. - Publisher EBONY and Jet magazines
      Kipling, Rudyard - Author. Nobel Prize in 1907.
      Lemon, Mark - Founder of Punch, humorous British magazine
      Pushkin, Aleksander - Russian Poet
      Salten, Felix - Creator of Bambi
      Scott, Sir Walter - Writer
      Service, Robert, Poet of the Klondike Gold Rush
      Swift, Johathan - Wrote Gulliver's Travels
      Tolstoi, Leo - Russian Author
      Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet 1694-1778. - French writer and philosopher
      Wallace, Lewis - Wrote "Ben Hur"
      Wilde, Oscar. 1854-1900. - Writer

Entertainment Industry:
      Accuff, Roy - Country Western Singer
      Armstrong, Louis - Jazz Musician. Montgomery Lodge No. 18, PHA, New York.
      Arnold, Eddy - Country Western Singer
      Atkins, Chet - Musician, Guitar
      Autry, Gene - Singer — Actor - Western Heritage Museum, Catoosa Lodge No. 185, Catoosa, Oklahoma
      Bach, Jahann Christian - Composer
      Bassie, William "Count" - Orchestra leader/composer, Wisdom Lodge No. 102 PHA, Chicago and Shriner, New York.
      Beethoven, Ludwig Van. - 1770-1827. Composer
      Berlin, Irving - Composer/Entertainer
      Borgnine, Ernest - Actor
      Brown, Joe E.
      Burns, Bob
      Cantor, Eddie
      Caine, Michael - Actor
      Cervi, Gino 1901-1974. - Italian Actor, famous for his roles in films as "Don Camillo"
      Clark, Roy - Country western singer; Jenks Lodge No. 497, Oklahoma
      Coburn, Charles D.
      Cohan, George M. - Composer/Broadway star
      Cole, Nat 'King' - Great ballad singer
      Cody, William F. “Buffalo Bill”
      Costello, Lou - Comedian
      Crisp, Donald
      Crosby, Norm - Entertainer
      DeMille, Cecil B. - Epic Film Director
      Dix, Richard
      Eastwold, Scott - Musician,
      Ellington, Duke - Jazz composer, arranger and stylist
      Fairbanks, Douglas, Sr. - Silent film actor
      Fields, W.C. - Actor
      Gable, Clark - Actor
      Gibson, Hoot - Cowboy actor; Truth Lodge No. 628, Los Angeles, CA
      Gilbert, Sir William S. - Was the librettis for "Pirates of Penzance"
      Gilbert and Sullivan - Composers and playwrights
      Godfrey, Arthur - Actor
      Goethe, Johann Wolfgang 1749-1832.
      Griffith, David W.
      Grock - Swiss Circus Clown
      Hampton, Lionel - Orchestra Leader/Composer
      Handel, George Fredrick - Composer
      Handy, William C. - Composer "Father of the Blues"
      Hardy, Oliver - Actor - Comedian (Laurrel & Hardy)
      Hayden, Franz Josef F. 1732-1809 - Composer
      Hershfield, Harry - Radio entertainer
      Hersholt, Jean
      Houdini, Harry - Magician
      Ives, Burl - Entertainer
      Jolson, Al - Fame as the first 'talking picture' the Jazz Singer. St. Cecile Lodge No. 568, New York
      Jones, Charles “Buck”
      Keaton, Buster - Movies, Comedian
      Kellar, Harry
      Kern, Jerome - Composer
      Lincoln, Elmo - First actor to play Tarzan of the Apes (1918)
      Lizt, Franz. Composer
      Lloyd, Harold C. - Silent movie comedian
      Mayer, Louis B. - Film producer who merged to form Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM)
      Meichior, Lauritz
      Miller, Glenn - Musician, Band Leader
      Mix, Tom - U.S. Marshal turned actor. Stared in over 400 western films
      Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus - Child musical genius - composerMozart's Magic Flute is the background music for this page      Powell, Dick
      Ringling Brothers - All 7 brothers and their father were Masons.
      Rogers, Roy - American cowboy and screen star, Hollywood Lodge No. 355, California
      Rogers, Will - Actor; Claremore Lodge No. 53, Oklahoma
      Sellers, Peter 1925-1980 - Actor, Chelsea Lodge # 3098.
      Sibelius, Jean 1865-1957 - Composer (Finland)
      Skelton, Richard B. “Red” - Comedian/Entertainer
      Smith, John Stafford - Wrote the music that became the US National Anthem.
      Sousa, John Philip - Composer - Led the U.S. Marine Band from 1880 - 1892
      Stratton, Charles "Tom Thumb" - Entertainer
      Thomas, Danny - Actor, Entertainer
      Thurston, Howard - Last of the great vauderville magicians.
      Tillis, Mel - Country Singer
      Warner, Jack - Warner Brothers Studio fame
      Wayne, John - Actor; Marion McDaniel Lodge No. 56, Tucson, AZ
      Wagner, Richard
      Whiteman, Paul - "King of Jazz"
      Wyler, William - Director of "Ben Hur"
      Wynn, Ed
      Zanuck, Darryl F. - Co-founder of 20th Century Productions in 1933
      Ziegfeld, Florenz - His Ziegfeld's Follies began in 1907

Religious Leaders:
      Allen, Richard Founder/First Bishop AME Church
      Baker, James C. (Bishop, Methodist Church, organized first Wesley Foundation in U.S.)
      Baylor, Robert E. B. (Baptist clergyman, founder of Baylor University)
      Ballou, Hosea (Founder, Universalist Church)
      Booth, Rev. William - Founder of the Salvation Army
      Bradley, Preston (founder of the Peoples Church)
      Calvo, Father Francisco - Catholic Priest who started Freemasonry in Costa Rica 1865
      Evans, Hugh I. (National head of the Presbyterian Church, U.S.A.)
      Fisher, Geoffrey - Archbishop of Canterbury 1945 - 1961
      Frank, Eugene M. (Methodist Bishop)
      Jackson, Reverend Jesse - Minister and founder of the Rainbow Coalition
      Low, Titus (President of Methodist Council of Bishops)
      Newton, Joseph Fort - Christian Minister
      Peale, Norman Vincent - Minister and Founder of "Guidepost"
      Sanders, Bishop Carl J. - United Methodist Church
      Sexson, Mark - Minister and Founder: Intl. Order of Rainbow for Girls
      Wesberry, Dr. James P. - Former Exec. Dir./Editor Southern Baptist Publication Sunday

Industrialists and Entrepreneurs:
      Balfour, Lloyd - Jewelry
      Bell, Lawrence - Bell Aircraft Corp
      Carson, Curtis L. - Entrepreneur
      Chrysler, Walter P. - Founded Chrysler Corporation
      Citroen, Andre - French Engineer and motor car manufacturer 1878-1935
      Dow, William H. - Dow Chemical Co.
      Drake, Edwin L - American Pioneer of the Oil industry
      Dunlop, John Boyd - Tire Manufacturer
      Faber, Eberhard - Head of the Eberhard Fabor Pencil Company
      Ford, Henry - Pioneer Automobile Manufacturer
      Forten, James - Abolitionist/Manufacturer
      Gillette, King C. - Gillette Razor Co.
      Hilton, Charles C. - is listed as a mason on many lists as founder of Hilton Hotels, but the hotel chain was founded by Conrad Hilton, who was a staunch Catholic who left most of his estate to support Catholic charities. It is doubtful if he was a Mason, to say the least.
      Hoe, Richard M. - Invented the rotory press, revolutinizing newspaper printing
      Hoover, Frank - Vacuum cleaner fame
      Lake, Simon - Built first submarine successfull in open sea.
      Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent 1743-1794 - Chemist
      Lipton, Sir Thomas - Famous Yachtsman, Founder Lipton Tea Company
      MacAdam, John - Invented "blacktop pavement"
      Maytag, Fredrick - Maytag appliances
      Mecherle, George Jacob - Founder, State Farm Insurance
      Mellon, Andrew - American industrialist, banker and philanthropist.
      Nash, Charles - Automotive industry
      Olds, Ransom E. - American automobile pioneer
      Penney, James C. - Retailer (J.C. Penney)
      Sanders, Harland "Colonel" - Founder Kentucky Fried Chicken Restaurants
      Sarnoff, David - Father of T.V. (RCA)
      Teets, John W. - Chairman and President of Dial Corporation
      Thomas, Dave - Founder of Wendy's Restaurant
      Watson, Thomas - Founder of IBM

Other Famous Masons:
      Agha Khan. 1877-1957.
      Appleton, Sir Edward Victor - English physicist. Nobel prize 1947. Isaac Newton Lodge, No. 859, Cambridge.
      Arnold, Benedict - Major General and early American Revolution war hero. Changed allegiance and sided with British, being named a traitor ever since. Affiliated member of Hiram Lodge No. 1, New Haven, CT.
      Ashmole, Elias - Founder member of the Royal Society, first known English speculative Mason at Warrington, Lancashire, in 1646.
      Bartholdi, Frederic A. - Designed the Statue of Liberty
      Baylor, Robert E. B. - Founder Baylor University
      Beard, Daniel Carter - Founder Boy Scouts movement in United States, Mariners Lodge No. 67, New York City.
      Bellamy, Rev. Francis - Authored U.S. Pledge of Allegiance
      Benitez, Conrado, 1889-1971. Philippines.
      Borglum, Gutzon and Lincoln, - Father and son who carved Mt. Rushmore
      Brundage, Avery - Olympic Committee
      Campbell, Sir Malcolm - Land speed record holder
      Casanova - Italian Adventurer, writer and entertainer
      Chagrin, Jean Francious - Designer of The Arc De Triomphe in Paris, France
      DuBois, W.E.B. - Educator/scholar
      Dunant, Jean Henri 1828-1910 - Founder of the Red Cross
      Evers, Medger Wiley - Civil Rights Leader
      Gompers, Samuel - Founder of American Federation of Labor (AFL of AFL-CIO)
      Gris, Juan - Spanish Artist - Synthetic Cubism
      Guillotin, Joseph Ignace - Inventor of the "Guillotin"
      Hedges, Cornelius - "Father" of Yellowstone National Park
      Hoban, James - Architect for the U.S. Captial
      Hooks, Benjamin L. - Former Executive Director, NAACP
      Houdon, Jean-antoine 1741-1828 - Sculptor
      Jones, Melvin - One of the founders of the Lions International
      Khan III, Aga - Statesman
      Lafontaine, Henri - Nobel Prize in 1913.
      Land, Frank S. - Founder Order of DeMolay
      Leazer, Gary - Investigated Freemasonry for Southern Baptist Convention and later joined Freemasonry
      Lewis, John L. - Long time leader of The United Mine Workers
      Livingston, Robert - Co-Negotiator for purchase of Louisiana Territory
      Madison, James - Hiram Lodge, Westmoreland County, Virginia
      Mays, Benjamin - Educator/former President Atlanta University
      Metcalfe, Ralph H. - Olympic Champion
      Michelson, Albert Abraham - Successfully measured the speed of light in 1882
      Montgolfier, Jacques and Joseph - Co-developers of the first practical hot-air balloon
      Morris, Dr. Robert - Poet and Founder of the Order of Eastern Star
      Naismith, James - Inventor of Basketball
      Otis, James - Famous for "Taxations without Representation is Tyranny"
      Papst, Charles F. - Coined the term "Athletes Foot"
      Pound, Roscoe - Former Dean Harvard Law School
      Pullman, George - Built first sleeping car on train.
      Randolph, A. Phillip - Founder - first president, International Brotherhood Sleeping Car Porters.
      Retief, Piet - Afrikaans leader and one of the founders of the South African nation.
      Rhodes, Cecil - Rhodes Scholarship
      Sax, Antoine Joseph - Invented the Saxophone (1846)
      Schoonover, George - Founder of "The Builder"
      William Mark Sexton (International Order of Rainbow for Girls)
      Schadow, Johann G. (Prussian Court Sculptor)
      Schweizer, J. Otto
      Thomas, Lowell - Brought Lawrence of Arabia to public notice. radio announcer/newsman
      Wadlow, Robert Pershing - Tallest human on record being almost 9 feet tall
      Washington, Booker T. - Educator/Founder Tuskegee Institute
      Webb, Matthew - First man to swim the English Channel (1875)

      King George VI, 1895-1952
      Past Grand Master, United Grand Lodge of England.
      Past Grand Master Mason, Grand Lodge of Scotland.
      The late King's full name was Albert Frederick Arthur George of the house of Windsor (formerly Saxe-Coburg-Gotha). He studied in Trinity College at Cambridge and served in WWI. He was created Duke of York in 1920.
      A son of George V, he reigned from the time his brother, Edward VIII, abdicated in 1936, until his death in 1952.
      He was initiated in Naval Lodge No. 2612 in December 1919, the ceremony being conducted by Lord Ampthill. In 1922 he was appointed Senior Grand Warden of the Grand Lodge of England, and in 1924 was made Provincial Grand Master for Middlesex. He was invested and installed by his great uncle, H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught. He held the latter position until he ascended the throne in 1938.
      As king, he accepted the rank of Past Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England, and was ceremonially installed at the Albert Hall in London before an audience of Masons from all parts of the world.
      In 1935 he accepted and was installed Grand Master Mason of Scotland, and affiliated with the Lodge of Glamis, No. 99, Scotland, where his father-in-law, the Earl of Strathmore, was a Past Master.
      He created the precedent of the English Sovereign's active participation in Masonic ceremonies, and personally conducted the installation of three Grand Masters (of the United Grand Lodge of England) - the Duke of Kent at Olympia in 1939, the Earl of Harewood in Freemason's Hall in 1943 and the Duke of Devonshire in Albert Hall in 1948. Only his last illness prevented his installing the Earl of Scarbrough in 1951.
      Toward the end of his reign, he stated that he had always regarded Masonry as one of the strongest influences of his life. He was a Royal Arch Mason and was a First Principal. He was a Past Grand Master of the Mark Lodge and former Ruler of the Mark Province of Middlesex (1931-37). He held the rank of Past Grand Master, and of Knight Commander of the Temple, was a 33rd Degree, and Grand Inspector General in the Ancient and Accepted Rite of Rose Croix.
      Said he of Masonry: "The world today does require spiritual and moral regeneration. I have no doubt, after many years as a member of our Order, that Freemasonry can play a most important part in this vital need"

FREEMASONRY
THE FOUNDATION FOR THE THIRD MILLENNIUM
http://www.theforbiddenknowledge.com/hardtruth/uspresidentasmasons.htm

United States Presidents
and The Illuminati / Masonic Power Structure.

By: Robert Howard

Hard Truth/Wake Up America

Ezekiel, 33:6

Updated 09/28/2001

Introduction

I have always seen list's of famous Masons. To just look at the name means very little. When you date and place those names in the proper time line and placement of power you begin to see the deception and vastness of this power elite. What will shock you even more is to learn who the powers are behind the Freemasons. Notice the death's of non Masonic presidents or those who lost favor, and the shuffling of the vice presidents to get them in the position of takeover before the presidents were killed or removed. Note also the number of presidential running mates who lost the race for presidency were Masons also. A win win situation regardless of the outcome of the election. The Mason's have controlled this country from the beginning. Another interesting fact to consider is that of the 37 Presidents of the United States before Jimmy Carter, at least 18 or 21 (depending on which source you believe) were close relatives. That comes to somewhere between 48.6 percent and 56.7 percent-far to much to be coincidence, as any conspiritologist (or mathematician) would tell you. Of the 224 ancestors in the family tree of 21 Presidents, we find 13 Roosevelt's, 16 Coolidge's, and 14 Tyler's. Another source manages to relate 60 percent of the Presidents and link most of them to the super-rich Astor family. This data does not include genealogies of the five most recent President. Psychologist G. William Domhoff claims that a large part of America's Ruling elite, just like that of Europe, are related by marriage. (Everything is Under Control. Conspiracies, Cults, and Cover-Ups by Robert Anton Wilson pg 39-40)

This article is not intended to defame this country's forefathers. See Secret Societies All I am doing here is listing the facts. I will list other authors articles for you to refer to as corroboration. These names were compiled from the Masons own list of famous names posted on there websites. (See Links Below), along with other reputable sources. The names used in this document have been used from that list along with a brief summary of who they were,(*Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th edition.) and the role they played in our history.
Keep in mind, you can not be a Christian and a practicing Mason, its an oxymoron. There are those who would write history in a form to hide its true meaning and agenda's.Rewriting U.S. History So it has been from the beginning. (The Masons write most of American History, for example the Mason's own Encyclopedia Britannica). The red dates are confirmed Mason Power years over this country as far as the Presidency, or Vice Presidency is concerned. This Page will be updated often. Please revisit.

Legend: (A) American; (AI) American Independent; (D) Democrat. (F) Federalist. (DR) Democrat-Republican. (Ind) Independent. (IR) Independent -Republican (NR) National Republican. (P) People's; (Pr) Progressive; (R) Republican. (S) Socialist; (SR) States Rights (W) Whig. (U) Union.

(S.C.J) Supreme Court Judge

I will let the facts speak for themselves.

As a Mason goes through the 32 degrees of the Scottish rite, he ends up giving worship to every Egyptian pagan god, the gods of Persia, gods of India, Greek gods, Babylonian gods, and others. As you come to the 17th degree, the Masons claim that they will give you the password that will give him entrance at the judgment day to the Masonic deity, the great architect of the universe. It is very interesting that this secret password is "Abaddon".

Revelation 9:11 They had a king over them, the angel of the Abyss, whose name in Hebrew is Abaddon, and in Greek, Apollyon" The 'angel' of the Abyss (Hell) is really the chief demon whose name is Abaddon. Masons claim then, that the deity they worship is Abaddon!

Abaddon and Apollyon both mean Destroyer. See: Destruction of the Trade Centers: Occult Symbolism Indicates Enemies Within Our Own Government

"The world is governed by people far different from those imagined by the public."
Benjamin Disraeli, Victorian-era Prime Minister of Britain,

Mat 21:42] Jesus said to them, "Did you never read in the scriptures: 'The stone that the builders (aka Freemasons) rejected has become the cornerstone; by the Lord has this been done, and it is wonderful in our eyes'?
[Mat 21:43] Therefore, I say to you, the kingdom of God will be taken away from you and given to a people that will produce its fruit.

"The great strength of our Order lies in its concealment; let it never appear in any place in its own name, but always concealed by another name, and another occupation. None is fitter than the lower degrees of Freemasonry; the public is accustomed to it, expects little from it, and therefore takes little notice of it. Next to this, the form of a learned or literary society is best suited to our purpose, and had Freemasonry not existed, this cover would have been employed; and it may be much more than a cover, it may be a powerful engine in our hands... A Literary Society is the most proper form for the introduction of our Order into any state where we are yet strangers." (as quoted in John Robinson's "Proofs of a Conspiracy" 1798, re- printed by Western Islands, Boston, 1967, p. 112)

1534 Church of Jesu. ( aka Society of Jesus, Jesuits the power behind Freemasonry) Also headquarters of the Knights of Malta.

Founded in 1534 by Ignatius Loyola founder of the Illuminati, to combat the reformation and propagate the faith. (Reformation being salvation thru grace instead of the Catholic Church.) The Jesuit General, and the other high Jesuit Generals, they are sorcerers. They are LUCIFERIAN, and they worship what they would call Lucifer. They do not believe in Satan. They believe in Lucifer. This society is the power behind the Presidents, and the rest of the world.. The Jesuits obviously wrote the Protocols Of The Learned Elders Of Zion, because they have carried out every protocol in that little handbook. They have carried everything out. The Black Pope

1590's - Sir Francis Bacon, beginning in the early 1590's, began the detailed plans by which North America would be colonized. He was the supreme adept in the Rosicrucian Society, and established the super secret Knights of the Helmet [Ibid., p. 123-129], a society established along the lines of Rosicrucianism. And, finally, Bacon was responsible for the modern birth of Freemasonry, as detailed by Masonic author, George V. Tudhope, in his book, Bacon Masonry , ISBN 1-56459-108-5, reprinted by Kessinger's Publishing. Thus, we can see that the occult activities of our original occult Forefathers mentioned above was merely the outworking of an occult plan originally conceived "thousands of years before Columbus ever sailed"! Our Masonic forefathers were merely following the details of the occult plan as envisioned specifically by Sir Francis Bacon in the 1590's, operating according to the vision provided him by his Guiding Spirit. Masonic Forefathers

1733 - In the United States, the first Masonic circles began to appear in 1733; by the time of the American Revolution, nearly 150 lodges existed throughout the colonies.

1761 - James Otis, born in Mass. Known for his famous challenge to the British -imposed writs of assistance- general search warrants designed to enforce more strictly the trade and navigation laws in North America. At this time he also reportedly coined the euphonious, oft-quoted phrase, " Taxation without representation is tyranny." He was chosen as speaker of the house in 1766. Confirmed Mason.

1764 - Samuel Adams, born in Boston. A major propagandist, opposing British officials and policies, as well as British taxation in the colonies. In 1773 he participated in the planning of the Boston Tea Party. Adams also signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Served as delegate to the Continental Congress until 1781, and became governor of Massachusetts from 1794-97. Confirmed Mason and Illuminatist.

Other Parts of the World England. 1765-1795 Edmund Burke, born Dublin Ireland. Entered the House of Commons in 1765. As a member of Parliament he became known as a Political thinker and important in the history of political theory. Confirmed Mason.

1773 It’s just like Freemasonry. The lower Freemasons have no idea that the High Shriner Freemasons are working for the Jesuit General. They think that they’re just doing works and being good people. But the bottom line is that the high-level Freemasons are subject, also, to the Jesuit General because the Jesuit General, with Fredrick the Great, wrote the High Degrees, the last 8 Degrees, of the Scottish Rite Freemasonry when Fredrick protected them when they were suppressed by the Pope in 1773.So, you have the alignment with the Jesuit Order and the most powerful Freemason they had in the craft, Fredrick the Great, during their suppression. That is an irrefutable conclusion. And then, when you see the Napoleonic Wars, the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars carried out by Freemasonry, everything Napoleon did, and the Jacobins, whatever they did, completely benefited the Jesuit Order. The Black Pope

1775 - Joseph Warren, born Roxbury, Mass. Solder and leader in the American Revolution who sent Paul Revere and William Dawes to Lexington and Concord on their famous ride to warn local patriots that British troops were being sent against them. Helped draft a group of protests to Parliament known as the "Suffolk Resolves. "Confirmed Mason. In December 1769 Warren, received commission for the Earl of Dalhousie, Grand Master of Masons in Scotland, appointing him Provincial Grand Master of Masons in Boston and within 100 miles of the same. The commission was dated May 30,1769. When the Earl of Dumfries succeeded Dalhousie as Grand Master of Scotland he issued another appointment to Warren, dated March 7,1772, constituting Warren "Grand Master of Masons for the Continent of America," thus extending his original limits.

1775 - Paul Revere, born in Boston. Hero of the American Revolution whose dramatic horseback ride on the night of April 18, warning Boston-area residents that the British were coming. Confirmed Mason. GRAND MASTER GRAND LODGE OF MASSACHUSETTS A.F. & A.M. 1795 - 1797

1776 - John Hancock, born in Mass. Wrote and the first to sign the Declaration of Independence, and served nine terms as the Governor of Mass. Confirmed Mason.

1776 - Benjamin Franklin, born in Boston. Was one of the diplomats chosen to negotiate peace with Great Britain, and who helped draft the Declaration of Independence, one of the 56 who signed this document, and was instrumental in achieving the adoption of the U.S. Constitution. Was also a Mason. Franklin was the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania and published the first Masonic book in America. Was also a member of Sir Francis Dashwood's Hell Fire Club, along with the Collins family of Satanists. Both Franklin and Thomas Jefferson were members of this purely Satanic group who practiced satanic sexual occult rituals. (The Illuminati Bloodlines, Fritz Springmeier)

"Remains of ten bodies at Ben Franklin's home"

Workmen have dug up the remains of ten bodies hidden beneath the former London home of Benjamin Franklin, the founding father of American Independence.

The remains of four adults and six children were discovered during the 31.9 million restoration of Franklin's home at 36 Craven Street, close to Trafalgar Square. Researchers believe that there could be more bodies buried beneath the basement kitchens.

Initial estimates are that the bones are about 200 years old and were buried at the time Franklin was living in the house, which was his home from 1757 to 1762, and from 1764 to 1775. Most of the bones show signs of having been dissected, sawn or cut. One skull has been drilled with several holes. Paul Knapman, the Westminster coroner, said yesterday: "One cannot totally discount the possibility of a crime. There is still a possibility that I may have to hold an inquest." Ten Bodies Found Under Ben Franklin's Home

1776 The Illuminati formed a committee entitled the Biblical Destruction Group. This committee disbanded 50 years later. To Eliminate the Opiate" (out of print) by Rabbi Antelman. The APOCRYPHA

1776 "From the Jesuit College of Ingolstadt is said to have issued the sect known as ‘the Illuminati of Bavaria’ founded by Adam Weishaupt. Its nominal founder, however, seems to have played a subordinate though conspicuous role in the organization of this sect." [Occult Theocracy, Lady Queenborough, originally published in 1933] On May 1, 1776, the Order of the Illuminati was officially founded in the old Jesuit stronghold of Bavaria. The Company would now use the Jewish House of Rothschild to finance the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon the Freemason with his Jesuit-trained advisor, Abbe Sieyes. In spite of the historical writings of the Jesuit Abbe Barruel, who blamed the Rothschild's and Freemasonry for the Revolution, it was the Society of Jesus that used these very tools to carry out the Revolution and punish the monarchs who dared to expel the Jesuits from their dominions. The Jesuits, having been expelled from the Spanish Empire, found refuge in Corsica. From there they raised up their great avenger, Napoleon Bonaparte. The Black Pope

1776, Adam Weishaupt, a famous Mason, had developed the Illuminati, a secret society within a secret society. One Masonic historian himself has stated that the goals include "found[ing] a new Hierarchy, to overturn all authority, and to press down all the Social Order under the level of Equality." Another Masonic historian stated "the express aim of the Order was to abolish Christianity, and overturn all civil government." In Weishaupt's own words, the Illuminati "will by degrees, and in silence, possess themselves of the government of the States, and make use of those means for this purpose...." illuminati_faq.htm

1777 - Baron Von Steuben, born in Magdeburg, Prussia. German officer who proved indispensable to the cause of U.S. independence by converting the Revolutionary Army into a disciplined fighting force. While in France as agents of the newly formed U.S. government, Benjamin Franklin, and Silas Deane, learned of Steuben's plight that he had been obliged to leave for unsavory conduct, from Hohenzollern Hechingen, where he was made a knight of the Order of Fidelity in the neighboring margravate of Baden and Durlach, which brought about his availability. This prompted a letter of introduction, from Benjamin Franklin, and Silas Deane on his behalf, introducing him to Gen. George Washington as a "Lieut Genl. in the King of Prussia's service," who was fired with " Zeal for our cause. Confirmed Mason.

1777 - Lafayette. French noble who fought with the American colonist against the British in the American Revolution. Confirmed Mason and a member of the Illuminati. Appointed a major general by the colonist, he quickly struck up a lasting friendship with the American commander in chief, George Washington, also a Confirmed Mason. Charles Taze Russell (founder of the Watchtower and Bible Tract Society), also a Confirmed Mason. His stepmother who was executor of his will. His mother was the one chosen to dance with famous Mason and Illuminati Lafayette when he was in Philadelphia. 1.(Nevin, Adelaide Mellier. The Social Mirror A Character Sketch of the Women of Pittsburgh) 2. (Vicinity during the first Century of the County’s existence. Society of to-day. Pittsburgh, PA: T.A. Nevin Publisher, 1888, p. 19.; b. The Pittsburgh Directory) 3. (1878-79 showing Elizabeth the widow of John, and c. John Russell in the 1850 Census, and John Russell’s Will.) Secrets Of The Watchtower Bible And Tract Society

1779 - John Paul Jones, Scottish- born navel hero in the U.S. War of Independence, renowned for his victory over British ships of war off the east coast of England (Sept. 23 1779).Confirmed Mason.

1782, On July 16, the year after the British surrendered to the Americans, representatives of the world's secret societies convened the Congress of Wilhelmsbad in Europe and formally joined Masonry and the Illuminati. In the next four years the Order was able to secretly establish several lodges in America. In 1785, for example, the Columbian Lodge of the Order of the Illuminati was established in New York City. Its members included Governor DeWitt Clinton, Clinton Roosevelt ...(p.92 New World Order: The Ancient Plan of Secret Societies, William T. Still, 1990)

"When the Mason learns that the key to the warrior on the block is the proper application of the dynamo of living power, he has learned the mystery of his Craft. The seething energies of Lucifer are in his hands and before he may step onward and upward, he must prove his ability to properly handle energy." (Manly P. Hall, The Lost Keys of Freemasonry, p. 124; )

The question of precisely what fires the will of the wealthy supranational elites seeking to manipulate and control world events, has not escaped the attention of serious students of conspiracies and cover-ups. The late American Professor Revilo P. Oliver, a confirmed atheist, was forced to conclude: "A theory that a conspiracy has been working consciously for many centuries is not very plausible unless one attributes to them a religious unity. That is tantamount to regarding them as Satanists engaged in the worship and service of supernatural evil. The directors of the conspiracy must see or otherwise directly perceive manifestations which convince them of the existence and power of Lucifer. And since subtle conspirators must be very shrewd men, not likely to be deceived by auto-suggestion, hypnosis, or drugs, we should have to conclude that they probably are in contact with a force of pure evil." (Prof. Revilo P. Oliver, Conspiracy or Degeneracy?, USA)

"In politics, nothing happens by accident. If it happens, you can bet it was planned that way."
(President Franklin D. Roosevelt)

WE NAME PRESIDENTS

In order that our scheme may produce this result we shall arrange elections in favor of such presidents as have in their past some dark, undiscovered stain, some "Panama"or other - then they will be trustworthy agents for the accomplishment of our plans out of fear of revelations and from the natural desire of everyone who has attained power, namely, the retention of the privileges, advantages and honor connected with the office of president. The chamber of deputies will provide cover for, will protect, will elect presidents, but we shall take from it the right to propose new, or make changes in existing laws, for this right will be given by us to the responsible president, a puppet in our hands. The Illuminati Protocols

1783 The Revolutionary War was fought and concluded when Cornwallis surrendered to Washington at Yorktown. As Americans we have been taught that we defeated the king and won our freedom. The Treaty of 1783, which totally contradicts our having won the Revolutionary War. This Treaty was signed in 1783, the war was over in 1781. If the United States defeated England, how is the king granting rights to America, when we were now his equal in status? We supposedly defeated him in the Revolutionary War! So why would these supposed patriot Americans sign such a Treaty, when they knew that this would void any sovereignty gained by the Declaration of Independence and the Revolutionary War? The United States is still a British Colony

By the way, Prince Charles Coat of Arms has another symbol--The Order of the Garter. The Order of the Garter is the parent organization over Free Masonry, world-wide. When a man becomes a 33rd Degree Mason, he swears allegiance to that organization, and thereby to Prince Charles. The Bible gives us 42 signs of the Antichrist

1785 President George Washington, in a letter written to the Reverend G. W. Snyder: "Reverend, Sir, it was not my intention to doubt that the doctrine of the Illuminati -- the principles of Jacobinism -- had not spread in the United States. On the contrary, no one is more satisfied of this fact than I am." Shortly before he died, President Washington was well aware that the Adam Weishaupt radical brand of Freemasonry, the Illuminati, had spread its poison to America.

"It doesn't matter who the people voted for; they always vote for us".

- Illuminati Statement -

United States Presidents Who Were and Are Freemasons

The United States of America was actually formed on March 1, 1781 with the adoption of The Articles of Confederation by Maryland whose delegates delayed its ratification over a western border dispute with Virginia and New York. Upon the March 1 ratification the President of the Continental Congress officially became President of the United States in Congress Assembled.
To make matters even more perplexing some historians claim that John Hanson was the first President of the United States as he was the first person to serve the full one-year term (1781-82), under the ratified Articles of Confederation. This again is incorrect.
The ratification occurred during the term of Samuel Huntington who served as President from September 28, 1779 to July 6, 1781. Consequently, Samuel Huntingtonwas the first President of the United States in Congress Assembled. The 1st President of the United States

1789-1797 George Washington, 1st. President of the United States? (F) Confirmed Mason. Initiated: November 4, 1752, Fredericksburgh (Fredericksburg) Lodge No. 4, Fredericksburg, Virginia. Brother Washington became Worshipful Master on December 20, 1788, and was inaugurated President of the United States on April 30, 1789, thus becoming the first, and so far the only, Brother to be simultaneously President and Master of his Lodge. Washington took his oath of office as President, April 30, 1789, on the bible belonging to St. johns Lodge No. 1 of New York City. (The New Age Magazine, January 1953, pg. 44) The New Age Magazine is a Masonic publication. Also a member of the Knights Of The Garter. Order of the Garter is the core leader of the Committee Of 300. Washington was a member of the Scottish rite, performed the 'Rite of the Mystic Tie' in a cave-complex near Winchester Virginia during the French and Indian war. (Masonic Assassination, Michael Anthony Hoffman pg. 4) "The United States is in no manner founded on Christian principle." (George Washington Treaty of Tripoli) No Vice Presidents at this time. George Washington Nominated 11 Supreme Court Justices. 6 out of 11 were Confirmed Masons. Washington wearing his Masonic Apron Washington was related to the following Presidents: Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Roosevelt, maybe Grant, Van Buren, and Taft's. (Everything is Under Control. Conspiracies, Cults, and Cover-Ups by Robert Anton Wilson pg 39-40)

Note: In Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Jersey extermination was officially promoted by a "scalp bounty" on dead Indians. "Indeed, in many areas murdering Indians became an outright business," ( Historian Ward Churchill, A LITTLE MATTER OF GENOCIDE; HOLOCAUST AND DENIAL IN THE AMERICAS, 1492 TO THE PRESENT (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1997). ISBN 0-87286-323-9. pg.182) Indians were defined as subhuman, lower than animals. George Washington compared them to wolves, "beasts of prey" and called for their total destruction.( David E. Stannard, AMERICAN HOLOCAUST; COLUMBUS AND THE CONQUEST OF THE NEW WORLD (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). ISBN 0-19-507581-1. pages 119-120)

Note: Both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson grew Cannabis sativa (marijuana) on their plantations. (2201 Fascinating Facts by David Lewis, Greenwich House pg. 46) See Also: The Hemp Conspiracy

Washington, the Freemason who did not go into that Masonic Lodge that last 30 years of his life—in his own words—who was a Baptist and a Calvinist. He was baptized in the First Baptist Church of New York by one of his captains, Pastor Gano, all surrounded by Calvinists. That’s why they didn’t surrender at Valley Forge; that’s why, when they were naked, when they went through the snow, barefoot, they endured that because they were Bible-believing Calvinists and they refused to submit to the tyranny of King George, who was controlled by the Jesuits. The Black Pope

1789 John Robison warned all Masonic leaders in America that the Illuminati had infiltrated into their lodges and on July 19, 1789; David Papen, President of Harvard University, issued the same warning to the graduating-class and lectured them on how the influence of Illuminism was acquitting on American politics and religion, and to top it off; John Quincy Adams, who had organized the New England Masonic Lodges, issued his warnings. He wrote three letters to Colonel William L. Stone, a top Mason, in which he exposed how Jefferson was using Masonic lodges for subversive Illuministic purposes. Those three letters are at this very time in Whittenburg Square Library in Philadelphia. In short; Jefferson, founder of the Democratic Party, was a member of the Illuminati which at least partly accounts for the condition of the party at this time and through infiltration of the Republican Party; we have exactly nothing of loyal Americanism today. THE ILLUMINATI AND THE COUNSEL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS

1789-1795 John Jay, S.C.J. (Supreme Court Judge) Chief Justice. Nominated by Mason President George Washington. Unknown Mason Status.

1790-1791 John Rutledge, S.C.J. Associate Justice. Chief Justice 1795. Nominated by Mason President George Washington. Confirmed Mason.

1789-1810 William Cushing, S.C.J. Associate Justice. Nominated by Mason President George Washington. Confirmed Mason.

1791 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart dies.. Some say murdered by the masons for revealing Masonic secrets in his opera The Magic Flute. Confirmed Mason (Born In Blood, John J. Robinson, pg. 177)

1795 John Rutledge, S.C.J. Chief Justice. Nominated by Mason President George Washington. Rutledge became Chief Justice while the Senate was not in session, and when they reconvened he was rejected. Still, he did serve for a time in that position. Masonic Trivia and Facts and The MSA 1940s study say he was a Mason, without identifying his lodge, but 10,000 Famous Freemasons does not list him. Confirmed Mason.

1796-1800 Oliver Ellsworth, S.C.J. Chief Justice. Nominated by Mason President George Washington. Confirmed Mason.

1789-1798 James Wilson, S.C.J. Associate Justice, Nominated by Mason President George Washington. Unknown Mason Status.

1789-1796 John Blair Jr. S.C.J. Associate Justice, Nominated by Mason President George Washington. Previously he was Grand Master of Virginia from 1778 to 1784.

1790-1799 James Iredell. S.C.J. Associate Justice, Nominated by Mason President George Washington. Unknown Mason Status.

1792-1793 Thomas Johnson. S.C.J. Associate Justice, Nominated by Mason President George Washington. Unknown Mason Status. Non Mason Replaced by Mason William Patterson.

1793-1806 William Paterson. S.C.J. Associate Justice, Nominated by Mason President George Washington. Confirmed Mason.

1796-1811 Samuel Chase. S.C.J. Associate Justice, Nominated by Mason President George Washington. Unknown Mason Status. This is the only Justice ever impeached, acquitted in 1805.

1796 Thomas Jefferson, loosing Presidential candidate for Presidency (DR) Confirmed Illuminati.

1797-1801 John Adams, 2nd. President of the United States (F) Unknown Mason Status. Vice President, Thomas Jefferson "Democratic-Republican."1797-1801. Confirmed Illuminati. Adams helped in the design of the Great Seal. Was related to F. D. Roosevelt, who put the seal on the dollar bill.(Everything is Under Control. Conspiracies, Cults, and Cover-Ups by Robert Anton Wilson pg 39-40)

1798 Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) was initiated into Army Philadelphia Lodge in 1798. His brothers, Joseph, Lucian, Louis and Jerome, were also Freemasons. Five of the six members of Napoleon's Grand Council of the Empire were Freemasons, as were six of the nine Imperial Officers and 22 of the 30 Marshals of France. Confirmed Mason.

1798 Soon after the American Revolution, John Robinson, a professor of rural philosophy at Edinburgh University in Scotland and member of a Freemason lodge, said that he was asked to join the Illuminati. After studying the group, he concluded that the purposes of the Illuminati were not compatible with his beliefs. In 1798, he published a book called "Proofs Of A Conspiracy," which states: "An association has been formed for the express purpose of rooting out all the religious establishments and overturning all the existing governments.... The leaders would rule the World with uncontrollable power, while all the rest would be employed as tools of the ambition of their unknown superiors." Operation Paper Clip

1799-1829 Bushrod Washington, S.C.J. Associate Justice. Nominated by President John Adams. Unknown Mason Status.

1800-1804 Alfred Moore, S.C.J. Associate Justice. Nominated by President John Adams. Unknown Mason Status.

1800 John Quincy Adams opposed Thomas Jefferson for the presidency and wrote three letters to Colonel William L. Stone, exposing how Jefferson was using Masonic Lodges for subversive Illuminati purposes. The information contained in those letters is credited with winning Adams the election. The letters were held in the Rittenburg Square Library, in Philadelphia.

1800 Aaron Burr, loosing Presidential candidate for Presidency (DR) Confirmed Mason.

1800 John Adams, loosing Presidential candidate for Presidency (F) Confirmed Illuminati.

1800s The Collins family had a branch that shot off from it during the early 1800s which was the Todd family. The Todd family branch remained an important part of the Illuminati. (The Illuminati Bloodlines, Fritz Springmeier)

1801-1809 Thomas Jefferson, 3rd. President of the United States (DR) Confirmed Illuminati & Mason. (Masonic Edition, Holy Bible 1951 Edition) Poor records kept by the Colonial Lodges, the destruction of records by fire and war, make it impossible to consult original Lodge records. Jefferson may have been a Member of Charlottesville Lodge No. 90, Charlottesville, Va., since his name appears on the Minutes of this Lodge on September 20, 1817. Jefferson was also a member of the Lodge of the Nine Muses in Paris and the Beenan Order (Order of the Bees) known outside Bavaria as the Illuminati. Vice President, Aaron Burr (DR), 1801-1805. Confirmed Mason. Was also a member of the Collins family of Satanists who called themselves the Hell Fire Club. Thomas Jefferson was one of the members of this purely Satanic group who practiced satanic sexual occult rituals. (The Illuminati Bloodlines, Fritz Springmeier) Vice President George Clinton, 1805-1809. Confirmed Mason and Illuminati. De Witt Clinton N.Y. Gov. was Georges nephew. Confirmed Mason. Albert (Abraham Alfonse) Gallatin. 4th. Secretary of the treasury. Confirmed Illuminati. Jefferson was related to the following Presidents: William Henry Harrison, Jackson, Tyler, Benjamin Harrison, Calvin Coolidge, Harry Truman, and Lyndon Johnson. (Everything is Under Control. Conspiracies, Cults, and Cover-Ups by Robert Anton Wilson pg 39-40)

Thomas Jefferson had an affair with Sally Hemings. One of his slaves who it is said was his mistress for thirty six years, but after the death of his wife. Recent scientific DNA evidence strongly suggests he was the father of her youngest son, Eston Hemings. Presidents and their reputed Affairs External Link

Note: Andrew Jackson, whose portrait appears on the U.S. $20 bill today, in 1814 supervised the mutilation of 800 or more Creek Indian corpses, the bodies of men, women and children that his troops had massacred, cutting off their noses to count and preserve a record of the dead, slicing long strips of flesh from their bodies to tan and turn into bridle reins. ( Historian Ward Churchill, A LITTLE MATTER OF GENOCIDE; HOLOCAUST AND DENIAL IN THE AMERICAS, 1492 TO THE PRESENT (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1997). ISBN 0-87286-323-9. pg.186) The issue in these days were Indians. The issue of our day is Gun Control, militia, and according to Janet Reno Christians. Janet Reno reflects the issue's of the Clinton administration. Cultist Definition by Janet Reno, Attorney General USA

1801-1835 John Marshall, S.C.J. Chief Justice. Nominated by President John Adams. Previously he was Grand Master of Virginia, from 1793-1795. (However, there is evidence that John Marshall was not proud or enthusiastic about being a Freemason, at least later in his life.) Confirmed Mason.

July 11, 1804: Gun-barrel Politics
Vice President Aaron Burr confirmed Mason, mortally wounds former Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton in a pistol duel near Weehawken, New Jersey.

1804-1834 William Johnson, S.C.J. Associate Justice. Nominated by President Thomas Jefferson. Unknown Mason Status.

1807-1823 Henry Brockhoist Livingston, S.C.J. Associate Justice. Nominated by President Thomas Jefferson. Unknown Mason Status.

1807-1826 Thomas Todd, S.C.J. Nominated by President Thomas Jefferson. Confirmed Mason.

1801-1814 Albert Abraham Alfonse Gallatin. Fourth U.S. Secretary of the treasure. Instrumental in negotiating an end to the war of 1812. Confirmed Mason.

1804 Charles Pickney, loosing Presidential candidate for Presidency (F) Unknown Mason Status.

1808 Charles Pickney, loosing Presidential candidate for Presidency (F) Unknown Mason Status.

1809-1817 James Madison, 4th. President of the United States (DR) Confirmed Mason. (New World Order: The Ancient Plan of Secret Societies, William T. Still, pg. 21)Madison is said to have been a Member of Hiram Lodge No. 59, Westmoreland County, Virginia, a Lodge which had only a short existence, and whose records are lost. (Was married to a Todd, of the Satanic Collins according to The Illuminati Bloodlines, Fritz Springmeier) Vice President George Clinton, 1809-1812. Confirmed Mason andIlluminati. Vice President, Elbridge Gerry 1813-1814. Unknown Mason Status.

1811-1835 Gabriel Duvall, S.C.J. Associate Justice. Nominated by President James Madison. Unknown Mason Status.

1811-1845 Joseph Story, S.C.J. Nominated by President James Madison. Story is listed as a member of Philanthropic Lodge in Marblehead, Massachusetts, in 10,000 Famous Freemasons and the MSA 1940s study, but not in Masonic Trivia and Facts.

Other parts of the world during this presidency: 1811-1821 Jose de San Martin. Soldier and Statesman. An officer in the Spanish army for 20 years. Led South America's independence movement for confirmed Mason President Simon Bolivar. Confirmed Mason.

1812 De Wit Clinton, loosing Presidential candidate for Presidency (F) DeWitt Clinton, who was assoc. with the Illuminati very early in the history of the United States. George Clinton, vice president to Thomas Jefferson, was De Wit Clintons Uncle.

1812 Winfield Scott. Grad from West Point. Fought in the war of 1812 and rose to the rank of major general .Fought in the battle of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane in 1814.Supervised the removal of the Cherokee Indians from Southern state to reservations west of the Mississippi River. Unsuccessful Whig candidate for President in 1853. Confirmed Mason.

1814 Francis Scott Key, lawyer and the author of the U.S. national anthem. Confirmed Mason. Officially adopted in 1931.

The Federal 6th US Circuit Court of Appeals in Cincinnati last week in a 30-page decision, stated that references to God are not permissible because they are clearly Christian. The state of Ohio wanted to use the motto "With God, All Things Are Possible" on its official seal or anywhere else. The US Circuit Court said, "In God We Trust" comes from "The Star-Spangled Banner" by Francis Scott Key and is not a reference to a specific faith. (C-span 4.20.2000)

1816 Rufus King, served in the state legislature, and in the Continental Congress, where he introduced the resolution calling for a convention at Philadelphia to draft a new Constitution. Was elected as New York's first U.S. senator. Was also the loosing (F) party running against James Monroe for the Presidency. Confirmed Mason.

1817-1825 James Monroe, 5th. President of the United states (DR) Confirmed Mason. (The New Age Magazine, January 1953, pg. 44) Initiated: November 9, 1775, St. John's Regimental Lodge in the Continental Army. Monroe was not yet eighteen, but "lawful age" had not yet been universally fixed at twenty-one. Later, Brother Monroe took Membership in Williamsburg Lodge No. 6, Williamsburg, Virginia. Also a member of the Knights Of The Garter. Order of the Garter is the core leader of theCommittee Of 300. Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins 1817-1825. Unknown Mason Status. President Monroe was related to President Richard Nixon. (Everything is Under Control. Conspiracies, Cults, and Cover-Ups by Robert Anton Wilson pg 39-40)

1823-1843 Smith Thompson, S.C.J. Associate justice. Nominated by Mason President James Monroe. Unknown Mason Status.

Other Parts of the world During this Presidency: Argentina. 1819-1830 Simon Bolivar, President of, New Granada, 1819, Venezuela, 1821, Ecuador, 1822, until finally with the liberation of upper Peru, which became Bolivia after Bolivar, already President of Columbia, his rule on the continent became complete. Confirmed Mason.

1820 John Quincy Adams, loosing Presidential candidate for Presidency (IR) Unknown Mason Status.

1824 Albert (Abraham Alfonse) Gallatin. 4th. Secretary of the treasury 1801 -1814. Nominated for vice presidency. Withdrew in fear of weakening ticket due to foreign birth. Confirmed Illuminati.

1824 Andrew Jackson, loosing Presidential candidate for Presidency (D) Confirmed Mason.

1824 Henry Clay, loosing Presidential candidate for Presidency (DR) Confirmed Mason. Henry Clay was Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Kentucky and Grand Orator for the G.L. 1806-09. Very good friends to the Illuminati Dupont's. The Dupont's were already one of the primary top families, it is rumored that Clay was coming to them for guidance on how to steer the nation. The Dupont's played a role in the building of the American capital, which was laid out and constructed with numerous occult patterns. Clay also became the leader of the Whig Party. It is from this info the Presidents who were on the Whig Party are in question.

According to occultists/Satanic doctrine, the upper four points of the Goat head (left) represent the four elements of the world, Fire, Water, Earth, and Air. The bottom fifth point represents the spirit of Lucifer. In the above photocopy of the Goat head Pentagram, the fifth point extends down into the mind of the goat, who represents Lucifer. Notice the above pentagram of the Washington Streets layout in which the south part of the pentagram falls on the White House. Where the Spirit of Satan is to dwell.

Photo courtesy of David Icke's website symbolism archives.

The demon goddess Lilith is represented throughout history as an owl.

Photo courtesy of David Icke's website symbolism archives.

Notice the owl on the dollar bill.

The Beast of the Apocalypse: 666 a gigantic self programming computer!

WWW=World Wide Web. Web=net, trap. World Wide Web=World Wide Trap External Link

The System they are working towards is called LILITH External Link

1824 William H. Crawford, loosing Presidential candidate for Presidency (DR) Unknown Mason Status.

Ron Paul: The last nail is being driven into the coffin of the American Republic - Floor Speech May 25 2011

http://blueskysunshine.org/blog/?p=4832#axzz1R3t7N5Al

//www.youtube.com/watch?v=-olNr4UuVqY&feature=player_embedded
The Last Nail The last nail is being driven into the coffin of the American Republic. Yet, Congress remains in total denial as our liberties are rapidly fading before our eyes. The process is propelled by unwarranted fear and ignorance as to the true meaning of liberty. It is driven by economic myths, fallacies and irrational good intentions. The rule of law is constantly rejected and authoritarian answers are offered as panaceas for all our problems. Runaway welfarism is used to benefit the rich at the expense of the middle class. Who would have ever thought that the current generation and Congress would stand idly by and watch such a rapid disintegration of the American Republic? Characteristic of this epic event is the casual acceptance by the people and political leaders of the unitary presidency, which is equivalent to granting dictatorial powers to the President. Our Presidents can now, on their own:
1. Order assassinations, including American citizens,
2. Operate secret military tribunals,
3. Engage in torture,
4. Enforce indefinite imprisonment without due process,
5. Order searches and seizures without proper warrants, gutting the 4th Amendment,
6. Ignore the 60 day rule for reporting to the Congress the nature of any military operations as required by the War Power Resolution,
7. Continue the Patriot Act abuses without oversight,
8. Wage war at will,
9. Treat all Americans as suspected terrorists at airports with TSA groping and nude x-raying.
And the Federal Reserve accommodates by counterfeiting the funds needed and not paid for by taxation and borrowing, permitting runaway spending, endless debt, and special interest bail-outs.
And all of this is not enough. The abuses and usurpations of the war power are soon to be codified in the National Defense Authorization Act now rapidly moving its way through the Congress. Instead of repealing the 2001 Authorization for the Use of Military Force (AUMF), as we should, now that bin Laden is dead and gone, Congress is planning to massively increase the war power of the President. Though an opportunity presents itself to end the wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, Congress, with bipartisan support, obsesses on how to expand the unconstitutional war power the President already holds. The current proposal would allow a President to pursue war any time, any place, for any reason, without Congressional approval. Many believe this would even permit military activity against American suspects here at home. The proposed authority does not reference the 9/11 attacks. It would be expanded to include the Taliban and "associated" forces—a dangerously vague and expansive definition of our potential enemies. There is no denial that the changes in s.1034 totally eliminate the hard-fought-for restraint on Presidential authority to go to war without Congressional approval achieved at the Constitutional Convention. Congress' war authority has been severely undermined since World War II beginning with the advent of the Korean War which was fought solely under a UN Resolution. Even today, we're waging war in Libya without even consulting with the Congress, similar to how we went to war in Bosnia in the 1990s under President Clinton. The three major reasons for our Constitutional Convention were to:
1. Guarantee free trade and travel among the states.
2. Make gold and silver legal tender and abolish paper money.
3. Strictly limit the Executive Branch's authority to pursue war without Congressional approval.
But today:
1. Federal Reserve notes are legal tender, gold and silver are illegal.
2. The Interstate Commerce Clause is used to regulate all commerce at the expense of free trade among the states.
3. And now the final nail is placed in the coffin of Congressional responsibility for the war power, delivering this power completely to the President—a sharp and huge blow to the concept of our Republic.
In my view, it appears that the fate of the American Republic is now sealed—unless these recent trends are quickly reversed.
The saddest part of this tragedy is that all these horrible changes are being done in the name of patriotism and protecting freedom. They are justified by good intentions while believing the sacrifice of liberty is required for our safety. Nothing could be further from the truth.
More sadly is the conviction that our enemies are driven to attack us for our freedoms and prosperity, and not because of our deeply flawed foreign policy that has generated justifiable grievances and has inspired the radical violence against us. Without this understanding our endless, unnamed, and undeclared wars will continue and our wonderful experience with liberty will end.

The last nail is being driven into the coffin of the American Republic. Yet, Congress remains in total denial as our liberties are rapidly fading before our eyes. The process is propelled by unwarranted fear and ignorance as to the true meaning of liberty. It is driven by economic myths, fallacies and irrational good intentions. The rule of law is constantly rejected and authoritarian answers are offered as panaceas for all our problems. Runaway welfarism is used to benefit the rich at the expense of the middle class. Who would have ever thought that the current generation and Congress would stand idly by and watch such a rapid disintegration of the American Republic? Characteristic of this epic event is the casual acceptance by the people and political leaders of the unitary presidency, which is equivalent to granting dictatorial powers to the President.

Our Presidents can now, on their own:

1. Order assassinations, including American citizens,
2. Operate secret military tribunals,
3. Engage in torture,
4. Enforce indefinite imprisonment without due process,
5. Order searches and seizures without proper warrants, gutting the 4th Amendment,
6. Ignore the 60 day rule for reporting to the Congress the nature of any military operations as required by the War Power Resolution,
7. Continue the Patriot Act abuses without oversight,
8. Wage war at will,
9. Treat all Americans as suspected terrorists at airports with TSA groping and nude x-raying.

And the Federal Reserve accommodates by counterfeiting the funds needed and not paid for by taxation and borrowing, permitting runaway spending, endless debt, and special interest bail-outs.

And all of this is not enough. The abuses and usurpations of the war power are soon to be codified in the National Defense Authorization Act now rapidly moving its way through the Congress. Instead of repealing the 2001 Authorization for the Use of Military Force (AUMF), as we should, now that bin Laden is dead and gone, Congress is planning to massively increase the war power of the President. Though an opportunity presents itself to end the wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, Congress, with bipartisan support, obsesses on how to expand the unconstitutional war power the President already holds. The current proposal would allow a President to pursue war any time, any place, for any reason, without Congressional approval. Many believe this would even permit military activity against American suspects here at home. The proposed authority does not reference the 9/11 attacks. It would be expanded to include the Taliban and “associated” forces—a dangerously vague and expansive definition of our potential enemies. There is no denial that the changes in s.1034 totally eliminate the hard-fought-for restraint on Presidential authority to go to war without Congressional approval achieved at the Constitutional Convention. Congress’ war authority has been severely undermined since World War II beginning with the advent of the Korean War which was fought solely under a UN Resolution. Even today, we’re waging war in Libya without even consulting with the Congress, similar to how we went to war in Bosnia in the 1990s under President Clinton.

The three major reasons for our Constitutional Convention were to:

1. Guarantee free trade and travel among the states.
2. Make gold and silver legal tender and abolish paper money.
3. Strictly limit the Executive Branch’s authority to pursue war without Congressional approval.

But today:

1. Federal Reserve notes are legal tender, gold and silver are illegal.
2. The Interstate Commerce Clause is used to regulate all commerce at the expense of free trade among the states.
3. And now the final nail is placed in the coffin of Congressional responsibility for the war power, delivering this power completely to the President—a sharp and huge blow to the concept of our Republic.

In my view, it appears that the fate of the American Republic is now sealed—unless these recent trends are quickly reversed.

The saddest part of this tragedy is that all these horrible changes are being done in the name of patriotism and protecting freedom. They are justified by good intentions while believing the sacrifice of liberty is required for our safety. Nothing could be further from the truth.

More sadly is the conviction that our enemies are driven to attack us for our freedoms and prosperity, and not because of our deeply flawed foreign policy that has generated justifiable grievances and has inspired the radical violence against us. Without this understanding our endless, unnamed, and undeclared wars will continue and our wonderful experience with liberty will end.

The Last Nail - Floor Speech May 25 2011

ELEnin Dwarf Star Warning September 26, 2011 - ELE Survival Video

The data says we are looking at an inbound dwarf star that has been causing earthquakes on our planet since 1965 and causing magnetic pole migration since about 2004. The evidence indicates that Earth will experience a pole shift event around 9/26 to 9/27, when the Sun, Earth and this ELE object are on the ecliptic/celestial planes that intersect at the autumn equinox. Everyone is warned to prepare for what is coming later this summer that will make Japan 3/11 look like a walk in the park.

John Moore, Green Beret, Predicting Armageddon…soon

John, speaking in Jeff City Missouri gives up the secrets the Government is desperately trying to hide. From the Gulf stream stopping, Planet X’s arrival, to moving the capital from Washington D.C. to Denver, Nasty things are going to befall Earth and soon.

John has been in Special forces, Covert and Psychological Operations, Homicide detective and more. His Navy friends are moving to high ground in the Ozark Hills, away from the coast.

//www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqV0StQbJQs

The Sun currently has polarity control of the Earth in our current north/south pole position. If this dwarf star object were approaching our planet and the poles had little or not reaction, then we could conclude that no pole shift event is in the cards. However, since the magnetic poles are migrating ‘and’ the north pole is migrating faster and a greater distance than the south pole, we should assume that a pole shift event will include the dwarf star repelling the pole that is most affected; which in this case is the north magnetic pole. However, even before the expected pole shift event on September 26, 2011, we expect to see solar storms intensify to become unbearable to the point that our survival groups are using deep caverns as part of our survival strategy. How your animals fit into that kind of plan I have no clue. The northern hemisphere should experience one long night through the worst of the solar storms that lasts for more than a week, which some sources say will last only for three days or so; while the southern hemisphere suffers through one long day of solar storms and fluctuating magnetosphere/atmosphere that literally burns everything on the surface to a cinder. While I hope these predictions are all wrong, my plan to hope for the best and prepare for the worst-case scenario means meeting with my survival group at the cavern bugout location, before the crap hits the fan later this summer. We will have more data after the 7/7/2011 Sun/ELE/Saturn alignment that should provide more information about what is coming.

Planet X Special Report with Marshall Masters

PANEL: Ed Douglas, Richard Goodwin and Terral Croft of the PlanetxTownHall.com, Comet Elenin Research Team

Comet C/2010 X1 Elenin is the hop topic on the Web today. This mysterious comet was discovered in December 2010 by Russian astronomer Leonid Elenin. Many have tried to vet his background with frustrating results and now wonder if he is a real person, or just a code word for an E.L.E. (Extinction Level Event), from the constellation LEO.

For those in the mainstream, all of this speculation and debate makes it difficult to draw a clear bead on the real story. This is because when Comet Elenin becomes visible to the naked eye later this year, it will not appear as a second sun in the sky. That is, assuming present estimates hold true.

In this panel interview with the PlanetxTownHall.com Comet Elenin research team, the goal is to help listeners to sort through this paralyzing conundrum, so they can focus on what matters most - survival.

THEY DON’T CARE IF WE ALREADY KNOW

THEY HAVE PREPARED WITH UNDERGROUND BASES, UNDERGROUND CROPS ETC.

Saturn Is Important Witness In This ELEnin Case: http://planetxtownhall.com/index.php?topic=2276.msg29398#msg29398

http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread707051/pg1

ELEnin Dwarf Star Warning September 26, 2011

//www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqV0StQbJQs

ELEnin Dwarf Star Warning September 26, 2011 - Make Viral! ,

A well put together presentation on the "Comet" (which I am believing more and more is something FAR from being just a regular run of the mill ice and space dust comet) named Elenin, or by it's astronomical name Comet C/2010 X1. I am pretty sure that most of my fellow ATS'ers are quite aware of Comet Elenin but for those of you that might be somewhat new to the information:

Comet C/2010 X1 (Elenin)
is a long-period comet discovered by Russian astronomer Leonid Elenin on December 10, 2010 at the International Scientific Optical Network's robotic observatory near Mayhill, New Mexico, U.S.A. At the time of discovery Elenin had an apparent magnitude of 19.5, making it about 150,000 times fainter than the naked eye magnitude of 6.5. The discoverer, Leonid Elenin, estimates that the comet nucleus is 3–4 km in diameter. As of April 2011, the comet is around magnitude 15 (roughly the brightness of Pluto), and the coma (expanding tenuous dust atmosphere) of the comet is estimated to be about 80,000 km in diameter.

Source: en.wikipedia.org...

I authored a thread last month in early April that included a short video presentation that I felt perhaps did the best job at highlighting a theory that I felt/feel is the best explanation that is in line with what my own research/discoveries is showing:

"Comet ELEnin Decoded - The Awakening, The 3rd Dimension, and Revelations"

www.abovetopsecret.com...

he above represents my own personal belief as to might be but only one hypothesis concerning Comet Elenin and the mystery that surrounds it. Whereas the above thread/info is perhaps somewhat based heavily upon certain spiritual and metaphysical elements, it is always good to have and be open to supporting (or debunking as the ONLY thing that should matter with this, or anything else I come to ATS for is the TRUTH), but good hard data in order to sift through the BS and weed out any riff raff in order to obtain as much gnosis (knowledge) as possible on the things that have a very good probability of affecting us and the entire world.

With that said, I just found this in my youtube subscriptions and found it to be VERY interesting to say the least, but I will let you all be the judge. Dinner is done and cold dinner sucks so I will come back to edit in many more references/sources as well as some closing thoughts that I have regarding all of this but in the meantime I look forward to reading all of your thoughts/comments. Thanks.

"ELEnin Dwarf Star Warning September 26, 2011 - Make Viral!"

Wow! I am so glad this came along. After the massive failure of the rapture today, I was worried that we would not have a date for the end of the world!!!

Guess I should have known better eh??
Ah stop spreading fear ......
What will be will be..

Right and let me just point out that whereas with that Harold Camping end of the world May 21st BS that has pretty much ZERO supporting scientific data behind it, as well as having the main supporting evidence (The Bible) butchered in order to support ONLY his beliefs and the garbage that he and his followers spewed (him choosing to leave out the fact that ONLY GOD HIMSELF knows when the Rapture/end of the world will come)....at least THIS we seem to have a little of both would you not agree?

Please do not use the same tactics here that TPTB/governments around the world have done with respects to UFOlogy in that by discrediting one event, they and the world could then discredit and ridicule ANYONE who happens to come forward with their own experience therefore risking being labeled as a tinfoil hat wearing looney cool? Fear mongering I am NOT here folks. In fact I personally think that the whole end of the world May 21st BS was done with an agenda of creating/causing a DISTRACTION from the issues that SHOULD be being watched closely and paid more attention too!!

So in an attempt to move past that dog and pony show of the end of the world that was supposed to happen today, lets let this possible evidence speak for itself and do what ATS does best and.....analyze it for what it is? Should it have any merit? What do you all like REALLY THINK? Thanks.

Leonid Elinin is as much real as the Easter Bunny. I'm calling you you out Leonid on the streets of Laredo (Roswell).

Come packing your big guns.

So any videos for another date after this so I can mark my calendar of doom?

This commet will not even come close to us, so forget about it. It will absolutely positively do nothing at all. You might want to be careful of the WAVES, tho.

Well righty, right. Mark Sept. 26, 2011 on your calender. Make sure you have some Depends.

This will cure you of the wannabes.
"Comet Elenin 2010X1 HTB Russian TV - Interview of Leonid ELENIN - TV CH6

http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread707051/pg1

Well obviously this date is now in it. My puppy doom and gloom calender. I think if I just mark every day I am bound to have one of them right. Then when it happens I can show everyone and be like see I knew it..... If its not burnt up with me.

Making things viral is huge part of the problem. Idiots will listen to other idiots but not the people who've done the research and know what they're talking about.

Not everything is a huge conspiracy. Some things are just what they are....

Great thread and thanks, S&Fs.
Is Nibiru a separate planetary event?

This "cover up" is not just US generated. The Russians are in on it, too.

It is a world wide agreed upon cover up. Astonishing. Not a minnow, a whale is on the way.

Great video.. pays off knowing Russian once in a while. They did not say anything about it being a brown dwarf star in the video and mentioned that this comet will be visible to naked eye in October.

Dude ! Thanks for the good work again ! Please keep it up !

The rapture thing I think has been purpose made to be another put off to hide the truth behind ELEnin, O yes people are going to say ELEnin is in the same basket as the rapture hoax. Silly humans only use a small part of their potential brain mass and all things are alike right...

The ancients have been warning us through time with writtings on stone tablets. Believe what you want I say to all but this I would seriously look at the actual science and evidence before making stupid remarks.
Non believers go do some research into ancient Sumerian culture and technology. It might surprize you ! The visitors and visiting object heading our way is going to make life on Earth a bit different as it has in the past many times and will in the future... Dont believe it ? Fine ! And the Earth is still flat right...

As an adult you should have some sense of who is for real and who is make believe. I have never lied to anyone on this site before. 0 lies, deception, mis info from me lifetime here.

I have been paid more for info under the table than "Leonid Elenin". My info was real.

S&F from me Newbomb, just because you've got guts. You had to know you were going to get blasted for this before you ever typed it up.

I can't really speak to this with any knowledge or authority because all I know is NASA's official line, and the theories I've read here on ATS. Business has been crazy lately, so not much time to dig into it.

But one thing we can know for certain I think. If this or any other comet/dwarf star/asteroid/other were going to be an extinction level event, you can bet we'd never know. Because TPTB would do everything in their power to cover it up until the last minute. Can you say chaos?

So it will only be those willing to suffer great ridicule that would sound the alarm. And few would listen to them, because TPTB say everything is OK. And there have been so many false "predictions", that our society now has "Chicken Little Syndrome". Personally, I think CLS is intentional. But that's a conspiracy for another thread.

Whatever the case may be with ELEnin. I appreciate your efforts. If I didn't want to hear what you had to say, I didn't have to click the link, did I?

my only problem is that the video relies heavily on the paper about seismicity by omerbashich, in which omerbashich used his own works as his top two sources.

just seems fishy

good vid though, i enjoyed it

Chemtrails/Contrails

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Navigation

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Off Site Videos

Psychotronic Weapons & Satellite Surveillance

Terral: “Hope for the best and prepare for the worst-case scenario.”

Wiki Elenin Comet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/2010_X1

ELEnin JPL: http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=elenin;orb=1;cov=1;log=0;cad=1#cad

Town Hall ELE Timeline: http://planetxtownhall.com/index.php?topic=2192.0

Horizons JPL ELE Update Coordinates: http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi#results

Pole Shift Post: http://planetxtownhall.com/index.php?topic=1581.msg29435#msg29435

Earth Change News: http://poleshift.ning.com/profiles/blog/list

==========

My Earth/Sun Magnetic Portal USMB Post: http://www.usmessageboard.com/conspiracy-theories/154857-the-planet-x-nibiru-elenin-brown-dwarf-timeline-82.html#post3491232

Sun/Earth Magnetic portals: http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2008/30oct_ftes/

Picture Sun/Earth Wells: http://www.stonecirclealternatives.com/images/Gravity%20well%20sun-earth.jpg

Picture Sun/Earth Connected Magnetosphere: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_G24n0xq6skI/TFW8VlktnmI/AAAAAAAAARY/3kqQCzdCNco/s1600/Sun+Earth+magnetic+connection.jpg

============

Geomagnetic Reversal And Pole Shift: http://thewatchers.adorraeli.com/2011/03/15/about-geomagnetic-reversal-and-poleshift/

Pole shift trimester: http://poleshift.ning.com/forum/topics/last-trimester-event-timeline
=================

Convincing ELE/dwarf star evidence:

Mike’s Video: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qi7wpEIGU0I

Dr. Mensur Omerbashich Video: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8fnIagIrik

Astronomical Alignments as the cause of M6+ seismicity: http://lanl.arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1104/1104.2036.pdf

Russian Warning USMB Post: http://www.usmessageboard.com/conspiracy-theories/154857-the-planet-x-nibiru-elenin-brown-dwarf-timeline-82.html#post3485624

Watcher’s Russian Warning Article: http://thewatchers.adorraeli.com/2011/03/01/russian-warning-issued-over-%E2%80%9Ccontrolled%E2%80%9D-comet-headed-towards-earth/

China ELEnin Warning: https://reinep.wordpress.com/2011/05/07/elenin-important-update/

Earth Aquifer shifts: http://scienceray.com/earth-sciences/geology/the-japanese-earthquake-is-felt-in-south-florida/

Texas aquifers: http://cavingnews.com/20110323-japan-earthquake-detected-in-aquifer-in-texas

Drought Monitor Blog: http://droughtmonitor.blogspot.com/2011/03/aquifer-update-and-japan-earthquake.html

Sunrise 2 days early Greenland: http://www.accuweather.com/blogs/astronomy/story/44335/sunrise-two-days-early-in-greenland.asp
==========

Tracking ELEnin Google Sky Pins: http://planetxtownhall.com/index.php?topic=2193.0

ELE Path Pins Wide View: http://i29.photobucket.com/albums/c266/Terral03/ELE1.jpg

ELE pins demonstrate: http://i29.photobucket.com/albums/c266/Terral03/ELE.jpg

ELE Current Position Pic: http://i29.photobucket.com/albums/c266/Terral03/ELE4242011.jpg

May 21 Alignment: http://i29.photobucket.com/albums/c266/Terral03/May21.jpg

Saturn USMB Post: http://www.usmessageboard.com/conspiracy-theories/154857-the-planet-x-nibiru-elenin-brown-dwarf-timeline-82.html#post3491232

Saturn pic: http://i29.photobucket.com/albums/c266/Terral03/Saturn1.jpg

Super Storm On Saturn: http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/19may_saturnstorm/
==========

Why Cant See Dwarf Star LUCUS: http://www.usmessageboard.com/conspiracy-theories/154857-the-planet-x-nibiru-elenin-brown-dwarf-timeline-46.html#post3400523

LUCUS Website: http://www.rabbithole2.com/

LUCUS Why Cant See Article: http://rabbithole2.com/news/top_news/the_destroyer_our_binary_partner_and_why_you_will_not_see_it.php

LUCUS does not mention: Gravitational Lensing Effect: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_lens

Star Formation: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_formation#Low_mass_and_high_mass_star_formation

Brown dwarf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_dwarf
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Brown dwarfs are sub-stellar objects which are too low in mass to sustain hydrogen-1 fusion reactions in their cores, which is characteristic of stars on the main sequence. Brown dwarfs have fully convective surfaces and interiors, with no chemical differentiation by depth. Brown dwarfs occupy the mass range between that of large gas giant planets and the lowest-mass stars; this upper limit is between 75[1] and 80 Jupiter masses (MJ). Currently there is some debate as to what criterion to use to define the separation between a brown dwarf and a giant planet at very low brown dwarf masses (~13 MJ ), and whether brown dwarfs are required to have experienced fusion at some point in their history. In any event, brown dwarfs heavier than 13 MJ do fuse deuterium and those above ~65 MJ also fuse lithium. Some planets are known to orbit brown dwarfs: 2M1207b, MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb, and 2MASS J044144‎b.

>> Luminosity: Main sequence stars cool, but eventually reach a minimum luminosity which they can sustain through steady fusion. This varies from star to star, but is generally at least 0.01% the luminosity of our Sun. Brown dwarfs cool and darken steadily over their lifetimes: sufficiently old brown dwarfs will be too faint to be detectable.

=====

Town Hall Dwarf Star Timeline: http://planetxtownhall.com/index.php?topic=2192.0

25 Symptoms of Nibiru: http://www.godlikeproductions.com/forum1/message1368630/pg1

Nibiru Safe Zones: http://www.godlikeproductions.com/forum1/message1372295/pg1

Patriotic Space Meet and Greet Video: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=LcbX_jN4c_4

Cayce Map USA: http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005416/images/cayce-map%281%29.jpg

Russian Academy of Science

Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics

T.G. Yelenina, G.V Ustyugova

http://www.keldysh.ru/papers/2005/source/prep2005_16en.pdf

In Orbit the Earth is moving at a rate of 67,062 miles per hour, 1117.7 miles per minute or 18.6 miles per second. The Comet Elenin travels at approximately 46,478 MPH.

Norwegian Politician Letter: http://www.usmessageboard.com/conspiracy-theories/159757-project-camelot-planet-x-important-information.html

Project Camelot: http://www.projectcamelot.org/norway.html

Dutchsinse Youtube: //www.youtube.com/user/dutchsinse

Dutchsince.com: http://www.dutchsinse.com/

Magnetosphere Page: http://www2.nict.go.jp/y/y223/simulation/realtime/

Solar System: http://www.solarsystemscope.com/

Cheney/Rumsfeld Black Operation: http://www.divshare.com/download/14273654-12b

What Happened on 9/11: http://www.usmessageboard.com/conspiracy-theories/102063-this-is-what-happened-on-9-11-a.html

Join our Planet X Dwarf Star Research Room using Paltalk Messenger (http://www.paltalk.com) with your comments and questions at this link: http://chat.paltalk.com/g2/paltalk/1390262503

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Civilization Doom in 2011 and 2012 - Good Luck Humans

I encourage you to research and study the information you find here. This is a long read…sit back and think. I have included extra links at the end of this article, but they in no means are inclusive. Again do your own research! 2012 – Doom ain’t What It Used to Be. Preface about baldly bold [...]

2012 – Doom - the rest of the story

Skeptics: don’t waste your time fighting with me about the views expressed herein. Instead go to YouTube, and search for the video’s produced by Neal Adams. Watch a few of these and then debate the issue with your own lying eyes before getting raspy with me. Postulate: That the Expando Planet cycle is dualistic in nature, showing [...]

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Underground Crops: The Future of Pharming

http://www.organicconsumers.org/ge/caves042505.cfm

URL: www.checkbiotech.org 23 Apr 2005

21 Apr 2005
9731 Underground crops could be future of ‘pharming’

Wednesday, April 20, 2005

WEST LAFAYETTE, India - Corn grows just as well - if not better - underground as in a typical greenhouse setting or in the field, according to a team of Purdue University researchers that is working with a company to develop techniques for tightly controlled production of crops containing pharmaceuticals such as edible vaccines or antibodies.

The scientists, in partnership with Controlled Pharming Ventures LLC of McCordsville, Ind., have designed and built a crop-growth facility inside a 60-acre former limestone mine in Marengo, a small town in southern Indiana. The first test crop, planted in the underground facility late last fall, produced more corn in a shorter time period than plants grown in a greenhouse on the Purdue campus, said Cary Mitchell, a Purdue professor of horticulture.

“This first planting performed very well,” Mitchell said. “We’ve shown that you can successfully grow crops underground in a lighted but completely contained facility. What we have here is a perfect model for controlled-environment agriculture. This could jump-start a whole industry.” Controlled-environment agriculture is a system in which all the inputs required for plant growth - light, temperature, carbon dioxide and humidity - are regulated to maximize growth.

The team recently presented its results at the NCR-101 annual conference. NCR-101 is a U.S. Department of Agriculture committee dedicated to controlled environment agriculture.

In the initial trial, genetically modified corn grown in the facility had an average yield that equaled 337 bushels per acre. By comparison, corn the researchers grew in a greenhouse yielded the equivalent of 267 bushels per acre.

The average yield for field corn grown in the United States is 142 bushels per acre. The higher yield in the growth facility is a product of the amount of control the researchers have over the environment compared to both greenhouse and field settings. The corn the researchers planted, known as Bt corn, contains a gene that produces a protein that kills larvae of European corn borer, an agricultural pest.

These results lay to rest the team’s initial concerns about growing crops in an underground mine.

“Because corn and other pharma crop candidates, such as tobacco and tomato, are naturally hot-weather crops, there was some concern whether the year-round, cool temperatures of the mine would be sub-optimal for crop growth underground,” Mitchell said.

It turns out that the growth facility’s location in the mine actually puts it at a temperature advantage.

“The design we use leverages the cool air temperatures in the mine to reject waste heat from the intensely hot plant-growth lamps in the facility,” Mitchell said.

The underground growth chamber is the brainchild of Doug Ausenbaugh, president of Controlled Pharming Ventures, a startup company funded to develop the facility through the Indiana 21st Century Research and Technology Fund.

Ausenbaugh said the facility’s design incorporates safeguards to prevent any release into the wild of plants genetically modified to produce pharmaceutical agents.

“This is a safe, reliable, consistent and contained production environment that can operate year-round and around the clock,” he said. “What’s unique here is the level of control we have over the environment inside the facility.”

Ausenbaugh hopes to see the facility become a prime research, development and production site for companies interested in developing pharmaceutical crops or plants engineered to produce proteins like vaccines and antibodies. Producing these compounds in plants can be cheaper and easier than conventional methods for pharmaceutical production. Some pharmaceutical companies today are interested in using crops as plant-based “factories” to produce proteins that may be extracted and processed in pill or injectable form.

“We have been talking with a number of plant-based pharmaceutical companies about using our facility design, and we hope to launch pilot growth trials over the next 12 months,” Ausenbaugh said.

The underground facility is a tall room built within a cavern in a former limestone mine now used largely as a warehouse facility for the transportation industry. The mine creates an environment in which temperature, humidity, light, airflow and other plant-growth factors are tightly regulated.

Environmental control and containment are crucial to any pharmaceutical crops initiative, Ausenbaugh said. Several organizations, including the American Society of Plant Biologists, recommend that any development of pharmaceutical or other transgenic crops be done in an entirely enclosed environment removed from the food system to prevent any accidental contamination.

Currently, the USDA’s Biotechnology Regulatory Services, the agency that regulates genetically engineered organisms, has not established specific protocols for transgenic plant production in contained facilities.

However, the facility does meet strict biosafety criteria established by the National Institutes of Health for the handling of transgenic plants in greenhouses, said Yang Yang, a Purdue research scientist helping to develop the growth facility.

“As it exists today, we have biosafety level two status at the growth facility,” he said. “We can easily achieve biosafety level three, and because of the natural containment and control offered by our setting in the mine, it would be significantly less costly than in an above-ground facility.”

Biosafety level two, or BL2-P, status requires limited access to the facility and inactivation of “biologically active materials,” such as the genes inserted into transgenic organisms, before any plants are disposed of. Biosafety level three, or BL3-P, requires additional safeguards, including a double set of self-closing, locking doors and high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters for both incoming and exhaust air.

“The ability to attain biosafety level three at a cost advantage is attractive, given the expanding efforts of biotechnology companies on biodefense issues and the NIH’s goal of expanding biosafety level research capacity throughout the United States,” Ausenbaugh said.

The 60-acre mine is large enough also to include facilities for processing pharmaceutical plants, Ausenbaugh said.

Processing would render inactive any genes those plants carry to produce compounds, such as vaccines, insulin or antibiotics, preventing the transport of any active transgenic material out of the facility.

“We are ahead of our time in that the research we are doing now can provide very good and important references for guidance on building contained transgenic plant production facilities,” Yang said. “The procedures we develop and follow may very well end up as the protocols of NIH, USDA, or the Environmental Protection Agency for future construction of underground facilities.”

The pilot facility was designed and built for scalability up to sizes measured in acres.

“The walls are just like a sandwich,” Yang said. “In the center is an insulation layer, which helps conserve heat. The walls inside the room are made of reflective materials to bounce back as much light as possible, and the outside of the room is covered in protective material.”

Data monitors throughout the facility collect real-time information about temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide levels. These monitors communicate with a computer system that responds to any changes in conditions by adjusting variables such as light intensity or air circulation.

A second growth facility, specifically designed to grow crops that benefit from elevated carbon dioxide levels, such as tobacco, alfalfa and soybeans, will be completed later this spring in the same mine.

Taking the long view, Mitchell sees in this facility the potential to revolutionize the U.S. crop production system, provided the cost of artificial lighting can be minimized. He envisions a system by which such facilities will recoup some of their electricity costs by using plant waste, such as leaves and stems, as a source to create energy that goes back into lighting the facility.

He also predicts facilities like the one in southern Indiana will one day support aquaponics, a system that couples fish farming to hydroponic crop production, or even organic agriculture, in which fruit and vegetable production could be done in an environment that requires no pesticides. “Eventually, we could see plant-related businesses clustering where a lot of waste biomass is being generated and where there’s an opportunity to reclaim energy,” Mitchell said.

CONTACTS: Jennifer Cutraro, Purdue news, 765-496-2050; jcutraro@purdue.edu Cary Mitchell, 765-494-1347; cmitchel(at)purdue.com Copyright Ascribe

——————————– GENET-news ——————————-

TITLE: Missouri making unpopular first venture into biopharming

SOURCE: The Associated Press, by Margaret Stafford /
Lawrence Journal - World, USA
http://www.ljworld.com/section/stateregional/story/198973
DATE: 14 Mar 2005

——————- archive: http://www.genet-info.org/ ——————-

Missouri making unpopular first venture into biopharming

Maryville, Mo. — When Ventria Biosciences arrived in northwest Missouri,
the company brought with it a hope for a regional economic boost spurred
by expected medical breakthroughs.

That’s one argument. The other insists that Ventria’s arrival from
California brought nothing more than the potential for lasting damage to
the state’s farmers.

There is no argument, however, that Ventria’s decision to relocate has
brought the debate over biopharming — the practice of genetically
modifying crops to grow medications — to Missouri.

“I’m totally confident this is the future,” said Dean Hubbard, the
president of Northwest Missouri State University, who invited Ventria to
his community about 85 miles north of Kansas City. “It is beyond the
adventure stage. It’s been proven you can do it. Our return in the long-
term will be great. It will far exceed our investment.”

Last November, Northwest Missouri and Ventria agreed to make the company
the anchor of a proposed Center of Excellence for plant-made
pharmaceuticals on the university’s campus in Maryville. Hubbard believes
the industry will reap millions in revenue, reduce the cost of medicines
and provide Northwest students with opportunities in biotechnology fields.

The university provided $5 million in privately raised venture capital
and will build an on-campus biotechnology center with space set aside for
Ventria. In return, Ventria is moving its headquarters, about 13
employees and processing functions from Sacramento, Calif., to Maryville.
It also will grow 70 percent of its U.S. field production in Missouri.

Genetic enhancements

In California, Ventria planted small plots of rice genetically enhanced
with synthetic human genes to produce the proteins lactoferrin and
lysozyme, which the company hopes to harvest and refine for use in
medicines to fight diarrhea and dehydration. The proteins occur naturally
in human tears, saliva and breast milk, but it can cost up to $30,000 a
gram to extract them.

It’s the presence of the human genes in the rice that worries farmers,
especially in southwest Missouri, the heart of the state’s rice industry.
They’re concerned the Ventria crops could cross-pollinate with other food
crops, introducing the foreign genes into the regular food chain.

Even if such cross-pollination never occurs, fear that it might could
lead buyers to avoid food crops grown nearby.

“These people say they can contain it,” said Sonny Martin, a Butler
County rice farmer who is chairman of the Missouri Rice and Merchandising
Council. “But they are not going to net this rice to keep birds out. They
can’t contain the water runoff here.”

Ventria faced the same arguments in California last year when it wanted
to increase its acres of open-field rice production. The state’s rice
growers were concerned the genetically modified rice would hurt their
$500 million business, and others raised concerns about Ventria’s efforts
to prevent cross-pollinization.

Scott Deeter, president of Ventria, said the company is not moving to
Missouri to escape the controversy. He said Missouri’s abundant land and
water, and Northwest Missouri State’s efforts to build around Ventria,
drew the company to the Midwest.

“We’ve been growing rice in California for six years without any impacts
on the California rice industry,” Deeter said. “We have a very highly
regulated process to make sure production is done in a safe manner.”

The company has applied to grow up to 200 acres of genetically modified
rice in Scott, Cape Girardeau and Mississippi counties in southeast
Missouri. Eventually, Ventria hopes to grow thousands of acres of the
modified rice, Deeter said.

Unpopular move

Nearly all of Missouri’s $100 million rice crop is grown in southeast
Missouri. Farmers there have met with Ventria officials and Missouri
Secretary of Agriculture Fred Ferrell, presenting a petition with 175
signatures opposing the plans.

“I’d say 95-97 percent of the farmers here are against this,” Martin
said. “Those who are for it are looking to fill their pockets off it.”

Martin said the farmers are planning some efforts to, at minimum, put off
the Ventria planting until next year, but he declined to elaborate.

Genetically modified crops are regulated by the U.S. Department of
Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, with state
governments allowed to review safety procedures and suggest more
stringent regulation of the companies before a permit is issued.

The farmers have the support of advocacy groups such as Friends of the
Earth, as well as trade organizations such as the National Food
Processors Assn. and the Grocery Manufacturers of America, which have
opposed genetically modified food crops.

The Union of Concerned Scientists in December called on the Agriculture
Department to ban open-field growing of food crops engineered to produce
pharmaceutical and industrial products. The group acknowledges the
potential benefits of plant-grown pharmaceuticals, but suggests companies
use nonfood crops such as tobacco, or grown them in greenhouses.

–

GENET
European NGO Network on Genetic Engineering

Hartmut MEYER (Mr)
In den Steinäckern 13
D - 38116 Braunschweig
Germany

P: +49-531-5168746
F: +49-531-5168747
M: +49-162-1054755
E: coordination(*)genet-info.org
W:

————————————————————–

The Worship of Saturn

http://www.varchive.org/itb/satwor.htm

Saturn, so active in the cosmic changes, was regarded by all mankind as the supreme god. Seneca says that Epigenes, who studied astronomy among the Chaldeans, “estimates that the planet Saturn exerts the greatest influence upon all the movements of celestial bodies.” (1)

[...]
The worship of the sun and the planets was decried by Jeremiah, a contemporary of Ezekiel. But what was this weeping for Tammuz?

Tammuz was a Babylonian god; one of the months of the year, approximately coinciding with July, in the summer, was named in his honor; and by this very name it is known in the present-day Hebrew calendar. Tammuz was a god that died and was then hidden in the underworld; his death was the reason for a fast, accompanied by lamentations of the women of the land. His finding or his return to life in resurrection were the motifs of the passion.(12)

Tammuz was a god of vegetation, of the flood, and of seeds: “The god Tammuz came from Armenia every year in his ark in the overflowing river, blessing the alluvium with new growth.” (13) In the month of Tammuz he was “bound, and the liturgies speak of his having been drowned among flowers which were thrown upon him as he sank beneath the waves of the Euphrates.” (14) The drowning of Tammuz was an occasion for wailing by women: “The flood has taken Tammuz, the raging storm has brought him low.” (15)

Of Tammuz it also is narrated that he was associated with brilliant light,(16) with descent into the nether world, visited there by Ishtar, his spouse. Tammuz’ death, his subsequent resurrection, or his discovery in the far reaches, but no longer brilliant, were the themes of the cult that was not just one of the mysteries, but the chief and paramount cult.

- - -

Scale Model --[from left, back row] Jupiter, Saturn, [middle row] : Uranus, Neptune, and then the little ones in front row, from left: Earth, Venus, Mars, Mercury and the Moon

Scale Models

[From Left - Back Row] Jupiter, Saturn,
[Middle Row] Uranus, Neptune,
[Front Row - From Left] Earth, Venus, Mars, Mercury And The Moon

Brown Dwarf

- - - - - - - - - - - -

Uploaded by TerralO3 on May 28, 2011

ELE Survival Video

[vid descrpt] This is the ELE Survival Video that shows people how to survive the coming Extinction-Level Event to become part of the New World Revolution that will begin post-ELE in the Ozarks. Everyone can upload this video to your account and mirror to help wake people up, so long as you copy this description with all the links.

9/26 ELE Warning Post: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqV0StQbJQs

Survival Topic: http://planetxtownhall.com/index.php?topic=2407.msg31072#msg31072

NWO Propaganda Video: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ibanbnuteg&feature=uploademail

25 Signs Of Dwarf Star: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfX5zl6ynbU

NASA Hiding Doomsday Space Event: Video: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=kXYH0FORUmk

NASA Hiding Paper: http://members.beforeitsnews.com/story/663/449/Claim:_NASA_Hiding_Approaching…

Cayce Map Future USA: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_YGLQQZTHoU0/S8cQAZaznhI/AAAAAAAALkI/3XbWp9xuSG0/s16…

Navy Map Future: http://i37.photobucket.com/albums/e78/DAIXIN/EOW/USA-Map-NAVY.jpg

Huckleberry Ridge Map: http://i29.photobucket.com/albums/c266/Terral03/HuckleberryAlpha.jpg

Flag Spring Map: http://i29.photobucket.com/albums/c266/Terral03/FlagSpringBravo.jpg

Planet X Dwarf Star Research Group: http://chat.paltalk.com/g2/paltalk/1390262503

Connect with our group using Paltalk Messenger from http://www.paltalk.com

Radio Show Link List: http://planetxtownhall.com/index.php?topic=2210.msg29033#msg29033

Below from: http://planetxtownhall.com/index.php?topic=2407.msg31072#msg31072

The ELE 9/26 Warning Video (link) is helping many people wake up to the fact that we are looking at the approach of a dwarf star-like object using the ELEnin orbit/flight path that has been causing earthquakes on our planet since 1965 (Mensur Omerbashich paper) and affecting Earth magnetically since about 2004 (CNN story) pointing to the fact that this object has great mass and magnetic field polarity. Since the approaching dwarf star has sufficient mass to shift Earth axis and Earth aquifers with the February 27, 2010 and March 11, 2011 Chile and Japan Quakes respectively, then my ELE Threat Assessment Reports include an assortment of bad news for people working to survive this Extinction-Level Event later this summer in connection with the solar storms expected to begin around the middle of August and particularly the September 26, 2011 alignment. The time is running short and I can no longer continue answering every email/youtube/twitter/facebook/etc message coming from around the globe about the varying threat scenarios. Therefore, this topic is created as a central location for people to come and find out more information about what was written to others in your immediate area of the world. My original Dwarf Star Safe Zone topic is here at Susan and Mike’s Go2Ground.com Website for which this post is an update:

Earth crossed between the Sun and the inbound ELE dwarf star on March 11, 2011 to cross ELE orbit on April 25, 2011 to match orbit at 1.8 AU, or about 170 million miles. That distance has remained constant and will remain that way until the end of June and about the time that ELE crosses Mars orbit on June 27, 2011. July 6 or 7, 2011 marks the time of the Sun/ELE/Saturn alignment where the ringed planet should show signs that the dwarf star is attempting to wrestle polarity control from the Sun. If you run the JPL orbit diagram program (link), then you will see the Earth and ELE are stuck at this 1.8 AU position for some time. Then the ELE/Earth distance number begins shrinking, gradually at first, and then around August 1st ELE begins closing on Earth very quickly. That is the time that the earth change symptoms (quakes, volcanoes, rogue tides, animal deaths, etc. = Envy’s video) will begin to escalate out of control, as Earth magma heats up quickly and the weak locations along the calderas begin to break.

The problem is that Earth magma under the bulging calderas and super volcanoes will be extremely hot, light and fluffy, which means the dam effect will see large areas of earth crust blown away at the violent eruption. Then the area of the entire caldera will begin to collapse, as the lighter and hotter magma is no longer able to support the collapsing crust layer; as the magma evacuates at a rapid pace. That means the entire region falls to allow the ocean waters to rush in and erode the land away along the coasts, which means that areas like California and northern Europe have no safe zones whatsoever. Places like the UK, Sweden and Norway have thin strips of land with insufficient elevation to support a post-ELE survival group, even though there are mountain locations where a smaller group could indeed survive. Emerging from a cavern in Scotland might find you alive, but also 500 miles away from the nearest land mass for starting a new life. General safe zone rules are as follows from the original safe zone topic, but now with modifications because of new threat information:

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_YGLQQZTHoU0/S8cQAZaznhI/AAAAAAAALkI/3XbWp9xuSG0/s1600/cayce-map.jpg

http://media.photobucket.com/image/navy%20map%20of%20future%20america/DAIXIN/EOW/USA-Map-NAVY.jpg

Maps of the future globe by Edgar Cayce and Michael Gordon Scallion are at these links:

http://www.world-mysteries.com/newgw/gmsc_worldmap.jpg

http://lh5.ggpht.com/_4Aj-mHkmt74/S4rCh8T7peI/AAAAAAAAALE/UIxG-KOg6ow/Planetx-map.jpg

Edgar Cayce does not make allowances for the New Madrid Fault Zone to shake and liquify, so the Navy Map of future America is used to accurately depict a wide gulf in the central USA. Note that all coasts are eroded away in some cases by hundreds of miles and that all the maps say the Yellowstone Caldera is going to erupt in a massive event allowing the Pacific Ocean to rush in and create a large inland sea. Northern Europe is devastated the same way with the eruption and collapse of the super volcano in that region that allows the Ocean to rush in and wash away most of that area. General guidelines for establishing Safe Zones are:

1. Move 250+ miles from the coasts.
2. Move 650 feet above sea level.
3. Move away from volcanoes and super volcanoes like Yellowstone in northwestern USA.
4. Move away from earthquake/seismic/avalanche/fault zones like the New Madrid Fault Zone in central USA.
5. Move away from dams that will break.
6. New Madrid Fault Zone goes and the Mississippi River Valley up to lake Michigan will be shaken to mud and washed away by the liquification effect to create a wide inland gulf to the Great Lakes.
7. Move away from nuclear power plants near seismic zones. Learn from Japan.
8. Move away from too high elevations amid magnetosphere/atmospheric fluctuations leading to solar radiation exposure. Lower elevations under more atmosphere provide increased protection from solar radiation.
9. Move away from large population areas where food riots will escalate into chaos and mayhem.
10. Join into survival groups with people of like mind that have survival supplies, gear and guns to protect them.
11. Develop a survival strategy by selecting the optimum bug out location with a water supply, fertile land for planting seeds.
12. The very best survival location is inside a sturdy cave/cavern with a water supply. My survival group has a large cavern in southeast USA in the Appalachian Mountains. Reply to Mike’s video to begin the screening process, while we are accepting survival group members and their families.
13. Bait and trap your food rather than hunt. That brings animals to you rather than chasing them to other areas. Placing traps around your garden catches dinner while protecting food stocks of tomorrow.

The threat assessment report for the eastern seaboard/Appalachian region has changed from safe to unsafe. The fault line running up the eastern seaboard of the USA is currently locked into a safe position, but that will change once the New Madrid Fault Zone erupts into activity with the ELE seismic events this summer. The nuclear plants in the region are susceptible to a Japan-like meltdown that will send deadly emissions towards the highly-populated areas of the northeastern United States. Running threat assessment for multiple survival groups in the Appalachian Mountains and Ozarks has convinced me that the larger overarching survival strategy for post-ELE is best served by joining our collective forces into the safest region possible with the greatest number of habitable caverns and water supply, so we emerge a formidable force against the New World Order tyrants. The corrupt US Govt has build more than 800 Hitler/NAZI-like FEMA Camps (Secret 2008 Meeting w/links) and we suspect they will use Blackwater-type mercenaries from around the world to try and push us into their death camps. Therefore, I am now inclined to agree with John Moore that the Ozarks represent the #1 Survival Location in the USA and that every survival group in America should make every attempt to secure a cavern as their bugout location.

Many survival groups have already deployed to the Ozarks to set up operations, even though the corrupt US govt has blocked off many cavern entrances in an attempt to ensure that ELEnin kills as many American citizens as possible. We have designated two locations inside the Ozark area to become meeting places for survival groups wanting become part of the Post-ELE New Revolution.

1. Huckleberry Ridge Conservation Area: http://mdc4.mdc.mo.gov/Applications/MOATLAS/AreaSummaryPage.aspx?txtAreaID=6314 Map <<< Safe Zone Map/Instructions Download and Print

The primary campsite (#1) is south of Route K off Conservation Road 1440. Use the campsite (#2) also to the south of Route K off Conservation Road 1460 as the alternate location. Turn your Cobra-like CB radio (link) to Channel 5 to begin communications and we will direct from there. Channel 5 will be used for initial contact with our outer perimeter security personnel ONLY. There will be no chatter on this channel other than initial contact. Then you will be directed to another channel for further communications. Open the Huckleberry Map to review first contact protocols:

Huckleberry Ridge is area “Alpha” and you are “Delta Team” with the appearance of contacting the Alpha Team. In reality you are a new group telling our patrol your group size and exact position. Let’s say you are at the primary campground and your group has seven members. You turn the CB radio to Channel 5 and say, “Delta 7 to Alpha 1, over …” and clear the channel. You will receive instructions to move to another campsite and nobody will approach you at Alpha 1!!! If anyone comes out of the woodwork to meet you at the Alpha 1 campsite, those are NOT our people. Change your channel per instructions and make your way to the stated Alpha campsite location and our people will meet you along the way, so be looking. Expect to be quarantined for a week or more in some cases-before joining the core groups-for a screening process, as our groups are forming under the most-stringent security protocols possible to ensure the safety of everyone involved.

2. Flag Spring Conservation Area: http://extra.mdc.mo.gov/cgi-bin/atlas/gis4media.cgi?area=8333map Map <<< Safe Zone Map/Instructions Download and Print

The conservation area shows four campsites to serve as meet up locations. Members of our survival team are doing recon operations right now to secure as many cavern locations in the area as possible, so we can send you in the right direction. Use the two campgrounds east and west of the shooting range first and the other two as backup alternates. Our teams will be monitoring CB Channel 5 for initiating first-contact procedures. Your group is at Flag Spring campsite #2 and there are 5 people in your group. Turn the CB radio to Channel 5 and say, “Delta 5 to Bravo 2, over …” and clear the channel. Follow the redirection commands and our team will meet you along the way. If for any reason our team fails to meet your group on route, then begin the process again using the new location number, until first contact is successful.

United Kingdom Safe Zone Info:

The survival information for the UK and Europe in general is not so well defined. The bad news for people living on Islands around the world is that the 9/26 Pole Shift Event can see giant waves roll inland for 200 miles and your little countries can easily be wiped completely off the map, which is exactly what the Cayce Maps reveal about the future. The only solution so far is that everyone awake in the UK should join into survival groups and head for the Pyrenees Mountain Range to secure a cavern location on the Spain side between 1000 and 2000 feet above sea level. The leaders of your groups should do reconnaissance work to locate and secure the best cavern locations possible, so detailed information can be given to all members before the crap hits the fan. Remember that if everyone wakes up today about what is coming with this ELEnin dwarf star, then your ability to prepare will suddenly vanish into thin air; because the store shelves would be empty and the gas/bank cards would no longer function and the roads would be crowded with people trying to head for the hills.

The fact that the entire world is sound asleep to this Extinction-Level Event threat means you still have time to prepare. Think about this very carefully to realize that those of us fully awake are playing a very dangerous game by waking people up to what is really happening. We must keep our eye on the ELE object and on the economy that is trying to collapse and WW3 that is trying to erupt in the Middle East, because any number of potential threats can stand between us and our ability to prepare and get to our bugout locations ‘before’ the SHTF scenario plays out. Since we know the ELE timeline (link), then we have some idea about when the dwarf star will be at Mercury orbit to start pulling the solar flares out of the Sun from the middle of August into October. That means we should begin making the trek to our bugout locations around August 1, 2011 to give ourselves a week or two safety cushion and time to refortify our safe zone location positions. Several threat scenarios can move our bugout date into July, but August 1, 2011 is the time that the safety margin window begins to close with regard to ELEnin.

Surviving The Economic Collapse

My 2009 Survival Topic With Survival List

Societies have collapsed before in history and the consequences for those unprepared are truly dreadful. The people trying to hole up in their houses are generally tied up and robbed by hungry mobs and oftentimes far far worse. Join our Planet X Dwarf Star Research group using Paltalk Messenger (http://www.paltalk.com = free) at this address:

http://chat.paltalk.com/g2/paltalk/1390262503

Ozark Survival Group leadership has passed along this list of things to include in your survival supplies if possible:

Food stocks: salt, sugar, spices. detergent/liquid soap bar soap deodorant- baking soda yeast, hydrogen peroxide, vinegar, toothpaste- flour, Vitamin C, Acidophilus pills, multivitamins, antibiotics, canned meats (span, sardines, tuna) stews, soups, canned vegetables, desserts, beans, rice, wheat, oats, cornmeal, dried meats, jerky, salted fish.

Night vision goggles or monocular, gas masks, canister refills, picks, shovels, large bolt cutters, chain saws w/fuel+oil, all types ammo 9mm, 40S+W, 45acp, .223, bows (long or cross), black powder, water, purification tablets, water filtration, sodium hypochlorite tablets (pool chlorination = better than bleach), water-proof ponchos, camo clothing, bug repellant, Cobra-type radios (25 channels w/4-25 mile range), tents, sleeping bags, cold/warm weather clothing, hammers, nails, manual saws, Kevlar vests, helmets, mining head lamps/spelunking-type LED flashlights, small generators, batteries, faraday cages, small microwave or aluminum foil, first aid kits, bandages/gauze-surgical kits, reading books, cards/games for adults and kids.

Surviving this ELE threat means:

1. Identifying potential threats.
2. Creating contingency plans.
3. Executing those plans on time.

Your group can identify all the threats and make the perfect survival plans and miss the mark on executing those plans on time and this inbound dwarf star or something related will come along and threaten your very survival. My recommendations to people from around the world with ELE survival questions will be posted on this thread, so others in the same area can benefit from the safe zone analysis report. Look for your area in the topic titles to see if someone else has asked your questions.

Geo-Engineering: Has the Gulf Stream Stopped?

If it is true, then we are in serious trouble…for your information: As you read this information - do not discount the FACT that Weather Modification/GEO - Engineering IS taking place at the hands of governments as well as private entities. So what is real and what is an illusion…Long criticized as snake-oil salesmen at best and [...]

Bad News from NASA: Proof That Comet Elenin Is Affecting Earth

This is going to be the most extraordinary communication so fasten your seatbelts; we are in for a rough ride. I have known in my heart for months that I would have to make a communication like this but had no idea it would be this soon. Back in January, while investigating the underground city [...]

May 26th, 2011 | Category: Cover Ups & Deceptions, Death Culture, Elite, Environment, Government, NASA, Religion Related, Science & Technology, Secret Societies, VIDEO, World News | Subscribe to comments | Leave a comment | Trackback URL

2012

Solar Cataclysm in 2012

Alt Media

Ron Paul: The last nail is being driven into the coffin of the American Republic - Floor Speech May 25 2011 »

Japan Earthquake:
Before and After

Blog Index

Hegelian Dialectic?

> birdflu666 <

Swine Flu Archive

OxySilver™ Healthguard

http://www.abc.net.au/news/events/japan-quake-2011/beforeafter.htm

Sun Mar 13, 2011 3:00pm AEDT

Aerial photos taken over Japan have revealed the scale of devastation across dozens of suburbs and tens of thousands of homes and businesses.

Hover over each satellite photo to view the devastation caused by the earthquake and tsunami.

Development: Andrew Kesper
Source: Google

Ron Paul: The last nail is being driven into the coffin of the American Republic - Floor Speech May 25 2011

http://blueskysunshine.org/blog/?p=4832#axzz1R3t7N5Al

Our Presidents can now, on their own:

And the Federal Reserve accommodates by counterfeiting the funds needed and not paid for by taxation and borrowing, permitting runaway spending, endless debt, and special interest bail-outs.

The three major reasons for our Constitutional Convention were to:

But today:

In my view, it appears that the fate of the American Republic is now sealed—unless these recent trends are quickly reversed.

The Last Nail - Floor Speech May 25 2011

Click here to find out more about the Women's Conference has expanded again to give
you even more this year. . . presenting A Day of Transformation, a brand
new event featuring special sessions packed with information for your
mind, body and spirit.

www.californiawomen.org
This Californian Womens Conference is not to be
missed-Click here to find
out how to join the community

When is A Day of Transformation?

A Day of Transformation takes place
October 26, 2009,
before Night at The Village. Sessions run from 9 AM to 3:30 PM.

Where does A Day of Transformation
take place?

A Day of Transformation is held at the Long Beach Convention, 300
East Ocean Blvd.,
Long Beach,
CA 90802.

How can I attend?

Online ticket registration begins at 9 AM PDT on Monday, July 13.
Tickets for A Day of Transformation are
$75 each, which includes entrance into Night at
The Village.
These tickes are sold separately and do
not include entrance
into The Women's
Conference 2009 on
Tuesday, October 27.

Western Austrlian Related News

and word news

Man bursts into flames after being Tasered

Posted on 2009-07-21 10:25:34

A man whose relatives say had been sniffing gasoline burst into flames after a police officer Tasered him as he ran at officials carrying a container of fuel, police said Tuesday.

New 'Terminator' star will be back ... he hopes

Posted on 2009-05-16 10:53:19

When actor Sam Worthington, his naked body streaked with mud, steps out into a rain-soaked battlefield in"Terminator: Salvation," opening Friday, he lets out a primal scream for the ages.

Isla Fisher's great deal

Posted on 2009-02-08 13:14:53

When she was a young girl, climbing trees in the wilds of Australia to escape a feral pack of brothers who called her Slug Face and worse, Isla Fisher dreamed that one day she would live in a big house in the Hollywood Hills. Only she thought she would be the maid.

Pest exterminator lost in Outback eats bugs to survive

Posted on 2008-07-30 12:47:50

Lost in the rocky, remote Australian Outback, a former pest exterminator faced dehydration and death. Desperate for food, he turned to what he knew best - bugs, he said Wednesday.

Heath Ledger's long journey from Perth to Hollywood comes up short

Posted on 2008-07-18 17:18:09

There are 11,625 miles and 28 years separating the shaded suburb of Perth, Australia, where Heath Ledger was born, and the downtown Manhattan loft where he was found dead on Jan. 22, but the gulf seems much wider.

L.A. elite recall Ledger

Posted on 2008-02-03 00:00:00

Tom Cruise, Sienna Miller and other members of Hollywood's elite gathered Saturday to pay tribute to fallen star Heath Ledger, according to People.com.

Aussies united in their sorrow

Posted on 2008-01-24 00:00:00

Two days after Heath Ledger's shocking death, the people on the other side of the world who helped set him on the road to Hollywood stardom are preparing to bury him.

Back home in Australia, memories of a rising star, and shock at his early death

Posted on 2008-01-23 00:00:00

They were there at the beginning, and they'll be there at the end. The people on the other side of the world who helped set Heath Ledger on the road to Hollywood stardom are in shock.

All around world, fans and friends mourn passing

Posted on 2008-01-23 00:00:00

The sudden death of "Brokeback Mountain" star Heath Ledger sent shock waves around the world, from the tony Hollywood hills to his sunny hometown in Australia.

Neighbors shocked by Heath Ledger's death

Posted on 2008-01-23 00:00:00

Heath Ledger became an actor in his native Australia, found fame in Hollywood and earned an Oscar nomination for playing a gay ranch hand from Wyoming.

'New York, you've got to find a place for me because I'm not going back'

Posted on 2007-10-10 00:00:00

By the age of 50, most people are settled in their ways, but for Sally Squires it was the perfect time to start making good on her life-long dream.

World Briefs

Posted on 2007-08-23 00:00:00

The first long-term studies of stomach stapling and other radical obesity treatments show that they not only lead to lasting weight loss, but also dramatically improve survival.

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British pupils quarantined on China trip
ITN - 5 hours 23 mins ago
A group of 52 British schoolchildren and teachers have been quarantined during a trip to China, it has been revealed. More »
Australia 'fears worst' after Jakarta blasts
AFP - Today, 03:24 am
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Ten climbers die in Japan in bad weather: police
AFP - Yesterday, 09:57 am
TOKYO (AFP) - Ten climbers died in bad weather in mountains in northern Japan, police said, as survivors recounted the harrowing ordeal of being battered by vicious winds and rain. More »
Japan PM set to keep job ahead of tough election
Reuters - Yesterday, 05:29 am
TOKYO (Reuters) - Japan's unpopular Prime Minister Taro Aso looks set to keep his job and hold an election next month after efforts to force a ruling party meeting that could have pushed him to quit were blocked by party heavyweights. More »
Singapore exhibits treasure trove of Peranakan history
Reuters - Yesterday, 05:23 am
SINGAPORE (Reuters Life!) - This is one exhibition literally studded with glittering nuggets of history. More »
Nine dead in Indonesian hotel blasts: police
AFP - Yesterday, 05:02 am
JAKARTA (AFP) - At least nine people have been killed and 41 have been injured, many of them foreigners, after bombs exploded in two luxury hotels in central Jakarta, police have said. More »
China jails environment activists: rights group
Reuters - Yesterday, 04:27 am
BEIJING (Reuters) - A Chinese environmental activist and his daughter have been jailed for leaking state secrets and endangering national security related to a uranium mine, a human rights group said. More »

Seven dead in Indonesian hotel blasts: policeAFP -Yesterday, 04:24 am
Six dead in Indonesian hotel blasts: policeAFP -Yesterday, 03:50 am
Jakarta blasts kill 6, including foreigners: officialAFP -Yesterday, 03:28 am
6 killed in Jakarta blasts, including foreigners: officialAFP -Yesterday, 03:19 am
Explosions rock luxury Jakarta hotels: witnessesAFP -Yesterday, 03:03 am
Explosions near Jakarta hotels: Indonesian radioAFP -Yesterday, 02:53 am
U.S. officials praise China emissions effortsReuters -Thursday, July 16 02:01 pm
China scales back paramilitary forces in UrumqiAFP -Thursday, July 16 01:15 pm
ANALYSTS' VIEW - Brighter China GDP outlook spurs policy debateReuters -Thursday, July 16 12:23 pm
China carbon capture costs worth paying: U.S. energy secReuters -Thursday, July 16 12:20 pm

Jakarta terror bomb

Australia 7 News - Fri Jul 17, 4:56 AM ET

Bombs have exploded in two luxury hotels in Jakarta, killing at least nine people.

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Australian witness Australia 7 News - Fri Jul 17, 4:56 AM ET
Australian expatriate, Greg Woolstencroft, witnessed the Jakarta explosions.
Jakarta bomb Australia 7 News - Fri Jul 17, 3:26 AM ET
Terrorists have struck Indonesia's capital Jakarta, bombing two luxury hotels.
Bomb blast witness Australia 7 News - Fri Jul 17, 3:26 AM ET
A witness of the Jakarta bomb blast recounts his experience.
Injured Australian Australia 7 News - Fri Jul 17, 3:26 AM ET
It's been confirmed that one Australian has been injured in the Jakarta bombings.
Jakarta blasts at two hotels Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 16, 11:48 PM ET
This is raw footage of the aftermath of the explosions that rocked Jakarta.
Stynes speaks after cancer treatment Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 16, 10:02 PM ET
Melbourne President Jim Stynes has spoken for the first time since receiving treatment for cancer.
Aussies up for Emmys Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 16, 9:58 PM ET
Three Australians have been nominated for US television's highest honour the Emmy Awards.
Young American breaks sailing record Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 16, 9:54 PM ET
Australia's Jesse Martin has lost his title as the youngest person to sail around the world alone.
Bombs tear Jakarta hotels apart: report Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 16, 9:48 PM ET
There are reports bombs have exploded at two hotels in Jakarta.
Black boxes recovered Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 16, 8:12 PM ET
A technical problem is believed to have caused the plane crash in Northern Iran which killed 168 people.
Naele to walk out of hospital Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 16, 8:12 PM ET
British backpacker Jamie Naele is expected to walk out of hospital today.
Stage collapse Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 16, 8:12 PM ET
A stage under construction for Madonna's world concert tour has collapsed in France.
Swine cases increase rapidly Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 16, 4:59 PM ET
Elective surgery is likely to be the next victim of Australia's worsening swine flu crisis.
Rio Tinto evacuates staff Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 16, 4:59 PM ET
Rio Tinto is evacuating foreign staff from China following the arrest of four employees including Stern Hu.
Backpacker sells story Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 16, 4:59 PM ET
British backpacker Jamie Neale has sold the story of his Blue Mountains ordeal.
Unusual wedding proposal Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 16, 4:58 PM ET
A British man has pulled off a unique wedding proposal.
Emmy nominations Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 16, 4:58 PM ET
Three Australian actors are in line for television's highest honour.
Beyonce hits Oz Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 16, 3:44 AM ET
Beyonce and her alter ego Sasah Fierce are down under.
Swine flu claims 5 more lives Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 16, 3:26 AM ET
Australians were warned swine flu would claim many lives, and today we had confirmation of five more deaths.
Digger farewelled Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 16, 3:24 AM ET
Australia's most courageous digger has been remembered as a larrikin and a hero.
Years before tsunami warning accurate Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 16, 3:24 AM ET
Australians are being warned it could be years before tsunami alerts are accurate enough to avoid false alarms.
Lift-off Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 15, 10:47 PM ET
The space shuttle endeavour has finally blasted into space, on its sixth attempt.
Kenna state funeral Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 15, 10:47 PM ET
Australia's last WWII Victoria cross winner is being farewelled at a state funeral in Melbourne.
Backpacker recovering in hospital Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 15, 10:46 PM ET
British backpacker Jamie Neale is still recovering in a Blue Mountains hospital after spending 12 days lost in the bush.
Iran plan disaster Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 15, 10:46 PM ET
A passenger plane has crashed in Iran, killing all 168 people onboard.
New Jackson video Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 15, 10:08 PM ET
The video of the accident that led to Michael Jackson's painkiller addiction has finally been released.
Rudd blames Howard government Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 15, 7:14 PM ET
Kevin Rudd says a Howard government agreement with China is to blame for stopping Australian officials from contacting detained Stern Hu.
Earthquake shakes NZ Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 15, 4:30 PM ET
A powerful earthquake off the SE of New Zealand triggered a series of small tsunamis on the Australia coast line.
Million-dollar story Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 15, 4:30 PM ET
The family of rescued British backpacker Jamie Neale says his miraculous survival is no conspiracy.
Plane crashes in Iran Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 15, 4:30 PM ET
A passenger plane has crashed in Iran killing all 168 people on board.
South Australia weather bulletin Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 15, 5:30 AM ET
State weather update.
Vaccine trial Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 15, 5:30 AM ET
A 32-year-old man has become the first South Australian to die of swine flu, as Adelaide is chosen as the host city for the vaccine trial.
Miracle man Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 15, 5:28 AM ET
In one of Australia's greatest miracle survival stories, a British backpacker survived 12 days lost in the bush.
Breathtaking Beyonce Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 15, 5:24 AM ET
Watching the "queen of curves" pumping a stadium of 30,000 fans into overdrive, is seeing Beyonce at her most fierce - Sasha Fierce.
Garrett 'a sell-out' Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 15, 3:34 AM ET
Environment Minister Peter Garrett has been labelled a sell-out after her approved a uranium mine for South Australia.
Backpacker 'came back from the dead' Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 15, 3:34 AM ET
A 19-year-old British backpacker has been found alive, 12 days after he went missing. We find out how Jamie is going now.
More swine flu death expected Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 14, 10:54 PM ET
Australians are being told to expect a surge in swine flu death.
Missing backpacker found Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 14, 10:54 PM ET
NSW police say British backpacker missing in the Blue Mountains has been found alive and well.
Heavy toll Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 14, 10:54 PM ET
The bodies of eight British soldiers killed during the country's bloodiest 24 hours in Afghanistan have returned home.

More swine flu death expected Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 14, 10:54 PM ET
Australians are being told to expect a surge in swine flu death.
Missing backpacker found Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 14, 10:54 PM ET
NSW police say British backpacker missing in the Blue Mountains has been found alive and well.
Heavy toll Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 14, 10:54 PM ET
The bodies of eight British soldiers killed during the country's bloodiest 24 hours in Afghanistan have returned home.
'The right to die' Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 14, 7:06 PM ET
A Perth man who became a quadriplegic after falling from a building is planning a trip to Switzerland for the right to die.
Bastille Day celebrations Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 14, 7:04 PM ET
France is celebrating Bastille Day.
British maestro takes his own life Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 14, 7:04 PM ET
A renowned British maestro who conducted the first ever performance at the Sydney Opera House has ended his own life in Switzerland.
Rudd says he spoke to officials about Hu Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 14, 4:56 PM ET
PM Kevin Rudd says he spoke to China's vice foreign minister about Stern Hu's arrest.
MJ's ex-wife reportedly traded children for money Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 14, 4:56 PM ET
Michael Jackson's ex-wife has reportedly agreed to abandon her fight for custody in return for a payout.
Teenager makes medical history Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 14, 4:56 PM ET
A British teenager has made medical history after of heart transplant was reversed.
Ballarat's bold bid Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 14, 5:48 AM ET
The Victorian city of Ballarat has made a bold bid to poach Australia's most famous foot race, the Stawell Gift.
South Australia weather bulletin Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 14, 5:46 AM ET
State weather update.
Faulty fashion Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 14, 5:46 AM ET
Australians have already spent $7billion on clothes this year, but are we getting what we are paying for?
Man crushed by tram Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 14, 5:44 AM ET
An elderly man has been run over by a tram in Sydney's Chinatown.
Shocking footage of prisoner abuse Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 14, 3:46 AM ET
Disturbing video has emerged of a British soldier screaming abuse at hooded Iraqi prisoners.
Sinking ship Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 14, 3:46 AM ET
A bureaucratic battle over the fate of an old Australian warship has been settled.
Expats' high life Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 14, 3:44 AM ET
Australia may be one of the best places in the world to live, but it seems our expats are the ones living the high-life.
Orders placed for swine flu vaccine Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 14, 3:44 AM ET
Australia has ordered twenty-one-million doses of swine flu vaccine.
Five more execs detained: report Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 14, 3:44 AM ET
China has reportedly detained another five executives as it continues its investigation into Rio Tinto executive Stern Hu.
Unstoppable Australia 7 News - Mon Jul 13, 11:44 PM ET
Doctors hope to start vaccinate Australians against swine flu within three months.
Unlucky shuttle Australia 7 News - Mon Jul 13, 11:44 PM ET
Bad weather has grounded space shuttle Endeavour.
Controversial draw Australia 7 News - Mon Jul 13, 11:44 PM ET
England escapes punishment for alleged time-wasting tactics.
Directing his girl Australia 7 News - Mon Jul 13, 11:44 PM ET
Russian singer Oksana has released her latest single.
Biggest dinosaur on display Australia 7 News - Mon Jul 13, 7:48 PM ET
The world's biggest dinosaur has gone on display in Japan.
Maddison jumps UK Tower Bridge Australia 7 News - Mon Jul 13, 4:20 PM ET
Daredevil Aussie stuntman Robbie Maddison has done it again.
Mineworker body to arrive in Australia Australia 7 News - Mon Jul 13, 4:18 PM ET
The body of an Australian father shot dead in Indonesia is due to arrive home today.
Tourist drowning Australia 7 News - Mon Jul 13, 4:18 PM ET
Police in Thailand are investigating the death of a British boy who was sucked into a swimming pool's pump system.
Journey home Australia 7 News - Mon Jul 13, 3:28 AM ET
The body of an Australian mine worker murdered by suspected rebels in Indonesia has begun its journey home.
Lost bushwalker Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 12, 10:44 PM ET
Police have described the search for the lost British backpacker as like looking for a needle in a haystack.
Mary Poppins to visit Melbourne Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 12, 10:44 PM ET
One of Disney¿s best loved musicals is set to light up the Melbourne¿s stage next year.
Fourth delay Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 12, 10:44 PM ET
Heavy clouds and storms have delayed the launch of the space shuttle Endeavour.
More injured in bull run Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 12, 10:42 PM ET
Four men have undergone emergency surgery after being gored on the sixth days of Spain's Running of the Bulls.
Tension mounts between Australia and China Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 12, 10:42 PM ET
China's communist leader has been accused of directly ordering an investigation which led to the arrest of an Australian businessman.
Controversial reading Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 12, 6:33 PM ET
A British English teacher who was trying to get her students interested in reading has been sacked after her novel was posted on the internet.
Bridge collapse, kills five Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 12, 6:32 PM ET
Five people are dead after a partially built bridge collapsed in India
UK to vaccinate population Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 12, 6:32 PM ET
Authority in Britain are promising to vaccinate the country's entire population against swine flu.
China- Australia tensions escalating Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 12, 4:10 PM ET
Kevin Rudd's first priority will be to repair relations with China when he arrives back in Australia this morning.
Another man shot dead in Indonesia Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 12, 4:10 PM ET
A second person has been shot dead, a day after an Australian mine worker was gunned down by suspected rebels in Indonesia.
Homecoming Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 12, 4:10 PM ET
Barack Obama has returned to the White House after a historic trip to Africa retracing his own family history.
Strained relations Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 12, 4:58 AM ET
Kevin Rudd returns to Australia from Italy tomorrow and into a diplomatic crisis over the company executive's arrest in China.
Sunrise morning news break Australia 7 News - Fri Jul 10, 4:29 PM ET
Latest headlines from Australia and around the world.

Another man shot dead in Indonesia Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 12, 4:10 PM ET
A second person has been shot dead, a day after an Australian mine worker was gunned down by suspected rebels in Indonesia.
Homecoming Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 12, 4:10 PM ET
Barack Obama has returned to the White House after a historic trip to Africa retracing his own family history.
Strained relations Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 12, 4:58 AM ET
Kevin Rudd returns to Australia from Italy tomorrow and into a diplomatic crisis over the company executive's arrest in China.
Sunrise morning news break Australia 7 News - Fri Jul 10, 4:29 PM ET
Latest headlines from Australia and around the world.
Live 20 Years Longer - ward off cancer Australia 7 News - Fri Jul 10, 5:38 AM ET
It's more important than ever to maintain a balanced lifestyle and observe good nutrition as we're bombarded with pollutants and additives in our food.
Masterchef gardens Australia 7 News - Fri Jul 10, 5:36 AM ET
Save money and do your bit for the environment in your own backyard.
British backpacker search continues Australia 7 News - Fri Jul 10, 3:38 AM ET
The search for a British backer, missing for a week, continues in Katoomba.
SA outback siege man 'had violent past' Australia 7 News - Fri Jul 10, 3:38 AM ET
South Australian police say a man who died during a siege had a history of violent crime.
Rudd climate plan gets a thumbs-up Australia 7 News - Fri Jul 10, 3:38 AM ET
Kevin Rudd has scored a diplomatic coup after his approach to fighting climate change.
Pop princess checks out latest trends Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 10:13 PM ET
Kylie Minogue attends Paris fashion week.
Paper phone scandal Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 10:12 PM ET
Rupert Murdoch News of the World is at the centre of a phone tapping scandal in the UK.
Siege man 'had a violent past' Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 10:12 PM ET
Police have confirmed the man who terrorised a South Australia town yesterday had a violent past.
China quake Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 10:12 PM ET
Hundreds of people have been injured and thousands of homes have been wrecked by an earthquake in China.
Father to help search for backpacker Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 10:12 PM ET
The father and uncle of a missing backpacker are on their way to Australia to help search for the young man.
Waiting to rebiuld Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 10:12 PM ET
As Italy welcomes world leaders and the G8 Summit, its Prime Minister is drawing criticism for delays for rebuilding earthquake damaged L'Aquila.
Rudd will not intervene in Rio Tinto case Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 10:12 PM ET
Prime Minister Kevin Rudd has rejected calls to intervene in the case of a Rio Tinto executive accused of `spying¿ in China.
Suicide attacks in Iraq Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 10:12 PM ET
Nearly 60 people have been killed in the worst day of attacks since US forces began pulling out of Iraq.
PM takes centre stage Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 10:12 PM ET
Prime Minister Kevin Rudd takes centre stage in Italy climate talks.
PM meets Pope Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 10:12 PM ET
Rudd meets the Pope to discuss a possible Australian saint.
G8 leaders wives visit Italy Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 5:50 PM ET
The G8 leaders wives have toured the earthquake devastated city of L'Aquila.
Michael wax Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 5:50 PM ET
A wax statue of Michael Jackson has been unveiled.
Wax michael Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 5:50 PM ET
A wax statue of Michael Jackson has been unveiled.
Sydney hospital uses new technology Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 5:48 PM ET
A Sydney hospital has become the first in Australia to use new technology that can looked in our bodies better than x-rays.
Accused 'spy' to talk to Australian officials Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 4:40 PM ET
The PM is resisting calls to personally intervene in the case of an Australia Rio Tinto executive arrested in China.
State funeral for 'Ted' Kenna Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 4:40 PM ET
A state funeral will be held to farewell Australian war hero 'Ted' Kenna.
Tabloid under investigation Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 4:38 PM ET
British police are investigating claims reporters from Murdoch owned News of the World hacked into thousands of celebrities' phone messages.
Rudd shares stage with Obama at G8 Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 4:38 PM ET
Kevin Rudd has persuaded the major powers to support his clean coal technologies in the campaign against global warning
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Siege underway Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 5:49 AM ET
A full scale siege on an isolated property in outback South Australia.
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Bottle ban Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 5:48 AM ET
South Australia's being urged to follow in the footsteps of a tiny new south wales town that's voted to ban plastic water bottles.
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South Australia weather bulletin Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 5:46 AM ET
State weather update.
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Unemployment skyrockets Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 3:36 AM ET
Australia's unemployment rate has rised to a six-year high of 5.8 per cent.
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Burial mystery Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 3:36 AM ET
Mystery continues to surround Michael Jackson's resting place.
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Military crackdown Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 3:36 AM ET
The Chinese president has abandoned G8 talks in Italy as bloody riots threaten security back home.
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Australian accused of spying Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 3:36 AM ET
Consular officials are still trying to get access to an Australian man who has been accused of spying in China.
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Last remaining Victorian Cross recipient dies Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 9, 3:36 AM ET
Australia's last remaining Victorian Cross recipient from WWII has died aged 90.
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The next tennis superstar Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 10:32 PM ET
A four-year-old Australian girl has set her sight on the pro tennis circuit.
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Frustration over where Jackson will be buried Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 10:32 PM ET
A tribute for Michael Jackson's memorial service has given way to frustration over where he will be buried.
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Test tube sperm Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 10:32 PM ET
British scientists claim to have created human sperm in lab.
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Diplomatic tension Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 10:08 PM ET
Australian officials are trying to gain access to an Australian man detained in Australia accused of spying.
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Digger dies Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 10:08 PM ET
Australia's last remaining Victoria cross-recipient from the WWII has died.

View: Headlines Only | Include Summaries | Include Photos

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Frustration over where Jackson will be buried Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 10:32 PM ET
A tribute for Michael Jackson's memorial service has given way to frustration over where he will be buried.
Play
Test tube sperm Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 10:32 PM ET
British scientists claim to have created human sperm in lab.
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Diplomatic tension Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 10:08 PM ET
Australian officials are trying to gain access to an Australian man detained in Australia accused of spying.
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Digger dies Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 10:08 PM ET
Australia's last remaining Victoria cross-recipient from the WWII has died.
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G8 leaders agree to cut carbon emissions Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 10:06 PM ET
World's leaders are in Italy for the G8 Summit where they have agreed to cut carbon emissions by up to 80% over the next 30 years.
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Stadium construction workers on strike Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 5:36 PM ET
There might not be a stadium for next year's football World Cup.
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Future Australian tennis champ Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 5:36 PM ET
A four-year-old Australian girl is causing a stir on the American pro tennis circuit.
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Scientists make human sperm Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 5:36 PM ET
UK scientists say they have created human sperm.
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Three injured by bulls Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 5:34 PM ET
Three people were taken to hospital with injuries during a bull race in Spain.
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Michael 'riddled with needle marks' Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 4:24 PM ET
There are new claims Michael Jackson's body was riddled with needle marks.
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G8 leaders focus on economy Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 4:24 PM ET
The global economy has been top of the agenda at the G8 Summit in Italy.
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Espionage suspicion Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 4:24 PM ET
The Federal Government is seeking urgent access to an Australian Rio Tinto executive detained in China on suspicion of espionage.
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Economy 'stable': IMF Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 4:22 PM ET
The global economic outlook has sharply improved with the International Monetary Fund forecasting a recovery next year.
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PM lobbies for World Cup Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 4:22 PM ET
Kevin Rudd has been working his charm in Switzerland to help Australia's bid for the soccer World Cup.
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Heavens open for Harry Potter Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 3:52 AM ET
The world's most famous wizards have walked a very wet red carpet at the premiere of the latest Harry Potter film in London.
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Farewell fit for a pop king Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 3:52 AM ET
The question on everybody's lips is 'where is Michael Jackson's body?'
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SA's new woman Liberal leader Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 3:48 AM ET
South Australia's fractured Liberal party has picked a new leader.
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Highlights of Jackson's memorial Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 3:48 AM ET
A look at the highlights from the Michael Jackson memorial service.
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Jackson reaction Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 3:48 AM ET
Fans share their reactions after the Michael Jackson memorial.
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Rudd visits Germany Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 3:48 AM ET
Prime Minister Kevin Rudd has visited Germany as part of his European tour.
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Australia remembers Australia 7 News - Wed Jul 8, 3:48 AM ET
Millions of fans didn't make it to LA but still found a way to be part of the memorial.
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PM's tribute Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 10:36 PM ET
In Germany, Kevin Rudd was busy paying tribute to fallen Australian troops.
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Michael Jackson's memorial service Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 10:36 PM ET
For the past 12 days the world has been mourning the sudden death of pop legend Michael Jackson.
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Ashes first test Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 10:36 PM ET
Australia will take on England in the first Ashes test in Whales later today.
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Fans tip their hats to Jackson Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 10:36 PM ET
Millions of fans around the world tipped their hats to Michael Jackson.
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Lance back on track Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 10:34 PM ET
It has been a thrilling day at the Tour de France, with Lance Armstrong coming to within a second of the overall lead.
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New leader Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 10:34 PM ET
South Australia's fractured Liberal Party has picked a new leader this morning.
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Michael Jackson's memorial - Kenny Ortega Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 5:59 PM ET
Director Kenny Ortega remembers Michael Jackson.
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Michael Jackson's memorial - Shaheen Jafargholi Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 5:58 PM ET
'Britain's got talent' finalist Shaheen Jafargholi performs Smokey Robinson's 'Who's Lovin' You'.
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Michael Jackson's memorial - Smokey Robinson Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 5:58 PM ET
Motown superstar Smokey Robinson remembers Michael Jackson.
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Michael Jackson's memorial - Andrae Crouch Choir Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 5:58 PM ET
The Andrae Crouch Choir joined by Jackson's friends and family sing for Michael Jackson.
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Michael Jackson's memorial - Usher Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 5:22 PM ET
R&B star Usher sings 'Gone Too Soon'.
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Michael Jackson's memorial - Al Sharpton Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 5:20 PM ET
Al Sharpton thanks Michael.
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Michael Jackson's memorial - Brooke Shields Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 5:20 PM ET
Brooke Shields remembers her friend, Michael Jackson.
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Michael Jackson's memorial - Kobe Bryant and Magic Johnson Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 4:58 PM ET
Basketball greats Kobe Bryant and Magic Johnson speak at Michael Jackson's memorial.
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Michael Jackson's memorial - Stevie Wonder Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 4:56 PM ET
Stevie Wonder sings 'Never dreamed you'd leave in summer'.
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Michael Jackson's memorial - Gordy Berry Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 4:54 PM ET
Motown founder Gordy Berry says goodbye to Michael.
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Michael Jackson's memorial - Jennifer Hudson Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 4:54 PM ET
Former 'American Idol' Jennifer Hudson sings 'Will You Be There'.
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Michael Jackson's memorial - Mariah Carey Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 4:46 PM ET
Mariah Carey sings 'I'll Be There' by Jackson 5.
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Michael Jackson's memorial - Queen Latifah Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 3:54 PM ET
Queen Latifah reads a poem written by Maya Angelou for Michael.

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Michael Jackson's memorial - Stevie Wonder Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 4:56 PM ET
Stevie Wonder sings 'Never dreamed you'd leave in summer'.
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Michael Jackson's memorial - Gordy Berry Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 4:54 PM ET
Motown founder Gordy Berry says goodbye to Michael.
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Michael Jackson's memorial - Jennifer Hudson Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 4:54 PM ET
Former 'American Idol' Jennifer Hudson sings 'Will You Be There'.
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Michael Jackson's memorial - Mariah Carey Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 4:46 PM ET
Mariah Carey sings 'I'll Be There' by Jackson 5.
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Michael Jackson's memorial - Queen Latifah Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 3:54 PM ET
Queen Latifah reads a poem written by Maya Angelou for Michael.
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South Australia weather bulletin Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 5:36 AM ET
State weather update.
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Soft target Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 5:34 AM ET
Fraud detectives say card skimmers will target Australia, because our banks have been too slow to roll out the latest crime fighting technology.
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Pay rise denied Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 4:58 AM ET
Australia's battlers have been denied a pay rise with the industrial umpire deciding the nation can't afford a lift in the minimum wage.
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LA in lockdown Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 3:28 AM ET
Los Angeles is going into lock down as thousands of fans get ready to farewell Michael Jackson.
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Wizardry of love Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 3:26 AM ET
If you are excited about the next Harry Potter film but afraid of boy or girl germs than perhaps you would rather read the book instead.
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Double blow to working Australians Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 3:26 AM ET
Australians have been dealt a double financial blow, with interest rates held and low wages frozen.
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Myles out of Origin Australia 7 News - Tue Jul 7, 3:24 AM ET
Rugby League star Nate Myles has been banned from State of Origin over an alcohol-fuelled incident on the NSW central coast.
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China riots intensify Australia 7 News - Mon Jul 6, 10:51 PM ET
China is in the grip of one of the most violent clashes since the Tiananmen Square massacre.
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Record crowd for Ronaldo Australia 7 News - Mon Jul 6, 10:50 PM ET
80,000 fans turned up to see Soccer star Cristiano Ronaldo's official presentation.
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Farewelling Michael Australia 7 News - Mon Jul 6, 10:50 PM ET
The focus of grieving for pop legend Michael Jackson has switched to the Los Angeles cemetery.
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Potter preview Australia 7 News - Mon Jul 6, 10:50 PM ET
Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince premieres tomorrow in London.
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US-Russia reach agreement Australia 7 News - Mon Jul 6, 10:48 PM ET
US President Barrack Obama has reached an agreement with his Russian counterpart Dmitry Medvedev to reduce their nuclear arsenal.
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Low paid workers awaiting pay rise decision Australia 7 News - Mon Jul 6, 10:48 PM ET
Australia's low paid workers will find out today just how much of a pay rise they are about to receive.
E-File July 7,,2009 Australia 7 News - Mon Jul 6, 9:00 PM ET
Nelson Aspen reports: Michael Jackson memorial line-up; memorial scalpers strike; Jackson funeral.
Grint back promoting Harry Potter Australia 7 News - Mon Jul 6, 5:05 PM ET
Harry Potter actor Rupert Grint has vented outside for the first time since being diagnosed with swine flu.
Cavendish wins stage one Australia 7 News - Mon Jul 6, 2:40 PM ET
With Aussie Robbie McEwen out injured the Tour de France has a new sprint star.
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Perry versus Perry Australia 7 News - Mon Jul 6, 6:10 AM ET
Katie wanted to start her own fashion label ever since she was a little girl. But, as soon as she opened her doors American singing sensation Katy Perry set out to shut her down. Why? Because Katie's last name is also Perry.
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Aussie dies in Canada's Rockys Australia 7 News - Mon Jul 6, 5:22 AM ET
A 24 year old man from Black Forest has fallen to his death, while hiking in the rocky mountains of Canada.
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Jackson memorial tickets arrive Australia 7 News - Mon Jul 6, 3:22 AM ET
Thousands of Michael Jackson fans are celebrating this afternoon after receiving confirmation they have a ticket to his memorial service.
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Federer takes out Wimbledon Australia 7 News - Mon Jul 6, 3:22 AM ET
Roger Federer has claimed another Wimbledon crown and a place in tennis history.
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Deadly protest Australia 7 News - Mon Jul 6, 3:20 AM ET
At least 129 people have been killed after a protest turned violent in China's west.
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Fans angry over Jacko's service Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 5, 10:44 PM ET
Final preparations are under way for Michael Jackson's memorial service in LA.
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SA Liberal leader stands down Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 5, 10:42 PM ET
South Australia opposition leader has quit after weeks of controversy.
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Countdown begins Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 5, 10:42 PM ET
Sport reporter Jim Wilson is in Cardiff ahead of the series opener.
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Jackson memorial Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 5, 8:40 PM ET
Never-before-seen video has emerged of Michael Jackson being questioned over child molestation accusations.
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Concern over North Korea Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 5, 8:40 PM ET
The UN is under increasing pressure to enforce tough sanctions against North Korea.
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Cancer genes Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 5, 8:38 PM ET
Queensland scientists have discovered two new genes which double a person's risk of melanoma.
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Fromelles project in disarray Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 5, 4:12 PM ET
The project to exhume the bodies of Australian and British soldiers from Fromelles is in disarray.
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Jackson's memorial lotto Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 5, 4:12 PM ET
A full scale security operation is being plant for Michael Jackson's memorial service on Wednesday.
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Big baby steps Australia 7 News - Sun Jul 5, 5:52 AM ET
The first elephant born in Australia has taken his first steps at Taronga Zoo.
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Meeting in exile Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 2, 11:17 PM ET
China has accused Australian politicians of interfering with internal affairs.
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Fighting poverty Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 2, 11:16 PM ET
Hugh Jackman is leading a campaign to convince world leaders to fight poverty.
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Custody battle Australia 7 News - Thu Jul 2, 11:16 PM ET
Michael Jackson's family has announced a free memorial service for the singer.

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